Sexual dysfunction in multiple sclerosis: The impact of different MSISQ-19 cut-offs on prevalence and associated risk factors.

BACKGROUND: Although multiple sclerosis (MS) Intimacy and Sexuality Questionnaire-19 (MSISQ-19) is a widely applied tool, no unique definition of sexual dysfunction (SD) based on its score exists. OBJECTIVE: To explore the impact of different MSISQ-19 cut-offs on SD prevalence and associated risk factors, providing relevant information for its application in research and clinical settings. METHODS: After defining SD according to two different MSISQ-19 cut-offs in 1155 people with MS (pwMS), we evaluated SD prevalence and association with sociodemographic and clinical features, mood status and disability via logistic regression. RESULTS: Depending on the chosen cut-off, 45% to 54% of pwMS reported SD. SD defined as MSISQ-19 score >30 was predicted by age (OR=1.01, p=0.047), cognition (OR=0.96, p=0.004) and anxiety (OR=1.03, p=0.019). SD defined as a score >3 on any MSISQ-19 item was predicted by motor disability (OR=1.12, p=0.003) and cognition (OR= 0.96, p=0.002). CONCLUSION: Applying different MSISQ-19 cut-offs influences both the estimated prevalence and the identification of risk factors for SD, a finding that should be considered during study planning and data interpretation. Preserved cognition exerts a protective effect towards SD regardless from the specific study setting, representing a key point for the implementation of preventive and therapeutic strategies.

'Guess who'? An Italian multicentric study on pigmentation traits prevalence in endometriosis localizations.

OBJECTIVES: Previous evidence seems to support the more common presence of certain pigmentation types in women with endometriosis. The aim of this study was to assess the association of certain somatic phenotypes with specific localizations of the disease. The genetic makeup of those somatic traits may will help in better define the disease pathogenesis. STUDY DESIGN: Multicentric, retrospective study of women aged 18 to 45 with histologically confirmed endometriosis. 575 patients were recruited at eleven different Italian endometriosis clinics from March 2015 to January 2021. Data regarding clinical and surgical features were recorded following the self-administered endometriosis patient questionnaire and the surgical standard of reports approved by the World Endometriosis Research Foundation (WERF). Pigmentation types/somatic phenotypes frequencies among endometriosis localizations were reported. A logistic regression analysis was performed to determine somatic types independently associated with disease' localizations. RESULTS: Having green eyes increased by ∼4 folds (OR 3.7; 95% CI: 1.42-9.61; p = 0.007) the risk of having a ureteral nodule, whereas brown/black eyes decreased this risk (OR 0.34; 95% CI: 0.13-0.87; p = 0.025). Consistently, the combination of green eyes and blonde/light brown hairs increased the odds of ureteral endometriosis by more than 5 folds (OR 5.40; 95%CI: 2.02-14.49; p = 0.001), even after correction for anthropometric confounders (aOR 5.85; 95% CI: 2.13-16.09; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The association between endometriosis and pigmentary traits has been herein confirmed, with the novel finding of the possible predisposition of ureteral endometriosis in patients with green eyes and blonde/light brown hairs. Further investigation on the genetic makeup of somatic traits may provide new inroads also into the molecular aspects of endometriosis leading to a better understanding of this complex disease.

Laparoscopic robotic-assisted restorative proctocolectomy and ileal J-pouch-anorectal anastomosis in children.

PURPOSE: Total proctocolectomy with ileal J-pouch-anorectal anastomosis (IPAA) remains the preferred surgical treatment for ulcerative colitis (UC) in children. Considering the well-known advantages of minimally invasive approach, and its main application for the deep pelvis, robotic surgery may be used in UC reconstructive procedures. The aim of the study is to report our experience with Robotic IPAA in children. METHODS: Single surgeon experience on Robotic IPAA were prospectively included. Data on patient demographics, surgical details, complications, and length of stay (LOS), were collected. RESULTS: Fifteen patients were included. Median age was 13.2 years, median body weight 45 kg. Median operative time was 240 min. Median LOS was 7 days and mean follow-up time 1 year. No intraoperative complication occurred. Five postoperative complications happened: 3 minors treated conservatively (CD I-II), 2 majors needing reintervention under anesthesia (CD IIIb). No mortality was observed. CONCLUSION: Our preliminary experience reveals that Robotic IPAA is a safe and feasible option for the surgical treatment of UC in children. A bigger patient sample and a long-term follow-up are needed to confirm our findings.

The DNA damage response pathway as a land of therapeutic opportunities for colorectal cancer.

BACKGROUND: Colorectal cancer (CRC) represents a major cause of cancer deaths worldwide. Although significant progress has been made by molecular and immune therapeutic approaches, prognosis of advanced stage disease is still dismal. Alterations in the DNA damage response (DDR) pathways are emerging as novel targets for treatment across different cancer types. However, even though preclinical studies have shown the potential exploitation of DDR alterations in CRC, systematic and comprehensive testing is lagging and clinical development is based on analogies with other solid tumors according to a tissue-agnostic paradigm. Recently, functional evidence from patient-derived xenografts and organoids have suggested that maintenance with PARP inhibitors might represent a therapeutic opportunity in CRC patients previously responsive to platinum-based treatment. DESIGN AND RESULTS: In this review, we highlight the most promising preclinical data and systematically summarize published clinical trials in which DDR inhibitors have been used for CRC and provide evidence that disappointing results have been mainly due to a lack of clinical and molecular selection. CONCLUSIONS: Future preclinical and translational research will help in better understanding the role of DDR alterations in CRC and pave the way to novel strategies that might have a transformative impact on treatment by identifying new therapeutic options including tailored use of standard chemotherapy.

Conservative management in congenital severe bilateral hydronephrosis related to uretero-pelvic junction obstruction.

We report our experience in conservative management of patients with prenatal and neonatal diagnosis of severe bilateral ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO), focusing on the actual predictors of renal function impairment or spontaneous resolution. Between 1996 and 2006, 20 patients with bilateral severe hydronephrosis related to UPJO were included in the study. Indications for surgery were an increased hydronephrosis, decreased renal function, onset of symptoms. Conservatively treated patients were followed up for 3 months to 10 years with renal ultrasound, DTPA diuretic, urine culture. At first renal scan, 22 out of 40 renal units had a poor, 10 an intermediary and 8 a good drainage. Pyeloplasty was required in 10 of the 40 kidneys, while 30 out of 40 kidneys were followed conservatively. At the end of follow up, sieric normalized creatinine and estimated glomerular filtration rate were normal in all patients. Our data showed that bilateral severe hydronephrosis related to UPJO can be safely managed in a similar manner of a unilateral case. A poor drainage could be considered a negative predictive factor in the feasibility of a conservative management.

Laparoscopic transposition of lower pole crossing vessels in children with extrinsic pelvi-ureteric junction obstruction: a worthy alternative to dismembered pyeloplasty.

Pelviureteric junction obstruction (PUJO) due to intrinsic or extrinsic causes is a common problem in childhood. Extrinsic compression by a lower pole-crossing blood vessel can present symptomatically in older children. In these cases, laparoscopies Vascular Hitch can represent a valid alternative to pyeloplasty dismembered. We analyzed the data of 4 children affected by extrinsic PUJO treated at our institution with the laparoscopic Vascular Hitch procedure modified by Chapman. Surgical indications included presence of clinical symptoms, worsening of intermittent hydronephrosis, signs of obstruction on the MAG-3 scan, clear or suspected images of polar crossing vessels on CT scan or Uro-MRI. All procedures were completed laparoscopically. No complications occurred. Mean follow-up was 13 months with resolution of symptoms and PUJ obstruction and significant improvement of hydronephrosis in all cases. When blood vessels crossing lower pole represent the pure mechanical cause of UPJ obstruction the laparoscopic Vascular Hitch procedure represents an excellent alternative to dismembered pyeloplasty. It is less technically demanding then pyeloplasty and is associated with a lower complication rate. The main challenge is to intraoperatively ascertain the absence of associated intrinsic stenosis.

Laparoscopic nephrectomy in children with Wilms tumor. Considerations after 10 years of experience.

Despite laparoscopy in children is considered safe and is routinely used for several procedures, even in neonates and in pediatric oncology, its role in the treatment of pediatric renal tumors is still controversial. This study analyzes the results of laparoscopic nephrectomy for Wilms Tumor (WT) in pediatric age compared with open nephrectomy after 10 years of experience in a single centre. From 1993 in our center of reference for pediatric oncology, 30 patients with WT have been treated. We performed 21 open nephrectomy and in the last 10 years 9 laparoscopic nephrectomy. In all patients treated laparoscopically, the same technique made by the same equip was used. Compared with patients treated by open surgery, we did not find a significant difference in terms of outcome and survival. In the open surgery group, two patients had lung relapse while in the other group there was one local relapse. These three children obtained and maintained a second complete remission with chemotherapy. Open surgery complications were a tumor rupture in two cases, and an episode of pancreatitis 10 days after surgery. In the laparoscopic group, there were two conversions to open surgery not considered as complications but a surgical choice for cystic areas present in the tumor. As far as complications and oncologic outcomes are concerned, both techniques showed similar results. In experienced hands, laparoscopy proves to be an attractive alternative to open surgery for pediatric renal tumors.

Endometriosis: seeking optimal management in women approaching menopause.

The incidence of endometriosis in middle-aged women is not minimal compared to that in the reproductive age group. The treatment of affected women after childbearing age to the natural transition toward menopause has received considerably poor attention. Disease management is problematic for these women due to increased contraindications regarding hormonal treatment and the possibility for malignant transformation, considering the increased cancer risk in patients with a long-standing history of the disease. This state-of-the-art review aims for the first time to assess the benefits of the available therapies to help guide treatment decisions for the care of endometriosis in women approaching menopause. Progestins are proven effective in reducing pain and should be preferred in these women. According to the international guidelines that lack precise recommendations, hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy should be the definitive therapy in women who have completed their reproductive arc, if medical therapy has failed. Strict surveillance or surgery with removal of affected gonads should be considered in cases of long-standing or recurrent endometriomas, especially in the presence of modifications of ultrasonographic cyst patterns. Although rare, malignant transformation of various tissues in endometriosis patients has been described, and management is herein discussed.

Characterization of tumor-derived mesenchymal stem cells potentially differentiating into cancer-associated fibroblasts in lung cancer

Purpose: The goal of this study was to understand if mesenchymal stem cells isolated from lung tumor tissue (T-MSCs) may differentiate into cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs), that promote neoplastic progression, angiogenesis and metastasis in the epithelial solid tumors, mimicking the tumor microenvironmental influence. Methods: MSCs were been obtained from healthy (Control, C-MSCs) and tumor (T-MSCs) tissue of one patient who underwent a lobectomy for a lung adenocarcinoma pT1bN0. Isolated cells were characterized for the presence of molecular markers (identified by routine diagnostic characterization in differentiated tumoral cells), stemness properties, and CAF-related markers expression. Subsequently, cells were co-cultured with a lung adenocarcinoma cell line (A549 cells) to evaluate the effects on proliferation, oncogene expression and IL6 secretion. Results: C- and T-MSCs did not present EGFR mutations unlike tumor tissue and showed a stem-like immunophenotype, characterized by the ability to differentiate towards osteo-, chondro- and adipogenic lineages. The expression of markers referred to CAFs (alfa-SMA, HI-1alfa, MMP11, VEGF, CXCL12, TGF-Beta1, TGF-BetaRII, IL6, TNFalfa) was significantly higher in T-MSCs than in C-MSCs. The co-cultures with A549 cells led to the over-expression of selected oncogenes and to the increase of IL6 secretion in T-MSCs but not in C-MSCs. Conclusions: MSCs isolated from tumor tissue displayed distinct properties compared to MSCs isolated from healthy tissue, suggesting T-MSCs differentiation towards a CAF-related phenotype under the influence of the tumoral microenvironment

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A long-term follow-up in conservative management of unilateral ureteropelvic junction obstruction with poor drainage and good renal function.

The aim of the study was to retrospectively review the outcome of neonatal ureteropelvic junction obstruction with a good renal function and a poor drainage at a first diuretic renal scan, in cases where surgery was recommended on the basis of a loss of renal function, worsening of hydronephrosis or occurrence of clinical symptoms. Hydronephrosis was graded from 1 to 4 or as ureteral tract dilatation (UTD) P1 to UTD P3. During follow-up, 15 out of 38 patients (34.2%) required surgery while 25 out of 38 (65.8%) could have been managed conservatively. In patients with grade 2, 3, and 4 hydronephrosis, the ureteropelvic junction obstruction resolved or improved spontaneously in 100%, 63%, and 33% of cases (in 100% of UTD P1, 67% of UTD P2, and 50% of UTD P3), respectively. The median of follow-up was 14 years. Chi-square test showed a significant relationship between initial grade of hydronephrosis or UTD and the possibility of an efficient conservative management (p = 0.0088 and p = 0.0460).Conclusion: Conservative management can be safely achieved in ureteropelvic junction obstruction with poor drainage. Scheduled controls are needed for early discovery of functional renal deterioration. High-grade hydronephrosis is unlikely to resolve spontaneously and is often accompanied by a loss of renal function during the first years of life. What is Known: • There is controversy about which management should be adopted in infants with unilateral ureteropelvic junction obstruction with poor drainage but good differential renal function. What is New: • Long-term follow-up suggests that conservative management can be safely achieved also in unilateral ureteropelvic junction obstruction with poor drainage in more than 60% of cases, even if high-grade hydronephrosis is unlikely to resolve spontaneously and it is often accompanied by a loss of renal function during the first years of life. In our experience, surgical intervention was required in more than 50% of cases before 1 year of life and in all cases before 3 years of life.

Characterization of tumor-derived mesenchymal stem cells potentially differentiating into cancer-associated fibroblasts in lung cancer.

PURPOSE: The goal of this study was to understand if mesenchymal stem cells isolated from lung tumor tissue (T-MSCs) may differentiate into cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs), that promote neoplastic progression, angiogenesis and metastasis in the epithelial solid tumors, mimicking the tumor microenvironmental influence. METHODS: MSCs were been obtained from healthy (Control, C-MSCs) and tumor (T-MSCs) tissue of one patient who underwent a lobectomy for a lung adenocarcinoma pT1bN0. Isolated cells were characterized for the presence of molecular markers (identified by routine diagnostic characterization in differentiated tumoral cells), stemness properties, and CAF-related markers expression. Subsequently, cells were co-cultured with a lung adenocarcinoma cell line (A549 cells) to evaluate the effects on proliferation, oncogene expression and IL6 secretion. RESULTS: C- and T-MSCs did not present EGFR mutations unlike tumor tissue and showed a stem-like immunophenotype, characterized by the ability to differentiate towards osteo-, chondro- and adipogenic lineages. The expression of markers referred to CAFs (α-SMA, HI-1α, MMP11, VEGF, CXCL12, TGF-ß1, TGF-ßRII, IL6, TNFα) was significantly higher in T-MSCs than in C-MSCs. The co-cultures with A549 cells led to the over-expression of selected oncogenes and to the increase of IL6 secretion in T-MSCs but not in C-MSCs. CONCLUSIONS: MSCs isolated from tumor tissue displayed distinct properties compared to MSCs isolated from healthy tissue, suggesting T-MSCs differentiation towards a CAF-related phenotype under the influence of the tumoral microenvironment.

Human herpesviruses-6 and -7 encephalitis in immunocompetent infants: are they really so uncommon?

Human herpesviruses-6 and -7 (HHV-6 and 7) are considered uncommon causes of central nervous system infection and may occasionally cause encephalitis in young infants, however, the clinical syndrome and incidence are not well defined. In immunosuppressed hosts, reactivation is associated with a worse outcome such as encephalitis, hepatitis, or graft rejection. In immunocompetent hosts, this persistent infection is generally of no consequence. We report 4 cases of immunocompetent critically ill children, affected by HHV-6 and -7 encephalitis, admitted to our Pediatric Intensive Care Unit. In three patients, herpesvirus polymerase chain reaction in blood and cerebrospinal fluid was positive for HHV- 6, while one patient was positive for HHV-7. In our cases, a typical clinical picture of viral infection was not present but neurological symptoms were predominant. In all 4 children, neurological involvement rapidly regressed after acyclovir therapy. In this report, we offer evidence that HHV-6 and -7 primary infections can cause several clinical manifestations, such as encephalitis, also in immunocompetent hosts. In our experience, children with neurological symptoms suggestive of viral encephalitis should be fully investigated for these two viruses.

Impairment of enzymatic antioxidant defenses is associated with bilirubin-induced neuronal cell death in the cerebellum of Ugt1 KO mice.

Severe hyperbilirubinemia is toxic during central nervous system development. Prolonged and uncontrolled high levels of unconjugated bilirubin lead to bilirubin-induced encephalopathy and eventually death by kernicterus. Despite extensive studies, the molecular and cellular mechanisms of bilirubin toxicity are still poorly defined. To fill this gap, we investigated the molecular processes underlying neuronal injury in a mouse model of severe neonatal jaundice, which develops hyperbilirubinemia as a consequence of a null mutation in the Ugt1 gene. These mutant mice show cerebellar abnormalities and hypoplasia, neuronal cell death and die shortly after birth because of bilirubin neurotoxicity. To identify protein changes associated with bilirubin-induced cell death, we performed proteomic analysis of cerebella from Ugt1 mutant and wild-type mice. Proteomic data pointed-out to oxidoreductase activities or antioxidant processes as important intracellular mechanisms altered during bilirubin-induced neurotoxicity. In particular, they revealed that down-representation of DJ-1, superoxide dismutase, peroxiredoxins 2 and 6 was associated with hyperbilirubinemia in the cerebellum of mutant mice. Interestingly, the reduction in protein levels seems to result from post-translational mechanisms because we did not detect significant quantitative differences in the corresponding mRNAs. We also observed an increase in neuro-specific enolase 2 both in the cerebellum and in the serum of mutant mice, supporting its potential use as a biomarker of bilirubin-induced neurological damage. In conclusion, our data show that different protective mechanisms fail to contrast oxidative burst in bilirubin-affected brain regions, ultimately leading to neurodegeneration.

Effects of ischaemic post-conditioning on the early and late testicular damage after experimental testis ischaemia-reperfusion.

Ischaemic post-conditioning (IPostC) might represent an innovative surgical approach to protect organs from ischaemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury. We investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying the contrasting effects of IPostC on the early and late damage induced by testicular I/R injury. Testis I/R was induced by occluding the right testicular vessels using a clip. Male rats were divided into the following groups: sham, I/R and I/R + IPostC. In the I/R group, the clip was removed after 60 min of ischaemia, and reperfusion was allowed for 30 min, 1 and 30 days. In the I/R + IPostC group, three cycles of 30-sec reperfusion and 30-sec ischaemia were performed after 60 min of ischaemia and then reperfusion followed up for 30 min, 1 and 30 days. Following 30-min reperfusion, there was an increase in mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in I/R rats; after 1 day of reperfusion, interleukin-6, tumour necrosis factor-α and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) expression were significantly increased; IκB-α expression reduced; and a marked damage in both testes was observed. IPostC inhibited MAPKs, cytokines and NF-κB expression, augmented IκB-α expression and decreased histological damage in testes subjected to I/R. After 30 days of reperfusion, I/R injury activated the apoptosis machinery, caused severe histological damage and reduced spermatogenic activity. By contrast, IPostC did not modify the apoptotic markers, the histological alterations as well as spermatogenic activity following 30 days of reperfusion. Our data demonstrate that IPostC protects the testis from the early damage induced by I/R injury, but it does not protect against the late damage.

Improving the prediction of malignancy in cytologically suspicious thyroid nodules.

BACKGROUND: Fine needle cytology aspirates (FNA) classified as THY4 are a heterogeneous group suspicious for malignancy [papillary thyroid cancer (PTC)], which is confirmed in 50-80% of cases after surgery. AIM: To better stratify THY4 FNA specimens for the relative risk of malignancy. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 78 thyroid nodules classified as THY4 because of the presence of atypical cells, hypercellular trabeculae and/or intranuclear inclusions (ICI), in the absence of papillae. Two subgroups were identified: group 1 (38 nodules), showing ICI with (no.=17) or without (no.=21) trabeculae and cellular atypia, and group 2 (40 nodules), showing trabeculae and atypia but without ICI. RESULTS: PTC was detected at histology in 56/78 of the patients (71.8%). Malignancy occurred in 36/38 (94.7%) of the patients in group 1 and in 20/40 (50.0%) of the patients in group 2. Therefore, the positive predictive value (PPV) for PTC was 97.3% in the ICI+ specimens (group 1), with a sensitivity of 64.3% and specificity of 95.2%. When only ICI was present, without atypia and trabeculae, the PPV and specificity were similar (95.0 and 95.2%, respectively), but the sensitivity was decreased (48.7%). In specimens without ICI (group 2), the PPV was only 50.0%; however, combined with young age (<40 yr) and male gender, it reached a value similar to that of group1. CONCLUSIONS: In ICI+ specimens compared to ICI-, the risk of PTC is nearly doubled, since PPV increases from 50.0% to 97.3%. This observation suggests that surgery should be considered mandatory in all lesions classified THY4 at FNA, although the relevant difference in terms of cancer risk between ICI- vs ICI+ nodules might be an useful information for both the clinician and the patient.

Effects of flavocoxid, a dual inhibitor of COX and 5-lipoxygenase enzymes, on benign prostatic hyperplasia.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Inflammation plays a key role in the development of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Eicosanoids derived from the COX and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) pathways are elevated in the enlarging prostate. Flavocoxid is a novel flavonoid-based 'dual inhibitor' of the COX and 5-LOX enzymes. This study evaluated the effects of flavocoxid in experimental BPH. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH: Rats were treated daily with testosterone propionate (3 mg·kg(-1) s.c.) or its vehicle for 14 days to induce BPH. Animals receiving testosterone were randomized to receive vehicle (1 mL·kg(-1) , i.p.) or flavocoxid (20 mg·kg(-1) , i.p.) for 14 days. Histological changes, eicosanoid content and mRNA and protein levels for apoptosis-related proteins and growth factors were assayed in prostate tissue. The effects of flavocoxid were also tested on human prostate carcinoma PC3 cells. KEY RESULTS: Flavocoxid reduced prostate weight and hyperplasia, blunted inducible expression of COX-2 and 5-LOX as well as the increased production of PGE(2) and leukotriene B(4) (LTB(4) ), enhanced pro-apoptotic Bax and caspase-9 and decreased the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 mRNA. Flavocoxid also reduced EGF and VEGF expression. In PC3 cells, flavocoxid stimulated apoptosis and inhibited growth factor expression. Flavocoxid-mediated induction of apoptosis was inhibited by the pan-caspase inhibitor, Z-VAD-FMK, in PC3 cells, suggesting an essential role of caspases in flavocoxid-mediated apoptosis during prostatic growth. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS: Our results show that a 'dual inhibitor' of the COX and 5-LOX enzymes, such as flavocoxid, might represent a rational approach to reduce BPH through modulation of eicosanoid production and a caspase-induced apoptotic mechanism.

Effects of polydeoxyribonucleotide on the histological damage and the altered spermatogenesis induced by testicular ischaemia and reperfusion in rats.

The effects of polydeoxyribonucleotide (PDRN), an agonist of the A2A adenosine receptors which when activated positively influences sperm activity, were tested in an experimental testicular ischaemia/reperfusion injury model. Anaesthetized male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to testicular torsion-induced ischaemia, followed by reperfusion (TI/R). Immediately after detorsion, randomized animals, including SHAM, received intraperitoneal injections of: (i) vehicle (1 mL/kg 0.9% NaCl solution); (ii) PDRN (8 mg/kg); (iii) DMPX (3,7-dimethyl-1-propargilxanthine, 0.1 mg/kg); or (iv) PDRN (8 mg/kg) + DMPX (0.1 mg/kg). Animals were euthanized at 1, 7 and 30 days following reperfusion. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression is normally associated with adenosine A2A receptor stimulation. After treatment, VEGF mRNA/protein expression quantified by qPCR and Western blot, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 (VEGFR1) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) mRNA measured by qPCR, VEGF and VEGFR1 assessed using immunohistochemical methods, histological staining and spermatogenic activity were all analysed. Testis ischaemia-reperfusion (TI/R) injury caused increases in VEGF mRNA and protein, VEGFR1 and eNOS mRNA, histological damage and reduced spermatogenic activity. Immunostaining showed a lower expression of VEGF in germinal epithelial cells and a strong expression of VEGFR1 in Leydig cells after TI/R. PDRN administration increased significantly VEGF message/protein, VEGFR1 and eNOS message, decreased histological damage and ameliorated spermatogenic activity. PDRN might be useful in the management of testicular torsion.