Give it a rest: a systematic review with Bayesian meta-analysis on the effect of inter-set rest interval duration on muscle hypertrophy.

We systematically searched the literature for studies with a randomized design that compared different inter-set rest interval durations for estimates of pre-/post-study changes in lean/muscle mass in healthy adults while controlling all other training variables. Bayesian meta-analyses on non-controlled effect sizes using hierarchical models of all 19 measurements (thigh: 10; arm: 6; whole body: 3) from 9 studies meeting inclusion criteria analyses showed substantial overlap of standardized mean differences across the different inter-set rest periods [binary: short: 0.48 (95%CrI: 0.19-0.81), longer: 0.56 (95%CrI: 0.24-0.86); Four categories: short: 0.47 (95%CrI: 0.19-0.80), intermediate: 0.65 (95%CrI: 0.18-1.1), long: 0.55 (95%CrI: 0.15-0.90), very long: 0.50 (95%CrI: 0.14-0.89)], with substantial heterogeneity in results. Univariate and multivariate pairwise meta-analyses of controlled binary (short vs. longer) effect sizes showed similar results for the arm and thigh with central estimates tending to favor longer rest periods [arm: 0.13 (95%CrI: -0.27 to 0.51); thigh: 0.17 (95%CrI: -0.13 to 0.43)]. In contrast, central estimates closer to zero but marginally favoring shorter rest periods were estimated for the whole body [whole body: -0.08 (95%CrI: -0.45 to 0.29)]. Subanalysis of set end-point data indicated that training to failure or stopping short of failure did not meaningfully influence the interaction between rest interval duration and muscle hypertrophy. In conclusion, results suggest a small hypertrophic benefit to employing inter-set rest interval durations >60 s, perhaps mediated by reductions in volume load. However, our analysis did not detect appreciable differences in hypertrophy when resting >90 s between sets, consistent with evidence that detrimental effects on volume load tend to plateau beyond this time-frame. Systematic Review Registration: OSF, https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/YWEVC.

Widening Gender Gap in Life Expectancy in the US, 2010-2021.

This cross-sectional study systematically examines the contributions of COVID-19 and other underlying causes of death to the widened gender life expectancy gap from 2010 to 2021.

United States Life Tables, 2021.

Objectives-This report presents complete period life tables for the United States by Hispanic origin and race and sex, based on age-specific death rates in 2021. Methods-Data used to prepare the 2021 life tables are 2021 final mortality statistics; July 1, 2021, population estimates based on the Blended Base population estimates produced by the U.S. Census Bureau; and 2021 Medicare data for people ages 66-99. The methodology used to estimate life tables for the Hispanic population remains unchanged from that developed for the publication of life tables by Hispanic origin for data year 2006. The same methodology is used to estimate life tables for the American Indian and Alaska Native non-Hispanic and Asian non-Hispanic populations. The methodology used to estimate the 2021 life tables for all other groups was first implemented with data year 2008. Results-In 2021, the overall expectation of life at birth was 76.4 years, decreasing 0.6 year from 77.0 in 2020. From 2020 to 2021, life expectancy at birth decreased by 0.7 year for males (from 74.2 to 73.5) and by 0.6 year for females (79.9 to 79.3). Between 2020 and 2021, life expectancy decreased by 1.5 years for the American Indian and Alaska Native non-Hispanic population (67.1 to 65.6), 0.7 year for the White non-Hispanic population (77.4 to 76.7), 0.3 year for the Black non-Hispanic population (71.5 to 71.2), 0.1 year for the Hispanic population (77.9 to 77.8), and 0.1 year for the Asian non-Hispanic population (83.6 to 83.5).

Deaths: Final Data for 2020.

Objective-This report presents final 2020 data on U.S. deaths, death rates, life expectancy, infant and maternal mortality, and trends by selected characteristics such as age, sex, Hispanic origin and race, state of residence, and cause of death. Methods-Information reported on death certificates is presented in descriptive tabulations. The original records are filed in state registration offices. Statistical information is compiled in a national database through the Vital Statistics Cooperative Program of the National Center for Health Statistics. Causes of death are processed according to the International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision. Beginning in 2018, all states and the District of Columbia were using the 2003 revised certificate of death for the entire year, which includes the 1997 Office of Management and Budget revised standards for race. Data based on these revised standards are not completely comparable to previous years. Results-In 2020, a total of 3,383,729 deaths were reported in the United States. The age-adjusted death rate was 835.4 deaths per 100,000 U.S. standard population, an increase of 16.8% from the 2019 rate. Life expectancy at birth was 77.0 years, a decrease of 1.8 years from 2019. Age-specific death rates increased from 2019 to 2020 for age groups 15 years and over and decreased for age group under 1 year. Many of the 15 leading causes of death in 2020 changed from 2019. COVID-19, a new cause of death in 2020, became the third leading cause in 2020. The infant mortality rate decreased 2.9% to a historic low of 5.42 infant deaths per 1,000 live births in 2020. Conclusions-In 2020, the age-adjusted death rate increased and life expectancy at birth decreased for the total, male, and female populations, primarily due to the influence of deaths from COVID-19.

Differential impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on excess mortality and life expectancy loss within the Hispanic population.

BACKGROUND: The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Hispanic population resulted in the almost complete elimination of the long-standing Hispanic mortality advantage relative to the non-Hispanic White population. However, it is unknown how COVID-19 mortality affected the diverse Hispanic subpopulations. OBJECTIVE: We estimate life expectancy at birth in 2019 and 2020 by select Hispanic country/region of origin and explore how changes in age-specific all-cause and COVID-19 mortality affected changes in life expectancy between 2019 and 2020 for each group. METHODS: We use final 2019 and 2020 mortality data from the National Center for Health Statistics and population estimates based on the 2019 and 2020 American Community Survey. We calculate life tables and apply decomposition techniques to explore the effects of changes in age- and cause-specific mortality on life expectancy. RESULTS: Patterns of age- and cause-specific excess deaths and their impact on declines in life expectancy due to the COVID-19 pandemic differed substantially by Hispanic subgroup. Life expectancy losses ranged from 0.6 to 6.7 years among males and from 0.6 to 3.6 years among females. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings highlight the heterogeneous impact of the COVID-19 pandemic within the Hispanic population. CONTRIBUTIONS: Our findings contribute new information that will help future researchers identify the causes of the disproportionately severe impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Hispanic population. Our study underscores the importance of population disaggregation in endeavors to identify the multiple pathways by which the pandemic affected the Hispanic population.

Mujeres, Consumos y Crianzas: Dificultades en el sostenimiento de los tratamientos y las crianzas / Women, uses and upbringing. Difficulties in sustaining treatment and upbringing

En el partido de Lanús, hay 4 Hospitales Provinciales, el Hospital General de Agudos Narciso López donde nos desempeñamos es un Hospital Zonal mediano, conocido como "el Vecinal". Como partido de la RSVI, es el de más alta densidad poblacional. Muchos de los barrios que lo componen son de alta vulnerabilidad psicosocial, habitacional y laboral. En el hospital se realizan atenciones por guardia e internaciones de personas que llegan en crisis, por algún padecimiento mental y que pueden tener o no problemas de consumos de distintas sustancias. Si bien el mismo no cuenta con sala de internación de salud mental, en forma reciente se han acondicionado 2 habitaciones para otorgar mínimas condiciones de seguridad para quienes necesitan transitar una internación de salud mental. Nos proponemos pensar acerca de las complejidades que implican la atención de usuarias mujeres, mayores de edad en período de crianza de hijos pequeños que presentan distintos tipos de consumos, y acuden al Hospital para su atención. Nos interesa esta temática porque es una de las que presentan dificultades en sus abordajes y en el sostenimiento de los tratamientos

United States Life Tables, 2020.

Objectives-This report presents complete period life tables for the United States by Hispanic origin, race, and sex, based on age-specific death rates in 2020.

U.S. State Life Tables, 2020.

Objectives-This report presents complete period life tables for each of the 50 states and the District of Columbia (D.C.) by sex based on age-specific death rates in 2020.

United States Life Tables, 2019.

This report presents complete period life tables for the United States by Hispanic origin, race, and sex, based on age-specific death rates in 2019. Starting with the 2019 data year, this report adds life tables for the non-Hispanic American Indian or Alaska Native (AIAN) and non-Hispanic Asian populations.

Mortality in the United States, 2021.

This report presents final 2021 U.S. mortality data on deaths and death rates by demographic and medical characteristics. These data provide information on mortality patterns among U.S. residents by variables such as sex, age, race and Hispanic origin, and cause of death. Life expectancy estimates, ageadjusted death rates, age-specific death rates, the 10 leading causes of death,infant mortality rates, and the 10 leading causes of infant death were analyzed by comparing 2021 and 2020 final data (1).

Mortality Profile of the Non-Hispanic American Indian or Alaska Native Population, 2019.

Objectives-This report presents a mortality profile of the U.S. non-Hispanic American Indian or Alaska Native (AIAN) population for 2019. Standard mortality statistics, adjusted for race and Hispanic-origin misclassification on death certificates, are provided along with comparisons with the three major U.S. populations: non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, and Hispanic.

U.S. State Life Tables, 2018.

Objectives-This report presents complete period life tables for each of the 50 states and the District of Columbia by sex based on age-specific death rates in 2018. Methods-Data used to prepare the 2018 state-specific life tables include 2018 final mortality statistics; July 1, 2018 population estimates based on the 2010 decennial census; and 2018 Medicare data for persons aged 66-99. The methodology used to estimate the state-specific life tables is the same as that used to estimate the 2018 national life tables, with some modifications. Results-Among the 50 states and the District of Columbia, Hawaii had the highest life expectancy at birth, 81.0 years in 2018, and West Virginia had the lowest, 74.4 years. Life expectancy at age 65 ranged from 17.5 years in Kentucky to 21.1 years in Hawaii. Life expectancy at birth was higher for females in all states and the District of Columbia. The difference in life expectancy between females and males ranged from 3.8 years in Utah to 6.2 years in New Mexico.

Deaths: Final Data for 2018.

Objectives-This report presents final 2018 data on U.S. deaths, death rates, life expectancy, infant and maternal mortality, and trends by selected characteristics such as age, sex, Hispanic origin and race, state of residence, and cause of death. The race categories are consistent with 1997 Office of Management and Budget (OMB) standards, which are different from previous reports (1977 OMB standards). Methods-Information reported on death certificates is presented in descriptive tabulations. The original records are filed in state registration offices. Statistical information is compiled in a national database through the Vital Statistics Cooperative Program of the National Center for Health Statistics. Causes of death are processed according to the International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision. As of 2018, all states and the District of Columbia were using the 2003 revised certificate of death, which includes the 1997 OMB revised standards for race. The 2018 data based on the revised standards are not completely comparable to previous years. Selected estimates are presented in this report for both the revised and previous race standards to provide some reference for interpretation of trends. Results-In 2018, a total of 2,839,205 deaths were reported in the United States. The age-adjusted death rate was 723.6 deaths per 100,000 U.S. standard population, a decrease of 1.1% from the 2017 rate. Life expectancy at birth was 78.7 years, an increase of 0.1 year from 2017. Age-specific death rates decreased in 2018 from 2017 for age groups 15-24, 25-34, 45-54, 65-74, 75-84, and 85 and over. The 15 leading causes of death in 2018 remained the same as in 2017. The infant mortality rate decreased 2.2% to a historically low figure of 5.66 infant deaths per 1,000 live births in 2018. Conclusions-The age-adjusted death rate for the total, male, and female populations decreased from 2017 to 2018, and life expectancy at birth increased in 2018 for the total, male, and female populations.

U.S. State Life Tables, 2019.

Objectives-This report presents complete period life tables for each of the 50 states and the District of Columbia (D.C.) by sex based on age-specific death rates in 2019.

Mortality in the United States, 2020.

This report presents final 2020 U.S. mortality data on deaths and death rates by demographic and medical characteristics. These data provide information on mortality patterns in U.S. residents by variables such as sex, age, race and Hispanic origin, and cause of death. Life expectancy estimates, age-adjusted death rates, age-specific death rates, 10 leading causes of death, and 10 leading causes of infant death were analyzed by comparing 2020 and 2019 final data (1).

United States Life Tables, 2018.

Objectives-This report presents complete period life tables for the United States by Hispanic origin, race, and sex, based on age-specific death rates in 2018. Methods-Data used to prepare the 2018 life tables are 2018 final mortality statistics; July 1, 2018 population estimates based on the 2010 decennial census; and 2018 Medicare data for persons aged 66-99. The methodology used to estimate the life tables for the Hispanic population remains unchanged from that developed for the publication of life tables by Hispanic origin for data year 2006. The methodology used to estimate the 2018 life tables for all other groups was first implemented with data year 2008. In 2018, all 50 states and the District of Columbia reported deaths by race based on the 1997 Office of Management and Budget revised standards for the classification of federal data on race and ethnicity. As a result, race-specific life tables for 2018 presented in this report are based on the new standard and show estimates for single-race groups. These estimates are not completely comparable with those of previous years, which are based on bridged-race groups. To show trends and document the impact of changing to the 1997 standards, life expectancy estimates for 2006-2018 are reported for bridged-race categories that were in use starting with data year 2000. Results-In 2018, the overall expectation of life at birth was 78.7 years, increasing from 78.6 in 2017. Between 2017 and 2018, life expectancy at birth increased by 0.1 year for males (76.1 to 76.2) and females (81.1 to 81.2). In 2018, life expectancy at birth was 81.8 for the Hispanic population, 78.6 for the non-Hispanic single-race white population, and 74.7 for the non-Hispanic single-race black population.

U.S. Decennial Life Tables for 2009-2011, Methodology of the United States Life Tables.

Objectives-This report describes the methodology used in the preparation of the 2009-2011 decennial life tables for the United States by race, Hispanic origin, and sex based on the age-specific death rates for the period 2009-2011, appearing in the report, "U.S. Decennial Life Tables for 2009-2011, United States Life Tables" (1). Methods-Data used to prepare these life tables include population data by age on the census date April 1, 2010; deaths occurring in the 3-year period 2009-2011 classified by age at death; births for each of the years 2007-2011; and Medicare data for ages 66-99 for the 3 years 2009-2011. The methods used differ from those applied to the 1999-2001 decennial life tables in the estimation of mortality for ages 66 and over. For the total, white, black, non-Hispanic white, and non-Hispanic black populations, the method developed for the U.S. annual life tables beginning with data year 2008 was used. It consists of the application of the Kannisto logistic model to smooth death rates in the age range 85-99 and predict death rates for ages 100-120 (2,3). For the Hispanic population, which is added to the decennial series for the first time with the 2009-2011 set, the method developed for the U.S. annual life tables beginning with data year 2006 was used. This method consists of using the Brass relational logit model to estimate mortality for ages 80-120 (4).

U.S. Decennial Life Tables for 2009-2011, United States Life Tables.

Objectives-This report presents period life tables for the United States, based on age-specific death rates for the period 2009-2011. These tables are the most recent in a 110-year series of decennial life tables for the United States. Methods-This report presents complete life tables for the United States by race, Hispanic origin, and sex, based on age- specific death rates during 2009-2011. This is the first set of life tables by Hispanic origin presented in the U.S. decennial life table series. Data used to prepare these life tables include population estimates based on the 2010 decennial census; deaths occurring in the United States to U.S. residents in the 3 years 2009 through 2011; counts of U.S. resident births in the years 2007 through 2011; and population and death counts from the Medicare program for years 2009 through 2011. The methodology used to estimate life tables for the Hispanic population is based on the method first implemented with the 2006 annual U.S. life tables by Hispanic origin. The methodology used to estimate the life tables for all other groups is based on the method first implemented with the 2008 annual U.S. life tables. Results-During 2009-2011, life expectancy at birth was 78.60 years for the total U.S. population, representing an increase of 29.36 years from a life expectancy of 49.24 years in 1900. Between 1900 and 2010, life expectancy increased by 42.88 years for black females (from 35.04 to 77.92), by 39.21 years for black males (from 32.54 to 71.75), by 30.15 years for white females (from 51.08 to 81.23), and by 28.26 years for white males (from 48.23 to 76.49). During 2009-2011, Hispanic females had the highest life expectancy at birth (84.05), followed by non-Hispanic white females (81.06), Hispanic males (78.83), non-Hispanic black females (77.62), non-Hispanic white males (76.30), and non-Hispanic black males (71.41).

Mortality in the United States, 2018.

This report presents final 2018 U.S. mortality data on deaths and death rates by demographic and medical characteristics. These data provide information on mortality patterns among U.S. residents by variables such as sex, age, race and Hispanic origin, and cause of death. Life expectancy estimates, 10 leading causes of death, age-specific death rates, and 10 leading causes of infant death were analyzed by comparing 2018 and 2017 final data.

Racial disparities in mortality in the adult hispanic population.

OBJECTIVE: We addressed three research questions: (1) Are there racial mortality disparities in the adult Hispanic population that resemble those observed in the non-Hispanic population in the US? (2) Does nativity mediate the race-mortality relationship in the Hispanic population? and (3) What does the Hispanic mortality advantage relative to the non-Hispanic white population look like when Hispanic race is considered? METHODS: We estimated a series of parametric hazard models on eight years of mortality follow-up data and calculated life expectancy estimates using the Mortality Disparities in American Communities database. RESULTS: Hispanic white adults experience lower mortality than their Hispanic black, American Indian and Alaska Native, Some Other Race, and multiple race counterparts. This Hispanic white advantage is found mostly among the US born. The Hispanic advantage relative to the non-Hispanic white population operates for most Hispanic race groups among the foreign born but either disappears or converts to a disadvantage for most of the non-white Hispanic groups among the US born. CONTRIBUTION: Our study extends the literature on the Hispanic Mortality Paradox by revealing that the adult Hispanic population experiences racial mortality disparities that closely resemble those observed in the non-Hispanic population. The Hispanic mortality advantage is mediated not only by nativity but by race. These results indicate that race is a critical factor that should be considered in any study with the goal of understanding the health and mortality profiles of the Hispanic population in the US.