Trabecular bone score (TBS) is associated with sub-clinical vertebral fractures in HIV-infected patients.

Fragility fractures risk is increased among HIV infected patients. Bone microstructure alterations, in addition to bone mineral density (BMD) reduction, might be responsible for the increased risk. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of vertebral fractures (VFs) and their association with trabecular bone score (TBS), an indirect index of bone microstructure, in a cohort of HIV-infected subjects. One-hundred and forty-one HIV-infected patients (87% males, median age 43 years, 94% on stable antiretroviral therapy with undetectable viral load) underwent viro-immunological and bone metabolism biochemical screenings. Lumbar TBS and BMD at femoral neck, total hip, and lumbar spine, were measured with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). VFs were identified using the semiquantitative method and quantitative morphometric analysis from thoracic and lumbar spine X-ray images. VFs were observed in 19 patients (13.5%). BMD was below the expected range for age in 18 (12.8%) subjects. No significant differences were found stratifying VFs prevalence by BMD, whereas patients with lower TBS showed a higher prevalence of VFs (p = 0.03). In multivariate analysis, TBS was the only factor significantly associated to VFs (OR = 0.56; 95% CI = 0.33-0.96; p = 0.034), with increased fracture risk for lower TBS values. VFs are prevalent and associated with low TBS among HIV-positive patients, whereas no significant association was found with BMD.

Muscle atrophy and fatty infiltration in rotator cuff tears: Can surgery stop muscular degenerative changes?

BACKGROUND: Rotator cuff tears are closely related with muscle atrophy and fatty infiltration and both affect healing after surgical treatment. The aim of this study was to compare surgical versus conservative management of medium-to-large reparable rotator cuff tears. METHODS: Forty-one patients with clinical and radiological (MRI) diagnosis of medium-to-large rotator cuff tears were retrospectively identified and divided into two groups: Group A, arthroscopic repair; Group B, conservative treatment. At follow-up (T1) all patients underwent a new clinical (VAS, SST, Constant and Relative Constant Scale) and radiological evaluation (MRI). RESULTS: When comparing the two groups at T1 (mean follow-up: Group A, 50 months; Group B, 61 months), we registered better results in Group A in the SST (p < 0.05), the VAS score (p < 0.01), the Constant and the Relative Constant Scale (p < 0.05). Radiological evaluation did not show a significant increase of fatty infiltration (p = 0.16) in Group A (no progression in 15 out of 17 patients -82.3%-, and an increase in 2 out of 17 patients -11.7%-), while in Group B a significant increase was detected (p < 0.01) in all patients; in regard to muscle atrophy, no cases of progression were detected in Group A (4 out of 17 patients -23.5%- showed an increased post-operative supraspinatus trophysm), while a significant worsening (p < 0.05) was found in Group B. In Group B a significant worsening of tendon retraction (p < 0.01) and of tear size (p = 0.01) was also detected. CONCLUSIONS: Surgical treatment of complete rotator cuff tears seems to decrease the irreversible changes that involve muscle belly.

Can an adjustable-loop length suspensory fixation device reduce femoral tunnel enlargement in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction? A prospective computer tomography study.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to compare bone femoral tunnel enlargement in patients who underwent anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) transtibial reconstruction using an adjustable-loop length suspensory fixation device and a fixed-loop length suspensory fixation device. METHODS: All patients treated for ACL reconstruction with an ipsilateral hamstring between March 2013 and March 2014 were evaluated. Subjects were assigned to Group A (TightRope™ (TR) femoral fixation) or Group B (EndoButton® (EB) femoral fixation). All patients were evaluated with the Lachman test, pivot-shift test, 2000 International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) knee examination and KT1000 arthrometer. The subjective evaluation was performed using the 2000 IKDC Subjective Knee score, the Lysholm knee score, and the Tegner activity scale. CT examination was performed to evaluate femoral tunnel enlargement at four different levels. All patients were assessed at a 12month follow-up visit. Power analysis was performed a priori in accordance with the femoral tunnel enlargement values from the CT scans. Differences with P-values of ≤0.05 were considered to be statistically significant. RESULTS: The groups were homogenous at baseline with regard to age, gender, BMI, dominance and disease duration. At the final follow-up, no statistically significant differences (P>0.05) were found according to subjective and objective clinical outcome measures. According to the femoral tunnel enlargement, no statistically significant difference was found between the two groups (P>0.05). CONCLUSION: In transtibial ACL reconstruction, the use of a fixed or adjustable-loop length device products, on the femoral side, led to similar clinical and radiological results.

Nanohydroxyapatite promotes the healing process in open-wedge high tibial osteotomy: A CT study.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this prospective and randomized study was to evaluate the effectiveness of adding nanohydroxyapatite (NHA) to heterologous bone graft in open wedge high tibial osteotomy (OWHTO) by measuring the bone density of the tibial osteotomy gap. METHODS: Twenty-seven patients (26 knees) were operated by OWHTO and randomly divided into two groups: pure graft group, in which the osteotomy gap was filled with only heterologous bone graft; nanohydroxyapatite group, in which the osteotomy gap was filled with heterologous bone graft and NHA. All patients underwent computed tomography (CT) examination within one week after operation (Time 0), and after two months (Time 1) and 12months (Time 2). CT volume acquired Hounsfield Units (HU) were calculated and the mean value of bone density on three planes was measured. RESULTS: At Time 0, the mineral density of the nanohydroxyapatite group appeared significantly higher compared with the pure graft group, due to the presence of NHA. At Time 1, the mineral density of the nanohydroxyapatite group had decreased relative to Time 0, while in the pure graft group it remained unchanged. At Time 2, the mineral density in the nanohydroxyapatite group had further decreased, reaching values close to the mineral density of normal bone. In contrast, in the pure graft group the mineral density had increased, probably due to the lack of reabsorption of the graft and the development of sclerosis in the osteotomy borders. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the present study show better osseointegration of the heterologous graft when nanohydroxyapatite is added.

Modeling the impact of scaffold architecture and mechanical loading on collagen turnover in engineered cardiovascular tissues.

The anisotropic collagen architecture of an engineered cardiovascular tissue has a major impact on its in vivo mechanical performance. This evolving collagen architecture is determined by initial scaffold microstructure and mechanical loading. Here, we developed and validated a theoretical and computational microscale model to quantitatively understand the interplay between scaffold architecture and mechanical loading on collagen synthesis and degradation. Using input from experimental studies, we hypothesize that both the microstructure of the scaffold and the loading conditions influence collagen turnover. The evaluation of the mechanical and topological properties of in vitro engineered constructs reveals that the formation of extracellular matrix layers on top of the scaffold surface influences the mechanical anisotropy on the construct. Results show that the microscale model can successfully capture the collagen arrangement between the fibers of an electrospun scaffold under static and cyclic loading conditions. Contact guidance by the scaffold, and not applied load, dominates the collagen architecture. Therefore, when the collagen grows inside the pores of the scaffold, pronounced scaffold anisotropy guarantees the development of a construct that mimics the mechanical anisotropy of the native cardiovascular tissue.

Effects of valve geometry and tissue anisotropy on the radial stretch and coaptation area of tissue-engineered heart valves.

Tissue engineering represents a promising technique to overcome the limitations of the current valve replacements, since it allows for creating living autologous heart valves that have the potential to grow and remodel. However, also this approach still faces a number of challenges. One particular problem is regurgitation, caused by cell-mediated tissue retraction or the mismatch in geometrical and material properties between tissue-engineered heart valves (TEHVs) and their native counterparts. The goal of the present study was to assess the influence of valve geometry and tissue anisotropy on the deformation profile and closed configuration of TEHVs. To achieve this aim, a range of finite element models incorporating different valve shapes was developed, and the constitutive behavior of the tissue was modeled using an established computational framework, where the degree of anisotropy was varied between values representative of TEHVs and native valves. The results of this study suggest that valve geometry and tissue anisotropy are both important to maximize the radial strains and thereby the coaptation area. Additionally, the minimum degree of anisotropy that is required to obtain positive radial strains was shown to depend on the valve shape and the pressure to which the valves are exposed. Exposure to pulmonary diastolic pressure only yielded positive radial strains if the anisotropy was comparable to the native situation, whereas considerably less anisotropy was required if the valves were exposed to aortic diastolic pressure.

Multi-scale mechanical characterization of scaffolds for heart valve tissue engineering.

Electrospinning is a promising technology to produce scaffolds for cardiovascular tissue engineering. Each electrospun scaffold is characterized by a complex micro-scale structure that is responsible for its macroscopic mechanical behavior. In this study, we focus on the development and the validation of a computational micro-scale model that takes into account the structural features of the electrospun material, and is suitable for studying the multi-scale scaffold mechanics. We show that the computational tool developed is able to describe and predict the mechanical behavior of electrospun scaffolds characterized by different microstructures. Moreover, we explore the global mechanical properties of valve-shaped scaffolds with different microstructural features, and compare the deformation of these scaffolds when submitted to diastolic pressures with a tissue engineered and a native valve. It is shown that a pronounced degree of anisotropy is necessary to reproduce the deformation patterns observed in the native heart valve.

Can the association of Ciclosporine A and Methotrexate maintain remission/low disease activity induced by etanercept in early Rheumatoid Arthritis patients? Evaluation by Magnetic Resonance Imaging.

The opportunity to induce remission/low disease activity in Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) patients has been achieved in recent years by the adoption of more sensitive diagnostic methods [Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), ultrasonography] and early aggressive treatments (combination of biologics and synthetic DMARDs). On the other hand, data are still scarce and contrasting about the management of long-term remission. The aim of this preliminary study is to evaluate whether the association of Methotrexate + Ciclosporine A (MTX + CSA) therapy in early RA (eRA) patients is able to maintain remission/low disease activity and avoid structural progression, evaluated by MRI. Etanercept was suspended in patients who reached remission/low disease activity and CSA+MTX therapy was introduced (T0), all patients continued to receive MTX; at this time MRI showed mild/moderate synovitis and erosions in all the patients; 1-year after (T1), a slight reduction in mean synovitis, bone edema and total score was observed, whereas the erosion score was unchanged. The mean DAS44 remained stable from T0 to T1 and 6/7 patients maintained a low disease activity score. No side effects were reported. These results confirm the good clinical efficacy and safety of the combination therapy CSA+MTX in eRA patients and demonstrate a parallel arrest of structural damage evaluated by MRI 1-year after etanercept suspension.

May etanercept and PTH (1-34) association heal erosions in early rheumatoid arthritis? A pilot study.

INTRODUCTION: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is characterized by the formation in the joints of an inflammatory tissue, which causes the appearance of localized erosions on the margins of the joints. The molecular mechanism that causes the bone erosion is multifactorial. Inflammatory cytokines imbalance and OPG-RANK-L system are involved. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY: The aim of the study is to evaluate the possibility of inducing healing or reduction in the number of erosions in Rheumatoid Arthritis patients treated with anti-TNF-alpha adding Teriparatide (PTH1-34) to standard treatment with anti-TNF. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Twenty adult patients with active RA diagnosed according to American Rheumatism Association (ARA) criteria at least 6 months before study begin were enrolled. Only patients affected by established RA (6 to 18 months from symptoms beginning) were recruited. Eligible patients were randomized to receive a standard dosage of etanercept (50 mg/week) or etanercept at same dosage with an addition of teriparatide (20 mg). Evaluation of eventual healing of arthritic erosions by magnetic resonance imaging was performed at time zero and then at twelve months. The following evaluation was assessed at baseline and after 12 months according to the Outcome Measures in Rheumatology Clinical Trials (OMERACT) definitions: number of erosion and presence or absence of synovitis, effusion and bone oedema. A comparative examination of quantitative and qualitative assessment of each parameter was applied. Plain radiographs of the hands were obtained at baseline and 52 weeks. Radiographs were scored blindly using the van der Heijde modification of the Sharp method. Safety of each treatment was evaluated by means of the adverse events (AES) evaluation and report. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in baseline characteristics between the groups. The study did not achieve its primary endpoint of healing erosions. In the active arm no healing of erosions was found. At 52 weeks, there were no new MRI erosions in two arms. Bone oedema scores were significantly improved at 52 weeks in favour of both treatments versus baseline scores, without inter-groups differences. X-ray patterns were unchanged in all patients of both groups. No new erosions or previous erosions' healing were observed. No AEs were reported. Patients from both groups demonstrated a significant reduction in the DAS 28 scores at 52 weeks (p < 0.005) if compared with baseline values. CONCLUSIONS: These data confirm rapid control of inflammation and MRI damage benefits after Etanercept administration without a significant improvement in MRI findings after concomitant addition of teriparatide. Even though these results could seem to suggest to avoid the simultaneous use of these two drugs to treat RA erosions, further studies might be suggested to asses if sequential adminstration of an anabolic agent such as Teriparatide, after achieving clinical remission, may be able to improve bone damage.

The gymnast's shoulder MRI and clinical findings.

AIM: The aim of the study was to evaluate effects of shoulder overuse in elite symptomatic or asymptomatic gymnasts. METHODS: This was a university-based sport traumatology research, a cohort study, with a control group comparison. Patients included were: 21 elite male gymnasts performing in the Italian National team for at least 10 years and a control group of 10 patients (20 shoulders) of the same age and sex, randomly selected among a healthy non-athletic population who underwent shoulder MRI. Magnetic resonance imaging without contrast were performed to all participants and clinical findings were summarized. Two experienced musculoskeletal radiologists interpreted each MRI scan for multiple variables (rotator cuff tendons, labral signal, capsule), including type of measurements performed on soft tissues (muscles, tendons) to assess global modifications of the shoulders. RESULTS: Signal abnormalities were detected in 36/36 (100%) gymnasts' shoulders, and in 4/20 (20%) of the controls. Sixteen of 36 (44.4%) shoulders had findings consistent with SLAP tears, bilateral in four patients; anteroinferior labrum lesions were identified in 10/36 (27.7%) shoulders, as compared with none (0%) in the controls. Eight of 36 (22%) shoulders had findings consistent with partial- or full-thickness tears of the rotator cuff as compared with none (0%) of the controls. Increased thickness of rotator cuff tendons and hypertrophy of rotator cuff muscles and deltoid muscles were recorded: such reports were symmetrical between dominant and non dominant arms, and increased when compared to controls. CONCLUSION: Gymnasts' shoulders are significantly different from those of the general population. MRI findings, especially SLAP tears, and hypertrophy are symmetrical. SLAP tears seem to be responsible of most early retirement.

Imaging progression despite clinical remission in early rheumatoid arthritis patients after etanercept interruption.

The aim of this preliminary study is to evaluate clinical and imaging response in twenty patients with early Rheumatoid Arthritits (eRA) treated with Etanercept (Etn) + Methotrexate (Mtx) and to investigate whether clinical and MRI remission may be maintained after biological therapy interruption. Assessment included: radiography, Visser score and anti-CCP antibodies at baseline; disease activity score in 44 joints (DAS44), rheumatoid factor (RF), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of hands and wrists at baseline (T0), 12 (T1), and 24 months (T2). MRI was scored for synovitis, bone oedema and erosions (OMERACT study); patients who reached clinical and imaging remission at T1 were considered eligible for interrupting Etn. At T1 8/20 (40 percent) patients showed a total remission, DAS44 from 5 (T0) to 1.4 (T1); p<0.02, whereas the other 12/20 (60 percent) showed an improvement, without complete remission, DAS44 from 4.8 (T0) to 2.8 (T1); p<0.05. Etn was therefore interrupted in the first group of patients (group A), whereas it was continued in the other group (group B). At T2, group A maintained clinical remission and group B showed further not significant DAS44 reduction from T1. At T1, a significant reduction in synovitis, bone oedema and total score (p<0.01) was observed both in group A and in group B. At T2, group A showed an increase in all the MRI scores that was significant for the synovitis and total score, whereas group B exhibited a further not significant reduction. This preliminary study reports an excellent clinical and imaging response in eRA patients treated with Etn with total remission in 40 percent of them after a 1-year therapy period. However, it indicates that joint damage may progress, despite a sustained clinical remission, after Etn suspension.

Two-year follow-up in an early rheumatoid arthritis patient treated with etanercept: radiological involvement despite clinical remission.

This case report describes an excellent clinical and radiological response in an eRA patient treated with Etanercept; however, it indicates that joint damage may progress, despite a sustained clinical remission, after Etanercept suspension.

Tunnel enlargement after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in patients with post-operative septic arthritis.

Tunnel enlargement is a frequent issue after ACL reconstruction and the "synovial bathing effect" is thought to be among the biological factors contributing to this phenomenon. Since the amount and the pressure of the synovial fluid inside the knee joint are higher and the length of its presence is longer in patients with post-operative septic arthritis after ACL reconstruction, we reviewed the tunnel enlargement in these cases in order to better evaluate this phenomenon in such a hostile environment. The null hypothesis of this study was that the highly represented phenomenon of the "synovial bathing effect" that occurs in an infected ACL reconstruction would not affect the amount of post-operative tunnel widening. A case-control study was done. At a mean follow up of 10 months (range 9-11 months) eight patients with septic arthritis following ACL reconstruction (group A) were radiologically reviewed using a CT scan and the diameters of femoral and tibial tunnels were measured. The results were compared with a control group (B) of uncomplicated ACL reconstruction cases operated by the same surgeon using the same technique. Although patients of Group A experienced a bigger amount of tunnel enlargement than patients of group B both on femoral (9.53 +/- 1.07 vs. 9.35 +/- 1.52 mm) and tibial side (10.07 +/- 1.3 vs. 9.92 +/- 0.74 mm), no clinical or statistically significant differences were detected between the groups (P > 0.05). No significant tunnel enlargement could be detected in patients of group A when compared with patients of group B. This seems to minimize the role of biological factors contributing to tunnel widening.

Single coronary artery: a case report.

We report a case of a 47-year-old woman with a previous myocardial infarction, in whom coronary angiography showed a right-type single coronary artery (arising from a single ostium in the right sinus of Valsalva) without associated obstructive lesions. We have demonstrated that the transesophageal echocardiogram was complementary to angiography in the assessment of retroaortic course of the anomalous left main coronary artery.

[New prospects in the assessment of the knee extensor complex with dynamic magnetic resonance]. / Nuove prospettive nella valutazione con Risonanza Magnetica dinamica del complesso estensore del ginocchio.

INTRODUCTION: Altered patellofemoral biomechanics may result in pain, instability and early involutive processes. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), with its panoramic capabilities, has proved to be an effective technique in the study of knee extensor complex changes. The diagnostic advantages of dynamic studies of patellofemoral kinetics are reported in the recent scientific literature. We investigated the diagnostic potentials of passive studies of the knee extensor complex with sagittal and axial cine MRI. Then, we developed and optimized an innovative study method overcoming the limitations of the other dynamic techniques for the correct assessment of patellofemoral biomechanics. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We studied the knee with a .2 T permanent magnet dedicated to the limbs and acquired the images in different positions of flexion-extension with T1-weighted SE and T2-weighted GE sequences. We examined 21 healthy volunteers and 37 of 38 patients with anterior knee joint pain of suspected patellofemoral origin. All the images needed for dynamic studies were acquired in about 20 minutes. For the scan planes not to be affected by patellar motion in the different degrees of knee extension, it is necessary to acquire single axial images to be edited in cine motion afterwards. Each acquisition is aligned along sagittal reference planes depiciting always the same patellar aspect. RESULTS: Significant correlations were found between clinical and cine MR findings in 25 patients. In particular we depicted some extensor complex impingement conditions missed at conventional MRI, which clarified the role played by patellar dysplastic changes in cartilage microtraumas. Our technique was accurate, quite easy to perform and repeatable. We performed cost-effective dynamic studies which were useful in the evaluation of patients with anterior knee pain in whom conventional MRI had failed to provide enough information. CONCLUSIONS: Our technique differs from other passive or active dynamic studies reported on in the literature because the patellar volume does not change during acquisitions. This permits to decrease morphological changes and to simplify, on cine MR reconstructions, the specific analysis of patellofemoral dynamics during flexion-extension. Fewer morphological changes also mean a more accurate analysis showing the role of patellar dysplasia in cartilage microtraumas. Our dynamic MR protocol is accurate, easy to perform and to repeat; it allows dynamic studies in the patients with poor static MR findings.

[The isolated agenesis of a branch of the pulmonary artery. A case report: its diagnosis and therapy]. / Agenesia isolata di un ramo dell'arteria polmonare. Presentazione di un caso: diagnosi e terapia.

We illustrate a case of so-called right pulmonary artery agenesis, discovered in a 3-month-old baby. This kind of malformation is rarely reported in neonatal age being most often discovered in the adulthood. The patient presented with cardiac failure, cyanosis and radiological features of cardiomegaly and left side pulmonary venous congestion. The diagnosis was strongly suspected by two-dimensional echocardiography and confirmed at cardiac catheterization. The patient was successfully operated upon with connection of main pulmonary artery to hilar right pulmonary artery. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of diagnosis and effective surgical therapy of right pulmonary artery agenesis in neonatal age.