Colorectal cancer survival in Manizales, Colombia, 2008-2017: a population-based study.

OBJECTIVE: To determine 5-year survival in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) according to patient and tumor characteristics. METHODS: Longitudinal study based on incident cases of invasive CRC between 2008 and 2017 captured by the Manizales Population-based Cancer Registry (n=850). Patients were followed up to August 24th, 2021. Cause-specific survival and net survival were calculated for sociodemographic and tumor characteristics, and Cox multivariate was fitted. RESULTS: Fifty-five percent of cases occurred in women. The most frequent histological type was adenocarcinoma (78.2%). The most frequent locations were rectum (32.0%), ascending colon (16.6%), and sigmoid (16.2%). Twenty-five percent of cases were diagnosed in stage IV. There were 567 deaths due to CRC. The 5-year specific survival was 45.8% (95%CI 42.4-49.3), with independent effects for age (HR=1.83; 95%CI 1.26-2.65 age >75 years vs. <50 years) and advanced clinical stage (HR=2.5 and HR 5.7 for stages III and IV vs. stage I, respectively). Lower survival was observed in patients of medium socioeconomic status compared with higher socioeconomic status (HR=1.52; 95%CI 1.08-2.14), but not in patients of low socioeconomic status. No independent effects were observed for the health insurance regime. CONCLUSIONS: In Manizales, approximately 5 out of 10 patients with invasive CRC die in the first five years after diagnosis, with a lower survival in patients older than 75 years, from medium socioeconomic level and diagnosed in advanced clinical stages.

Caracterización del consumo de tabaco en población adulta en Colombia: propuestas de mejora / Characterization of tobacco consumption in the adult population in Colombia: proposals for improvement

En Colombia, los estudios y encuestas poblacionales han incorporado preguntas sobre consumo de tabaco en adultos, aunque no existe un cuestionario estandarizado. Se buscó identificar los estudios o encuestas que han caracterizado el consumo de tabaco en adultos en Colombia y analizar las variables que se incluyen con ese fin, según su utilidad. Se revisaron las páginas web de organismos oficiales y se realizó una revisión narrativa de los estudios y encuestas publicados hasta febrero de 2022. Se identificaron 11 estudios o encuestas que incluyeron un número variable de preguntas sobre consumo de tabaco, todos permitieron estimar prevalencias de fumadores actuales pero no las de exfumadores. La edad objetivo del estudio no es homogénea, el ámbito es nacional en la mayoría y muestran una enorme variabilidad en las preguntas. Estandarizar los instrumentos que permiten estimar la prevalencia de consumo de tabaco debería ser una prioridad en Colombia.

In Colombia, population studies and surveys have incorporated questions on tobacco consumption in adults, although no standardized questionnaires exist. This article aimed to identify the studies or surveys that have characterized tobacco consumption in adults in Colombia and analyze the variables included for this purpose according to their usefulness. The web pages of official organizations were reviewed, and a narrative review of the studies and surveys published until February 2022 was carried out. Eleven studies or surveys were identified that included a variable number of questions on tobacco consumption, all of which allowed estimating the prevalence of current smokers but not that of ex-smokers. The target age of the study is not homogeneous; the scope is national in the majority, and there is enormous variability in the questions. Standardizing the instruments that help estimate the prevalence of tobacco consumption should be a priority in Colombia

Colorectal cancer survival in Manizales, Colombia, 2008-2017: a population-based study / Supervivencia al cáncer colorrectal en Manizales, Colombia, 2008-2017: un estudio de base poblacional

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine 5-year survival in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) according to patient and tumor characteristics. Methods: Longitudinal study based on incident cases of invasive CRC between 2008 and 2017 captured by the Manizales Population-based Cancer Registry (n=850). Patients were followed up to August 24th, 2021. Cause-specific survival and net survival were calculated for sociodemographic and tumor characteristics, and Cox multivariate was fitted. Results: Fifty-five percent of cases occurred in women. The most frequent histological type was adenocarcinoma (78.2%). The most frequent locations were rectum (32.0%), ascending colon (16.6%), and sigmoid (16.2%). Twenty-five percent of cases were diagnosed in stage IV. There were 567 deaths due to CRC. The 5-year specific survival was 45.8% (95%CI 42.4-49.3), with independent effects for age (HR=1.83; 95%CI 1.26-2.65 age >75 years vs. <50 years) and advanced clinical stage (HR=2.5 and HR 5.7 for stages III and IV vs. stage I, respectively). Lower survival was observed in patients of medium socioeconomic status compared with higher socioeconomic status (HR=1.52; 95%CI 1.08-2.14), but not in patients of low socioeconomic status. No independent effects were observed for the health insurance regime. Conclusions: In Manizales, approximately 5 out of 10 patients with invasive CRC die in the first five years after diagnosis, with a lower survival in patients older than 75 years, from medium socioeconomic level and diagnosed in advanced clinical stages.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Estimar la supervivencia a 5 años en pacientes con cáncer colorrectal (CCR) según características del paciente y del tumor. Métodos: Estudio longitudinal a partir de los casos de CCR invasivo diagnosticados entre 2008 y 2017 captados por el Registro Poblacional de Cáncer de Manizales (n=850). Se realizó seguimiento hasta el 24 de agosto de 2021. Se calculó la supervivencia causa-específica y la supervivencia neta para las características sociodemográficas y del tumor, y análisis multivariado de Cox. Resultados: El 55,5% de los casos se presentaron en mujeres. El tipo histológico más frecuente (78,2%) fue el adenocarcinoma. Las localizaciones más frecuentes fueron recto (32,0%), colon ascendente (16,6%) y sigmoides (16,2%). El 25,5% de los casos fue diagnosticado en estadio IV. Ocurrieron 567 muertes por CCR. La supervivencia específica a 5 años fue del 45,8% (IC95% 42,4-49,3), con efectos independientes para la edad (HR=1,83; IC95% 1,26-2,65 edad >75 años vs. edad <50 años) y el estadio clínico avanzado (HR=2,5 y HR 5,7 para estadios III y IV vs. estadio I). Se observó una menor supervivencia en pacientes de nivel socioeconómico medio en comparación con el grupo de mayor posición socioeconómica (HR=1,52; IC95% 1,08-2,14), pero no en los pacientes de posición socioeconómica baja. No se observaron efectos independientes para el régimen de aseguramiento en salud. Conclusiones: En Manizales, aproximadamente 5 de cada 10 pacientes con CCR invasivo fallecen en los primeros cinco años del diagnóstico, con sobrevida menor en pacientes mayores de 75 años, de nivel socioeconómico medio y diagnosticados en estadio clínico avanzado.

Sleep quality in people with type 2 diabetes controlled at the primary level and its association with sociodemographic and clinical characteristics.

Type 2 diabetes (DM2) is one of the diseases that cause the highest premature mortality and disability worldwide. Sleep disturbances have been associated with the onset of metabolic disorders and increased levels of glycated haemoglobin in diabetics. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the quality of sleep of people with type 2 diabetes and its association with sociodemographic, clinical, and metabolic characteristics. METHODS: Observational, cross-sectional, analytical study of 223 patients with DM2 between 20 and 64 years old, controlled in a primary health care centre in Chile. RESULTS: Most were women (66.4%), average age 54.7 years. Only 33% slept the required number of hours (7-9 h) to maintain health. Fifty-seven point seven percent were metabolically unbalanced (Hb1Ac > 7%). Seventy-five point two percent presented sleep problems of varying severity, which were associated with being a woman, night pain, nocturia, time of diagnosis of diabetes, and depressive symptoms. Persons with poor sleep quality were 73% more likely to be metabolically decompensated, however, this result was not statistically significant: OR = 1.73 (CI: 78-3.87). CONCLUSIONS: The high frequency of poor sleep quality and metabolic decompensation in the sample stands out, which could complicate DM2. The association between poor sleep quality and DM2 decompensation is inconclusive. Future research will contribute to elucidating the role of sleep in metabolic compensation and in the prevention of metabolic disorders.

Calidad del sueño en personas con diabetes tipo 2 controladas en el nivel primario y su asociación con características sociodemográficas y clínicas / Sleep quality in people with type 2 diabetes controlled at the primary level and its association with sociodemographic and clinical characteristics

La diabetes tipo 2 (DM2) es una de las enfermedades que causa mayor mortalidad prematura y discapacidad a nivel mundial. Las alteraciones del sueño se han asociado a la aparición de trastornos metabólicos y a mayores niveles de hemoglobina glucosilada en personas diabéticas.Objetivo:Evaluar la calidad del sueño de personas con DM2 y su asociación con características sociodemográficas, clínicas y metabólicas.Métodos:Estudio observacional, transversal, analítico en 223 personas con DM2 entre 20 y 64 años controladas en un centro de atención primaria de salud.Resultados:La mayoría eran mujeres (66,4%), edad promedio 54,7 años y solo el 33% duerme las horas necesarias (7 a 9 horas). Un 57,7% se encontraba metabólicamente descompensado (Hb1Ac>7%). Un 75,2% de los participantes presentó problemas de sueño de diversa gravedad, que se asoció a ser mujer, dolor nocturno, nicturia, tiempo de diagnóstico de la diabetes y síntomas depresivos. Las personas con mala calidad de sueño tuvieron 73% más probabilidad de estar descompensados metabólicamente, sin embargo, este resultado no fue estadísticamente significativo OR=1,73 (IC: 0,78-3,87).Conclusiones:Destaca la alta frecuencia de mala calidad de sueño y descompensación metabólica en la muestra, lo que podría complicar la DM2. No es concluyente la asociación entre mala calidad de sueño y descompensación de la DM2. Futuras investigaciones contribuirán a dilucidar el papel del sueño en la compensación metabólica y en la prevención de trastornos metabólicos.

Type 2 diabetes (DM2) is one of the diseases that cause the highest premature mortality and disability worldwide. Sleep disturbances have been associated with the onset of metabolic disorders and increased levels of glycated haemoglobin in diabetics.Objective:To evaluate the quality of sleep of people with type 2 diabetes and its association with sociodemographic, clinical, and metabolic characteristics.Methods:Observational, cross-sectional, analytical study of 223 patients with DM2 between 20 and 64 years old, controlled in a primary health care centre in Chile.Results:Most were women (66.4%), average age 54.7 years. Only 33% slept the required number of hours (7 to 9hours) to maintain health. Fifty-seven point seven percent were metabolically unbalanced (Hb1Ac>7%). Seventy-five point two percent presented sleep problems of varying severity, which were associated with being a woman, night pain, nocturia, time of diagnosis of diabetes, and depressive symptoms. Persons with poor sleep quality were 73% more likely to be metabolically decompensated, however, this result was not statistically significant: OR=1.73 (CI:78-3.87).Conclusions:The high frequency of poor sleep quality and metabolic decompensation in the sample stands out, which could complicate DM2. The association between poor sleep quality and DM2 decompensation is inconclusive. Future research will contribute to elucidating the role of sleep in metabolic compensation and in the prevention of metabolic disorders.

Incidencia, mortalidad y supervivencia por cáncer de endometrio en Manizales, Colombia 2003-2017 / Incidence, mortality and survival of endometrial cancer in Manizales, Colombia 2003-2017

RESUMEN Objetivo. Estimar la incidencia, mortalidad y supervivencia a cinco años por carcinoma endometrial en Manizales, para el periodo 2003-2017. Materiales y métodos. Estudio observacional, retrospectivo, de base poblacional, con alcance descriptivo. Se ajustaron tasas de incidencia y mortalidad mediante el método directo usando la población mundial Segi como referencia. Se realizó seguimiento pasivo y activo de los casos hasta completar 60 meses o hasta la fecha de cierre de seguimiento. La supervivencia fue estimada mediante funciones de Kaplan-Meier y modelos de regresión de Cox. Resultados. Se observaron 210 casos incidentes en una población de 214 928 mujeres. La edad promedio al diagnóstico fue de 61 años. El tipo histológico más frecuente fue el endometrioide, bien diferenciado. La mayoría de las pacientes estaban afiliadas al régimen contributivo y pertenecían al nivel socioeconómico medio. La tasa de incidencia ajustada por edad fue de 5,7 casos nuevos por cada 100 000 mujeres-año. Se identificaron 75 defunciones con mayor mortalidad entre los 64 y los 79 años. La supervivencia global fue de 95,1% a los 12 meses y de 83,8% a los 60 meses. Se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en la supervivencia a favor de la histología epitelial, los estadios tempranos al momento del diagnóstico y la edad al diagnóstico menor a 60 años. Conclusiones. La mortalidad es similar a la reportada en otros países de la región. En Manizales, la sobrevida al cáncer de endometrio fue mayor en pacientes con diagnóstico temprano, con edad menor de 60 años y con histología endometrioide.

ABSTRACT Objective. To estimate the incidence, mortality and five-year survival of endometrial carcinoma in Manizales for the period 2003-2017. Materials and methods. Observational, retrospective, population-based study, descriptive in scope. Incidence and mortality rates were adjusted by the direct method using the Segi world population as reference. Passive and active follow-up of the cases was carried out until completing 60 months or until the follow-up closing date. Survival was estimated using Kaplan-Meier functions and Cox models. Results. 210 incident cases were observed in a population of 214.928 women. The average age at diagnosis was 61 years. The most frequent histological type was endometrioid, well differentiated. Most of the patients were affiliated to the contributory health insurance scheme and belonged to the middle socioeconomic level. The age-adjusted incidence rate was 5.7 new cases per 100,000 woman-years. Seventy-five deaths were identified, with greater mortality between 65-69 and 75-79 age groups. Overall survival was 95.1% at 12 months and 83.8% at 60 months. Statistically significant differences were found in survival in favor of epithelial histology, early stages at the time of diagnosis, and age at diagnosis less than 60 years. Conclusions. Manizales follows the global pattern of rise in the age-adjusted incidence rate. Mortality is like that reported in other countries in the region. In Manizales, endometrial cancer survival was higher in patients with early diagnosis, less than 60 years of age, and with endometrioid histology.

Residential Radon in Manizales, Colombia: Results of a Pilot Study.

Radon is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless noble gas, causally related with the onset of lung cancer. We aimed to describe the distribution of radon exposure in the municipality of Manizales, Colombia, in order to estimate the population's exposure and establish the percentage of dwellings that surpass reference levels. A cross-sectional study representing all geographical areas was carried out by measuring indoor radon concentrations. Participants answered a short questionnaire. Alpha-track type radon detectors were installed in all residences for six months. The detectors were subsequently processed at the Galician Radon Laboratory, an accredited laboratory at the University of Santiago de Compostela. A total of 202 homes were measured. Seventy-seven percent of the sampled houses were three stories high, their median age was 30 years, and half were inhabited by three people or fewer. For most dwellings, the building materials of walls and flooring were brick and covered cement, respectively. Results showed a geometric mean of radon concentration of 8.5 Bq/m3 and a maximum value of 50 Bq/m3. No statistically significant differences were found either between the geometric mean of the dwelling's site, the height at which detectors were placed inside the home, or the wall and flooring materials, or between mean 222Rn concentrations in rural and urban areas. No dwelling surpassed the 222Rn reference level established by the WHO. This study shows that residential radon levels in Manizales, Colombia, seem to be low, though a more in-depth approach should be carried out. Despite these results, it is essential to create a national radon program and establish a radon concentration reference level for Colombia in line with international recommendations.

Perception about barriers and facilitators of the school-based HPV vaccine program of Manizales, Colombia: A qualitative study in school-enrolled girls and their parents.

In 2012, Colombia implemented a school-based HPV vaccination program of a 3-dose series for nine year old girls. Following a mass psychogenic response after vaccination in a Colombian town, vaccination rates dropped from 80% in 2012-2013 to 5% in 2016. The study aimed to identify barriers and facilitators of HPV vaccine uptake among girls eligible for vaccination in the initial years of vaccine implementation from 2012 to 2014, and their parents. We conducted 19 individual qualitative interviews and 18 focus groups with an average of 5 girls, in Manizales, Colombia between 2016 and 2017. In total, 49 girls from six schools and 58 of their parents participated in the study. Participants had some degree of awareness about cervical cancer, especially among those of middle and upper socioeconomic level. However, the vaccine was known as a prevention measure only after pap-smears and condoms. The main facilitator for vaccine uptake for parents was the desire to prevent diseases in general and for girls, it was facilitated by receiving positive information about the vaccine. The main barriers for vaccine uptake or for three doses completion were the event in Carmen de Bolivar, fear of adverse effects and fear of needles. Girls and parents stated that they received little or no information from schools or health care services about the HPV vaccine prior to vaccination. Our results suggest that improving HPV vaccination rates in Colombia will require a comprehensive education program including mass media information about HPV vaccine.

Health inequities and cancer survival in Manizales, Colombia: a population-based study.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze differences in survival of breast, cervical, lung, prostate and stomach cancer by health insurance regime (HIR) and socioeconomic position (SEP) in an intermediate city in a middle-income country. METHODS: All patients with breast, cervix uteri, lung, prostate and stomach cancer diagnosed between 2003 and 2007 and characterized by the Manizales population-based Cancer Registry (MCR) were included and followed up to a maximum of 5 years for identifying deaths. Survival probabilities estimated by HIR were defined according to the type of affiliation at the date of diagnosis, and by socioeconomic stratification of residence (SS) as indicator of SEP, stratifying for other prognostic factors using Kaplan-Meier methods. Cox proportional hazard models were fitted for multivariate analysis. RESULTS: A total of 1,384 cases and 700 deaths were analyzed. Five-year observed survival was 71.0% (95% IC: 66.1-75.3) for breast, 51.4% (95% IC: 44.6-57.9) for cervix, 15.4% (95% IC: 10.7-20.8) for lung, 71.1% (95% IC: 65.3-76.1) for prostate and 23.8% (95% IC: 19.3-28.6) for stomach. Statistically significant differences in survival by HIR were observed for breast, lung, prostate, and stomach - with poorer survival for the subsidized and uninsured patients. Differences by SS were observed for lung and prostate. Differences in survival by HIR were independent of SS, and viceversa. CONCLUSIONS: Important inequities in cancer survival exist related to HIR and SEP. Possible explanations include underlying comorbidities, late stage at diagnosis, or barriers to timely and effective treatment.

OBJETIVO: Analizar la supervivencia de pacientes con cáncer de mama, cuello uterino, pulmón, próstata y estómago según régimen de aseguramiento en salud (RAS) y posición socioeconómica (PSE) en una ciudad intermedia de un país de medianos ingresos. MÉTODOS: Se incluyeron todos los pacientes con cáncer de mama, cuello uterino, pulmón, próstata y estómago diagnosticados entre 2003 y 2007 y caracterizados por el Registro Poblacional de Cáncer de Manizales, quienes fueron seguidos hasta un máximo de cinco años para identificar los fallecimientos. Las probabilidades de supervivencia estimada según RAS fueron definidas de acuerdo con el tipo de afiliación al momento del diagnóstico, y según el estrato socioeconómico de la residencia como indicador de PSE, estratificando por otros factores pronósticos y utilizando el método de Kaplan-Meier. Para el análisis multivariado se ajustaron modelos de riesgos proporcionales de Cox. RESULTADOS: Se analizaron en total 1.384 casos y 700 muertes. La supervivencia observada a cinco años fue 71.0% (IC 95%: 66.1-75.3) para cáncer de mama, 51.4% (44.6-57.9) para cuello uterino, 15.4% (10.7-20.8) para pulmón, 71.1% (65.3-76.1) para próstata, y 23.8% (19.3-28.6) para estómago. Se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en la supervivencia según RAS para mama, pulmón, próstata y estómago, con supervivencia más pobre en los pacientes del régimen subsidiado y no asegurados. Se observaron diferencias por estrato socioeconómico en los cánceres de pulmón y próstata. Las diferencias por RAS fueron independientes del estrato socioeconómico y viceversa. CONCLUSIONES: Existen importantes inequidades en la supervivencia de pacientes con cáncer relacionadas con el RAS y con la PSE. Las posibles explicaciones incluyen comorbilidades subyacentes, diagnóstico tardío y barreras para el acceso al tratamiento oportuno y efectivo.

Health inequities and cancer survival in Manizales, Colombia: a population-based study / Inequidades en salud y supervivencia al cáncer en Manizales, Colombia: un estudio de base poblacional

Abstract Objective: To analyze differences in survival of breast, cervical, lung, prostate and stomach cancer by health insurance regime (HIR) and socioeconomic position (SEP) in an intermediate city in a middle-income country. Methods: All patients with breast, cervix uteri, lung, prostate and stomach cancer diagnosed between 2003 and 2007 and characterized by the Manizales population-based Cancer Registry (MCR) were included and followed up to a maximum of 5 years for identifying deaths. Survival probabilities estimated by HIR were defined according to the type of affiliation at the date of diagnosis, and by socioeconomic stratification of residence (SS) as indicator of SEP, stratifying for other prognostic factors using Kaplan-Meier methods. Cox proportional hazard models were fitted for multivariate analysis. Results: A total of 1,384 cases and 700 deaths were analyzed. Five-year observed survival was 71.0% (95% IC: 66.1-75.3) for breast, 51.4% (95% IC: 44.6-57.9) for cervix, 15.4% (95% IC: 10.7-20.8) for lung, 71.1% (95% IC: 65.3-76.1) for prostate and 23.8% (95% IC: 19.3-28.6) for stomach. Statistically significant differences in survival by HIR were observed for breast, lung, prostate, and stomach - with poorer survival for the subsidized and uninsured patients. Differences by SS were observed for lung and prostate. Differences in survival by HIR were independent of SS, and viceversa. Conclusions: Important inequities in cancer survival exist related to HIR and SEP. Possible explanations include underlying comorbidities, late stage at diagnosis, or barriers to timely and effective treatment.

Resumen Objetivo: Analizar la supervivencia de pacientes con cáncer de mama, cuello uterino, pulmón, próstata y estómago según régimen de aseguramiento en salud (RAS) y posición socioeconómica (PSE) en una ciudad intermedia de un país de medianos ingresos. Métodos: Se incluyeron todos los pacientes con cáncer de mama, cuello uterino, pulmón, próstata y estómago diagnosticados entre 2003 y 2007 y caracterizados por el Registro Poblacional de Cáncer de Manizales, quienes fueron seguidos hasta un máximo de cinco años para identificar los fallecimientos. Las probabilidades de supervivencia estimada según RAS fueron definidas de acuerdo con el tipo de afiliación al momento del diagnóstico, y según el estrato socioeconómico de la residencia como indicador de PSE, estratificando por otros factores pronósticos y utilizando el método de Kaplan-Meier. Para el análisis multivariado se ajustaron modelos de riesgos proporcionales de Cox. Resultados: Se analizaron en total 1.384 casos y 700 muertes. La supervivencia observada a cinco años fue 71.0% (IC 95%: 66.1-75.3) para cáncer de mama, 51.4% (44.6-57.9) para cuello uterino, 15.4% (10.7-20.8) para pulmón, 71.1% (65.3-76.1) para próstata, y 23.8% (19.3-28.6) para estómago. Se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en la supervivencia según RAS para mama, pulmón, próstata y estómago, con supervivencia más pobre en los pacientes del régimen subsidiado y no asegurados. Se observaron diferencias por estrato socioeconómico en los cánceres de pulmón y próstata. Las diferencias por RAS fueron independientes del estrato socioeconómico y viceversa. Conclusiones: Existen importantes inequidades en la supervivencia de pacientes con cáncer relacionadas con el RAS y con la PSE. Las posibles explicaciones incluyen comorbilidades subyacentes, diagnóstico tardío y barreras para el acceso al tratamiento oportuno y efectivo.

Desnutrición y bioética: reflexiones sobre un problema de salud pública / Malnutrition and bioethics: reflections on a public health problem / Desnutrição e bioética: reflexões sobre um problema de saúde pública

Este trabajo pretende realizar una reflexión ética sobre la desnutrición, intentando actualizar el papel de la salud pública y de los sistemas de salud frente al problema, y resaltando la ética de la protección como una propuesta ética aplicada que debiera ser tenida en cuenta al momento de plantear soluciones. La desnutrición es un asunto de salud pública cargado de un fuerte componente ético. Es una enfermedad en tanto constituye una condición de sufrimiento corporal y limita la posibilidad de desarrollo personal, hecho que es reconocido por los afectados, por la medicina y por la sociedad. Si se acepta que la desnutrición es una enfermedad de proporciones epidémicas es válido argumentar que la salud pública, la medicina y los sistemas de salud están en la obligación de desarrollar y poner a disposición de todas las personas que lo requieran las acciones terapéuticas para tratarla. Años después de sendos compromisos adquiridos por casi todos los gobiernos del mundo, la situación actual y la tendencia del problema en los últimos años denotan que, más allá de las palabras, los avances contra la subnutrición son débiles. Pese a que el derecho a no tener hambre ha sido reconocido mundialmente como un derecho humano fundamental, es uno de los más frecuentemente violentados. En ausencia de una voluntad seria por parte de la comunidad internacional y, en especial, de los países ricos, el lenguaje del derecho es inútil para afrontar la epidemia de desnutrición. Considerando la desigualdad existente es necesario pensar en los vulnerados desde la ética, de modo que se creen políticas de protección con fundamentos bioéticos que incluyan la prestación de servicios médicos y sanitarios para tratar a los pacientes desnutridos, que se articulen con otros programas sociales que empoderen a las personas y comunidades para que superen la desnutrición y reduzcan el riesgo de padecerla...

This written intends to conduct an ethical view on malnutrition, attempting to upgrade the role of public health and health systems address the problem and highlighting the ethics of protection as an applied ethics proposal that should be taken into account when framing solutions. Malnutrition is a public health issue fraught with a strong ethical component. It is a disease as a condition of bodily suffering and limits the possibility of personal development, a fact that is recognized by those affected by medicine and society. If it is accepted that malnutrition is a disease of epidemic proportions is valid to argue that public health, medicine and health systems are obliged to develop and make available to all people who require therapeutic actions to address it. Years after two separate commitments made by almost all governments of the world, the current situation and trend of the problem in recent years show that, beyond words, progress against undernourishment are weak. Although the right not to be hungry has been recognized worldwide as a fundamental human right, is one of the most frequently violated. In the absence of a genuine desire by the international community, especially in rich countries, the language of law is useless to address the epidemic of malnutrition. Considering the inequalities is necessary to think ethically violated and vulnerable people, so as to create protection policies with bioethical principles including the provision of medical and health services to treat patients with malnutrition, which are linked to other social programs that empower people and communities to overcome malnutrition and reduce risk...

Este trabalho pretende fazer uma reflexão ética sobre a desnutrição, na tentativa de atualizar o papel da saúde pública e dos sistemas de saúde diante do problema, e destaca a ética de proteção como uma proposta ética aplicada que deveria ser considerada no momento de se planejar soluções. A desnutrição é um assunto de saúde pública com um forte componente ético. É uma doença pois estabelece uma condição de sofrimento corporal e limita a possibilidade de desenvolvimento pessoal, fato que é reconhecido pelos afetados, pela medicina e pela sociedade. Aceitando-se que a desnutrição é uma doença de proporções epidêmicas, vale argumentar que a saúde pública, a medicina e os sistemas de saúde têm a obrigação de desenvolver, e colocar à disposição de todas as pessoas que necessitem, as ações terapêuticas para tratá-la. Anos depois de ser um compromisso adquirido por quase todos os governos do mundo, a situação atual e a tendência do problema nos últimos anos denotam que, além das palavras, os avanços contra a desnutrição são precários. Apesar de que o direito de não passar fome foi reconhecido mundialmente como um direito humano fundamental, é um dos mais freqüentemente violados. Na ausência de uma vontade séria por parte da comunidade internacional, e em especial dos países ricos, a linguagem do direito é inútil para enfrentar a epidemia da desnutrição. Considerando-se a desigualdade existente, é necessário pensar nos vulnerados a partir da ética, de forma que sejam criadas políticas de proteção com fundamentos bioéticos que incluam a prestação de serviços médicos e sanitários para tratamento dos pacientes desnutridos, que estejam articuladas com outros programas sociais que possibilitem às pessoas e comunidades superar a desnutrição e reduzir o risco de padecê-la...

Competencias diagnósticas en oncología en los estudiantes de último año de medicina / Diagnostic competences on oncology In last year medicine stude / Competencia diagnostica em oncología nos estudantes de ultimo ano de medicina

Objetivo: para aportar al cumplimiento de la Ley 1384 de 2010 se realizó esta investigación descriptiva con componente cualitativo y cuantitativo, cuyo objetivo general es determinar, con los lineamientos de atención vigentes en Colombia, la concordancia entre conocimientos sobre los tipos principales de cáncer de los estudiantes de último año de medicina de las universidades de la ciudad Manizales. Materiales y método: la población de estudio estuvo constituida por los estudiantes de último año de los Programas de Medicina de la Universidad de Caldas y de la Universidad de Manizales, y los programas institucionales de las actividades académicas constitutivas de los planes de estudio. Resultados: el cáncer como tema de estudio está disperso en diferentes asignaturas y niveles de formación; pocas asignaturas incluyen la formación en su diagnóstico y tratamiento como objetivo, y la inclusión de guías clínicas sobre cáncer no es una constante en los programas de las asignaturas. A pesar de que algunos cánceres se abordan en varias asignaturas, este hecho no se correlacionó con un mejor desempeño en la prueba de conocimientos. El nivel de conocimientos demostrado en la prueba fue inadecuado y no existen diferencias significativas en el promedio de la nota final obtenida por los dos grupos de estudiantes. Los tipos de cáncer en que hubo mejor desempeño coinciden en que son tratados en asignaturas ubicadas al final del proceso de formación médica. Conclusión: los hallazgos de la investigación permiten proponer la creación de una asignatura que aborde el tema del cáncer, específicamente en lo atinente a su prevención y detección temprana, ubicada al final del proceso formativo de los futuros médicos.

Objective: In order to contribute to the accomplishment of law 1384 from 2010, this descriptive research including both, qualitative and quantitative components, was carried out with the general objective of determining, along with the current hospital attention lineaments in Colombia, the agreement between the knowledge related to the most important types of cancer among last year medicine students from the Universities of Manizales. Materials and method: the population for study was constituted by last year students from the Medicine Programs at Universidad de Caldas and Universidad de Manizales and the institutional programs of the academic activities describing the curriculum. Cancer, as a topic of study is scattered in different subjects and educational levels; very few subjects include education in the diagnosis and treatment as an objective, and the inclusion of clinic guides about cancer is not a constant in the subjects’ curricula. In spite that some types of cancer are approached in some subjects, this fact was not correlated with a better performance in the knowledge test. The level of knowledge demonstrated in the test was inadequate and there are not meaningful differences in the final grade average obtained in both groups of students. The types of cancer in which there was a better performance coincide because they are dealt with in subjects taken by students by the end of the medical education process. Conclusion: The findings of this investigation allow for the proposal of the creation of a subject dealing with cancer, specifically in everything concerned with prevention and early detection of cancer which must be planned by the end of the educational process of future medical doctors.

Objetivo: para aportar ao complemento da Lei 1384 de 2010 se realizou esta pesquisa descritiva com componente qualitativo e quantitativo, cujo objetivo geral é determinar, com os lineamentos de atenção vigente em Colômbia, a concordância entre conhecimentos sobre os tipos principais de câncer dos estudantes se ultimo ano de medicina das universidades da cidade de Manizales. Materiais e método: A povoação de estudo esteve constituída pelos estudantes de ultimo ano dos programas de Medicina da Universidade de Caldas e da Universidade de Manizales, e os programas institucionais de as atividades acadêmicas constitutivas dos planes de estudo. Resultados: O cáncer o como tema de pesquisa esta disperso em diferentes assinaturas e niveles de formação; poucas assinaturas incluem a formação em seu diagnostico e tratamento como objetivo, e a inclusão de guias clinicas sobre câncer não é uma constante nos programas das assinaturas. A pesar de que alguns cânceres se abordam em varias assinaturas, este fato não se correlacionou com um melhor desempenho na proba de conhecimentos. O nível de conhecimentos demonstrados na prova foi inadequado e não existem diferencias significativas na media da qualificação final obtida pelos dois grupos estudantes. Os tipos de câncer que houve melhor desempenho coincidem em que são tratados em assinaturas localizadas ao final do processo de formação medica. Conclusão: A descoberta da pesquisa permite propor na criação de uma assinatura que aborde o tema de câncer, especificamente no atinente a sua prevenção e detenção cedo, localizada ao final do processo formativo de os futuros médicos.