Estabilidad de la hemoglobina sérica posterior a la transfusión de glóbulos rojos en pacientes adultos en el servicio de medicina interna / Stability of serum hemoglobin after red blood cell transfusion in adult patients assisted at an internal medicine service

Resumen OBJETIVO: Evaluar la estabilidad de la concentración de hemoglobina sérica posterior a la transfusión de glóbulos rojos empaquetados en el tiempo. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: Estudio de cohorte prospectivo analítico, efectuado de septiembre de 2015 a mayo de 2016, que incluyó pacientes mayores de 18 años de edad, quienes cursaban con anemia que fue corregida mediante la transfusión de glóbulos rojos empaquetados. Se cuantificó la concentración de hemoglobina sérica inicial, una y seis horas después de la transfusión de glóbulos rojos empaquetados con el dispositivo HemoCue B Hemoglobin. Se evaluó la estabilidad de la concentración de hemoglobina sérica. Se consideró significativo un cambio en la concentración sérica de hemoglobina > 0.5 g/dL. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 121 pacientes. Los diagnósticos principales fueron: sepsis (60.3%), enfermedad renal crónica (31.4%) y cáncer hematológico (24.8%). La hemoglobina sérica promedio inicial fue de 6.9 ± 4.4 g/dL, después de la transfusión de glóbulos rojos empaquetados fue de 9.2 ± 1.5 g/dL (a la hora) y de 9.19 ± 1.5 g/dL (a las seis horas). La diferencia en la concentración de hemoglobina fue -0.007 g/dL (p = 0.94). Mediante un modelo de regresión logística se documentó la estabilidad de la concentración de hemoglobina sérica en el tiempo. CONCLUSIONES: La concentración de hemoglobina posterior a la transfusión de glóbulos rojos empaquetados es estable en el tiempo y no se ve afectada por los padecimientos concomitantes, número de unidades de glóbulos rojos empaquetados administradas y variables antropométricas.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the stability of serum hemoglobin concentration after packaged red blood cell units (PRBC) transfusion. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A prospective analytical cohort was done from September 2015 to May 2016 including patients older than 18 years who were enrolled with the diagnosis of anemia that was corrected by PRBC transfusion (n = 121). Initial serum hemoglobin concentration was quantified at one hour and six hours after PRBC transfusion with the HemoCue B Hemoglobin device. The stability of post-transfusion serum hemoglobin was evaluated. A change in serum hemoglobin concentration > 0.5 g/dL was considered significant. RESULTS: The main diagnoses were sepsis (60.3%), chronic kidney disease (31.4%) and hematologic cancer (24.8%). The initial mean serum hemoglobin was 6.9 ± 4.4 g/ dL, at one hour 9.2 ± 1.5 g/dL and 9.19 ± 1.5 g/dL at 6 hours following PRBC transfusion. The difference in hemoglobin concentration was -0.007 g/dL (p = 0.94). Using a logistic regression model the stability of serum hemoglobin concentration over time was documented. CONCLUSION: The hemoglobin concentration following PRBC transfusion is stable over time, and is not affected by concomitant diseases, number of PRBC units administered and anthropometric variables.

Parámetros hematológicos y recuento de células T-CD4+ en pacientes VIH con síntomas digestivos en Bucaramanga, Colombia / Haematological parameters and T-CD4+ cells count in HIV patients with digestive symptoms in Bucaramanga, Colombia

Introducción: La anemia, las citopenias y la sintomatología digestiva son hallazgos frecuentes en la población con infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana, VIH. Objetivo: Describir los parámetros hematológicos y el recuento de linfocitos T- CD4 en pacientes con VIH hospitalizados por síntomas digestivos a los que se realizaron estudios endoscópicos. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional y descriptivo en 54 pacientes con VIH que se consultaron por síntomas digestivos y que requirieron procedimientos endoscópicos digestivos altos o bajos durante el año 2014 en un Hospital Universitario de tercer nivel en Bucaramanga, Colombia.Se tomaron datos sociodemográficos, se indagó sobre el uso de terapia antirretroviral altamente efectiva (TARAE), se registró la sintomatología digestiva, el tipo de procedimiento realizado, los datos del hemograma, el recuento de linfocitos T-CD4, la realización de mielograma, biopsia de médula ósea y la mortalidaddurante la estancia hospitalaria. Resultados: La prevalencia de anemia, leucopenia y trombocitopenia fue de 83.3 por ciento, 37 por ciento y 20.3 por ciento, respectivamente. Se encontró bicitopenia y pancitopenia en 25.9 por ciento y 14.8 por ciento.De los pacientes con bicitopenia y pancitopenia se les realizó estudio de médula ósea a 57.1 por ciento y 87.5 por ciento, respectivamente. Se encontró una tendencia de conteo de linfocitos T-CD4 menor en aquellos pacientes con anemia. Conclusiones: Las alteraciones hematológicas son frecuentes en pacientes con VIH y síntomas digestivos, con alta prevalencia de anemia. Los recuentos de linfocitos T-CD4 encontrados fueron notoriamente bajos(AU)

Introduction: Anemia, cytopenias and gastrointestinal symptoms are common findings in the population that are infected by the HIV. Objective: To describe hematological parameters and the T-CD4 cell counts in HIVpatients hospitalized for gastrointestinal symptoms that were taken to endoscopy. Methods: A descriptive study in 54 HIV patients who consulted for digestive symptoms and requiring high or low digestive endoscopy during 2014 in a third level University Hospital of Bucaramanga, Colombiawas carried out. Sociodemographicdata were questioned, it was the use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), it was registered digestive symptoms, type of procedure, data from blood count, T-CD4 count, myelogram, bone marrow biopsy and mortality during hospital stay were recorded. Results: The prevalence of anemia, leucopenia and thrombocytopenia were 83.3 percent, 37 percent and 20.3 percent, respectively. Bicytopenia and pancytopenia were found in 25.9 percent and 14.8 percent. Bicytopenia patients with pancytopenia and underwent bone marrow study to 57.1 percent and 87.5 percent, respectively. A trend of lower T-CD4 lymphocyte count was found in patients with anemia. Conclusions: Hematological disorders are common in patients with HIV and digestive symptoms, with high prevalence of anemia. T-CD4 counts were found notoriously low(AU)

Subclinical infection as a cause of inflammation in preeclampsia.

Preeclampsia, a pregnancy-exclusive hypertensive disorder, is the major cause of maternal and perinatal mortality, with a greater importance in developing countries. The role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia has been the object of recent studies by our group. We have described elevated levels of inflammatory markers (tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-6, and C-reactive protein) in preeclamptic patients and demonstrated that Latin-American women present a higher degree of inflammation than women from developed countries. We have results that suggest that chronic subclinical infections and insulin resistance are the most probable causes of the increased inflammation in preeclampsia. Moreover, we showed that early treatment of urinary and vaginal infections decreased the incidence of preeclampsia. We also have evidence that suggests that inflammation leads to endothelial dysfunction, predisposing women to develop preeclampsia. Increased levels of inflammation markers and endothelial dysfunction are found in the early stages of pregnancy in women who later on develop preeclampsia. Appropriate prenatal care programs, including screening and treatment of urinary, vaginal, and periodontal infections in early pregnancy and prevention of factors that predispose to insulin resistance, such as excessive weight gain during pregnancy, may reduce the incidence of preeclampsia in Latin-American women.

Determination of insulin resistance using the homeostatic model assessment (HOMA) and its relation with the risk of developing pregnancy-induced hypertension.

OBJECTIVE: To assess whether increased insulin resistance determined by homeostatic model assessment (HOMA) early in pregnancy is associated with the subsequent development of pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) in Colombian women with known risk factors. METHODS: We conducted a nested case control study in a prospective cohort of 572 normotensive pregnant women, with gestational age < or = 30 weeks, recruited in Bucaramanga and Floridablanca, Colombia. Fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations were determined at enrollment, and HOMA index was calculated. Log-transformed HOMA (log-HOMA) was used in the statistical analysis. Thirty nine PIH cases (18 preeclampsia [PE], 21 gestational hypertension [GH]) were compared to 78 controls, matched by body mass index, gestational and maternal age at enrollment. RESULTS: Women who subsequently developed PIH had higher levels of log-HOMA at enrollment (-0.13 +/- 0.54 v 0.21 +/- 0.60; P = .002), which was significantly associated with the development of PIH (odds ratio 3.13, 95% confidence interval 1.41-6.94; P = .005). Higher log-HOMA was found in women who subsequently developed PE (0.28 +/- 0.58; P = .003), and in those who presented with GH (0.15 +/- 0.62; P = .026). CONCLUSIONS: Women who subsequently develop PIH have a higher degree of insulin resistance determined by log-HOMA early in pregnancy, before the onset of clinical manifestations of the disease. The HOMA seems to be a useful method to evaluate women at risk of developing PIH. More studies are required to confirm its usefulness as a screening tool to identify pregnant women at risk of developing PIH.

Raised C-reactive protein and impaired flow-mediated vasodilation precede the development of preeclampsia.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to investigate whether impaired flow mediated vasodilation precedes the clinical manifestations of preeclampsia and whether is associated with inflammation. METHODS: We conducted a nested case-control study in a prospective cohort of 506 normotensive women recruited before the 30th week of gestation (mean gestational age of 21.8 weeks). At enrollment, flow-mediated dilation was measured in the brachial artery using a 7.5-MHz transducer. C-reactive protein plasma concentrations and leukocyte count were also determined at study entry. Patients were followed until delivery, and medical records were reviewed for each patient to confirm the presence or absence of preeclampsia or gestational hypertension. RESULTS: Of the women studied, 14 developed preeclampsia, 18 developed gestational hypertension, and 474 remained normotensive. Two normotensive pregnant control subjects were randomly selected for each case, matched by maternal age, gestational age, and body mass index at enrollment. Women who subsequently developed preeclampsia had lower flow-mediated dilation (13.4% +/- 4.3% v 18.2% +/- 7.2, P = .026), higher C-reactive protein plasma concentrations (8.7 +/- 5.5 mg/dL v 5.3 +/- 4.3 mg/dL, P = .022) and leukocyte count (10.3 +/- 2.0 x 10(9)/L v 9.1 +/- 2.0 x 10(9)/L, P = .036) at study entry. CONCLUSIONS: Decreased flow-mediated vasodilation and higher levels of CRP are present in early stages of gestation in women who subsequently develop preeclampsia. These alterations occur before the onset of clinical symptoms of PE. Further studies are needed to confirm that flow-mediated dilation and C-reactive protein could be useful methods to screen women at risk of developing preeclampsia.