Psychotropic drugs and bruxism.

INTRODUCTION: Sleep and awake bruxism is defined as 'a parafunctional activity including clenching, bracing, gnashing, and grinding of the teeth'. Some evidence suggests that bruxism may be caused by, or associated with, alterations in the CNS neurotransmission. Several classes of psychotropic drugs interfering with CNS activity may potentially contribute to bruxism. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine relevant peer-reviewed papers to identify and describe the various classes of psychotropic substances that may cause, exacerbate or reduce bruxism as the result of their pharmacological action in CNS neurons. AREAS COVERED: A literature search from 1980 to the present was performed using PubMed database. The term 'bruxism' was used in association with 'psychotropic', 'dopamine (DA)', 'serotonin', 'histamine', 'antipsychotics', 'antidepressants', 'antihistaminergics' and 'stimulants'. EXPERT OPINION: Studies on the effects of DA agonists (Levo-DOPA, psychostimulants) and antagonists (antipsychotics) identified a central role of DA in the pathogenesis of pharmacologically induced bruxism. Important information from studies on drugs acting on serotonin neurotransmission (antidepressants) was recognized. Other mechanisms involving different neurotransmitters are emerging. This is the case of antihistaminergic drugs which may induce bruxism as a consequence of their disinhibitory effect on the serotonergic system.

[In vitro effect of the S3Pvac vaccine against cysticercosis in human mononucleate cells]. / Efecto in vitro de la vacuna S3Pvac contra cisticercosis en celulas mononucleares humanas.

INTRODUCTION: Neurocysticercosis (NCC) is a parasitic infection caused by the establishment of Taenia solium cysticerci in the central nervous system. The larval stage of the parasite also affects the pig, which is the essential intermediate host for transmission. For this reason, many researchers have focused on identifying protective antigens to prevent swine cysticercosis and interrupt the transmission. These include S3Pvac vaccine antigens. Vaccine is constituted by three protective synthetic peptides: KETc1, KETc12 and GK1. AIM. To evaluate the effect of the vaccine peptides KETc1, KETc12 and GK1 in mononuclear cells of patients with neuro-cysticercosis and healthy individuals. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Comparative, prospective, transverse study. We studied the proliferation and cytokine profile induced by the three peptides in mononuclear cells from three patients with active NCC, 16 patients by calcified NCC and 16 healthy subjects. RESULTS: KETc1 induces low levels of proliferation in cells from patients with active and controlled NCC, both in lymphocytes and in monocytes. KETc12 and GK-1 induce positive proliferation levels of monocytes in healthy subjects. CONCLUSIONS: KETc1 peptide could be used as an adjuvant in the treatment of patients with active NCC, as induced a Th2 response also GK1 peptide as stimulator of monocyte/macrophage in immunizations with other proteins.

TITLE: Efecto in vitro de la vacuna S3Pvac contra cisticercosis en celulas mononucleares humanas.Introduccion. La neurocisticercosis (NCC) es una infeccion parasitaria generada por el establecimiento de cisticercos de Taenia solium en el sistema nervioso central. La fase larvaria del parasito tambien afecta al cerdo, que es el huesped intermediario indispensable para la transmision. Por tal motivo, muchos investigadores se han enfocado en identificar antigenos protectores para prevenir la cisticercosis porcina e interrumpir la transmision. Entre ellos figuran los antigenos de la vacuna S3Pvac, constituida por tres peptidos protectores: KETc1, KETc12 y GK1. Objetivo. Evaluar el efecto de los peptidos vacunales KETc1, KETc12 y GK1 en celulas mononucleares de pacientes con NCC e individuos sanos. Sujetos y metodos. Estudio comparativo, prospectivo y transversal. Se analizo la proliferacion y el perfil de citocinas inducidos por los tres peptidos en celulas mononucleares de tres pacientes con NCC activa, 16 pacientes con NCC calcificada y 16 sujetos sanos. Resultados. KETc1 induce bajos niveles de proliferacion en las celulas de los pacientes con NCC activa y controlada, tanto en linfocitos como en monocitos. KETc12 y GK-1 inducen niveles positivos de proliferacion de monocitos en sujetos sanos. Conclusiones. El peptido KETc1 podria usarse como coadyuvante en el tratamiento de los pacientes con NCC activa, ya que indujo una respuesta Th2; y el peptido GK1, como estimulador del monocito/macrofago en inmunizaciones con otras proteinas.

Efecto in vitro de la vacuna S3Pvac contra cisticercosis en células mononucleares humanas / In vitro effect of the S3Pvac vaccine against cysticercosis in human mononucleate cells

Introducción. La neurocisticercosis (NCC) es una infección parasitaria generada por el establecimiento de cisticercos de Taenia solium en el sistema nervioso central. La fase larvaria del parásito también afecta al cerdo, que es el huéspedintermediario indispensable para la transmisión. Por tal motivo, muchos investigadores se han enfocado en identificar antígenos protectores para prevenir la cisticercosis porcina e interrumpir la transmisión. Entre ellos figuran los antígenos de la vacuna S3Pvac, constituida por tres péptidos protectores: KETc1, KETc12 y GK1. Objetivo. Evaluar el efecto de los péptidos vacunales KETc1, KETc12 y GK1 en células mononucleares de pacientes con NCC e individuos sanos. Sujetos y métodos. Estudio comparativo, prospectivo y transversal. Se analizó la proliferación y el perfil de citocinas inducidos por los tres péptidos en células mononucleares de tres pacientes con NCC activa, 16 pacientes con NCC calcificada y 16 sujetos sanos. Resultados. KETc1 induce bajos niveles de proliferaci en las células de los pacientes con NCC activa y controlada, tanto en linfocitos como en monocitos. KETc12 y GK-1 inducen niveles positivos de proliferación de monocitos en sujetos sanos. Conclusiones. El péptido KETc1 podría usarse como coadyuvante en el tratamiento de los pacientes con NCC activa, ya que indujo una respuesta Th2; y el péptido GK1, como estimulador del monocito/macrófago en inmunizaciones con otras proteínas (AU)

Introduction. Neurocysticercosis (NCC) is a parasitic infection caused by the establishment of Taenia solium cysticerci in the central nervous system. The larval stage of the parasite also affects the pig, which is the essential intermediate host for transmission. For this reason, many researchers have focused on identifying protective antigens to prevent swine cysticercosis and interrupt the transmission. These include S3Pvac vaccine antigens. Vaccine is constituted by three protective synthetic peptides: KETc1, KETc12 and GK1. Aim. To evaluate the effect of the vaccine peptides KETc1, KETc12 and GK1 in mononuclear cells of patients with neurocysticercosis and healthy individuals. Subjects and methods. Comparative, prospective, transverse study. We studied the proliferation and cytokine profile induced by the three peptides in mononuclear cells from three patients with active NCC, 16 patients by calcified NCC and 16 healthy subjects. Results. KETc1 induces low levels of proliferation in cells from patients with active and controlled NCC, both in lymphocytes and in monocytes. KETc12 and GK-1 induce positive proliferation levels of monocytes in healthy subjects. Conclusions. KETc1 peptide could be used as an adjuvant in the treatment of patients with active NCC, as induced a Th2 response also GK1 peptide as stimulator of monocyte/macrophage in immunizations with other proteins (AU)