Mortality, Functional Status, and Quality of Life after 5 Years of Patients Admitted to Critical Care for Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage.

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to assess long-term outcome in patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage admitted to the intensive care unit. METHODS: Mortality and Glasgow Outcome Scale, Barthel Index, and 5-level EQ-5D version (EQ-5D-5L) scores were analyzed in a multicenter cohort study of three Spanish hospitals (336 patients). Mortality was also analyzed in the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care III (MIMIC-III) database. RESULTS: The median (25th percentile-75th percentile) age was 62 (50-70) years, the median Glasgow Coma Score was 7 (4-11) points, and the median Acute Physiology and Chronic Health disease Classification System II (APACHE-II) score was 21 (15-26) points. Hospital mortality was 54.17%, mortality at 90 days was 56%, mortality at 1 year was 59.2%, and mortality at 5 years was 66.4%. In the Glasgow Outcome Scale, a normal or disabled self-sufficient situation was recorded in 21.5% of patients at 6 months, in 25.5% of patients after 1 year, and in 22.1% of patients after 5 years of follow-up (4.5% missing). The Barthel Index score of survivors improved over time: 50 (25-80) points at 6 months, 70 (35-95) points at 1 year, and 90 (40-100) points at 5 years (p < 0.001). Quality of life evaluated with the EQ-5D-5L at 1 year and 5 years indicated that greater than 50% of patients had no problems or slight problems in all items (mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort, and anxiety/depression). In the MIMIC-III study (N = 1354), hospital mortality was 31.83% and was 40.5% at 90 days and 56.2% after 5 years. CONCLUSIONS: In patients admitted to the intensive care unit with a diagnosis of nontraumatic intracerebral hemorrhage, hospital mortality up to 90 days after admission is very high. Between 90 days and 5 years after admission, mortality is not high. A large percentage of survivors presented a significant deficit in quality of life and functional status, although with progressive improvement over time. Five years after the hemorrhagic stroke, a survival of 30% was observed, with a good functional status seen in 20% of patients who had been admitted to the hospital.

Improvement of quality of life (QOL) between 1 and 3-4 years after traumatic brain injury (TBI) in ICU patients.

BACKGROUND: Evaluation of changes in quality of life (QOL) in ICU patients several years after traumatic brain injury (TBI) is not well documented. METHODS: A prospective cohort study was conducted in all patients with TBI admitted between 2004 and 2008 to the ICU of Regional Hospital of Malaga (Spain). Functional status was evaluated by Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) and QOL by PAECC (Project for the Epidemiologic Analysis of Critical Care patients) questionnaire between 0 (normal QOL) to 29 points (worst QOL). RESULTS: A total of 531 patients. Median(Quartile1,Quartile 3) age: 35 (22, 56) years. After 3-4 years, 175 died (33%). Survivor QOL was deteriorated (median total PAECC score: 5 (0, 11) points) although 75.76% of patients who survived showed good functional situation (GOS normal or mild dysfunction). An improvement in QOL scores between 1 and 3-4 years was observed (median PAECC score differences between 3-4 years and 1 year: - 1(- 4, 0) points). QOL score improved during this interval of time: 62.6% of patients. Change in QOL was related by multivariate analysis to admission cranial-computed tomography scan (Marshall's classification), age, and Injury Severity Score (ISS), with the biggest improvement seen in younger patients and with more severe ISS. Basic physiological activities were maintained in the majority of patients. Subjective aspects and working activities improved between 1 and 3-4 years but with a high proportion still impaired in these items after 3-4 years. CONCLUSIONS: ICU patients with TBI after 1 year show improvement in QOL between 1 and 3-4 years, with the biggest improvement in QOL seen in younger patients and in those with more severe ISS.

Validation of the ICH score in patients with spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage admitted to the intensive care unit in Southern Spain.

OBJECTIVE: Validation of the intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) score in patients with a diagnosis of spontaneous ICH admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). METHODS: A multicentre cohort study was conducted in all consecutive patients with ICH admitted to the ICUs of three hospitals with a neurosurgery department between 2009 and 2012 in Andalusia, Spain. Data collected included ICH, Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE-II) scores. Demographic data, location and volume of haematoma and 30-day mortality rate were also collated. RESULTS: A total of 336 patients were included. 105 of whom underwent surgery. Median (IQR) age: 62 (50-70) years. APACHE-II: 21(15-26) points, GCS: 7 (4-11) points, ICH score: 2 (2-3) points. 11.1% presented with bilateral mydriasis on admission (mortality rate=100%). Intraventricular haemorrhage was observed in 58.9% of patients. In-hospital mortality was 54.17% while the APACHE-II predicted mortality was 57.22% with a standardised mortality ratio (SMR) of 0.95 (95% CI 0.81 to 1.09) and a Hosmer-Lemenshow test value (H) of 3.62 (no significant statistical difference, n.s.). 30-day mortality was 52.38% compared with the ICH score predicted mortality of 48.79%, SMR: 1.07 (95% CI 0.91 to 1.23), n.s. Mortality was higher than predicted at the lowest scores and lower than predicted in the more severe patients, (H=55.89, p<0.001), Gruppo Italiano per la Valutazione degli Interventi in Terapia Intensiva calibration belt (p<0.001). The area under a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was 0.74 (95% CI 0.69 to 0.79). CONCLUSIONS: ICH score shows an acceptable discrimination as a tool to predict mortality rates in patients with spontaneous ICH admitted to the ICU, but its calibration is suboptimal.

Patients Admitted to Three Spanish Intensive Care Units for Poisoning: Type of Poisoning, Mortality, and Functioning of Prognostic Scores Commonly Used.

Objectives. To evaluate the gravity and mortality of those patients admitted to the intensive care unit for poisoning. Also, the applicability and predicted capacity of prognostic scales most frequently used in ICU must be evaluated. Methods. Multicentre study between 2008 and 2013 on all patients admitted for poisoning. Results. The results are from 119 patients. The causes of poisoning were medication, 92 patients (77.3%), caustics, 11 (9.2%), and alcohol, 20 (16,8%). 78.3% attempted suicides. Mean age was 44.42 ± 13.85 years. 72.5% had a Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) ≤8 points. The ICU mortality was 5.9% and the hospital mortality was 6.7%. The mortality from caustic poisoning was 54.5%, and it was 1.9% for noncaustic poisoning (p < 0.001). After adjusting for SAPS-3 (OR: 1.19 (1.02-1.39)) the mortality of patients who had ingested caustics was far higher than the rest (OR: 560.34 (11.64-26973.83)). There was considerable discrepancy between mortality predicted by SAPS-3 (26.8%) and observed (6.7%) (Hosmer-Lemeshow test: H = 35.10; p < 0.001). The APACHE-II (7,57%) and APACHE-III (8,15%) were no discrepancies. Conclusions. Admission to ICU for poisoning is rare in our country. Medication is the most frequent cause, but mortality of caustic poisoning is higher. APACHE-II and APACHE-III provide adequate predictions about mortality, while SAPS-3 tends to overestimate.

Survival analysis of surgically evacuated supratentorial spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage with intraventricular extension / Estudio de supervivencia en hemorragia intracerebral espontánea con extensión intraventricular evacuada quirúrgicamente

OBJECTIVE: To conduct a survival study and evaluation of surgical treatment in a cohort of patients with diagnosis of supratentorial spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included all consecutive patients with supratentorial ICH admitted to the Intensive Care Units of three Spanish hospitals with Neurosurgery Department between 2009 and 2012. Data collected: age, APACHE-II, Glasgow Coma Score (GCS), and pupillary anomalies on admission, intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) score, location/volume of hematoma, intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), surgical evacuation alone or with additional external ventricular drain, and 30-days survival and at hospital discharge. RESULTS: A total of 263 patients were included. Mean age: 59.74 ± 14.14 years. GCS: 8 ± 4 points, APACHE II: 20.7 ± 7.68 points. ICH Score: 2.32 + 1.04 points. Pupillary anomalies were observed in 30%. The 30-day mortality: 51.3% (45.3% predicted by ICH-score), and 53.2% at hospital discharge. A significant difference (p = 0.004) was observed in hospital mortality rates between surgically treated patients (39.7%, n = 78) versus those conservatively managed (58.9%, n = 185); specifically in those with IVH surgically treated (34.2%, n = 38) versus non-operated IVH (67.2%, n = 125), p < 0.001. No significant difference was found between mortality rates in patients without IVH. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed an OR for surgery of 1.04 (95% CI; 0.33-3.22) in patients without IVH versus 0.19 (95% CI; 0.07-0.53) in patients with IVH (decreased mortality with surgical treatment). The propensity score analysis for IVH patients showed improved survival of operated group (OR 0.23, 95% CI; 0.07-0.75), p = 0.01. CONCLUSIONS: Hospital mortality was lower in patients who underwent surgery compared to patients conservatively managed, specifically for the subgroup of patients with intraventricular hemorrhag

OBJETIVO: Estudio de supervivencia y evaluación del tratamiento quirúrgico en una cohorte de pacientes con hematoma intracerebral espontáneo supratentorial. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Incluidos todos los pacientes con hematoma cerebral espontáneo supratentorial ingresados en las unidades de cuidados intensivos de 3 hospitales españoles con servicios de neurocirugía (2009-2012). Se recogieron la edad, APACHE-II, escala de coma de Glasgow y alteraciones pupilares al ingreso, intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) score, localización/volumen del hematoma, presencia de hemorragia intraventricular (IVH), evacuación quirúrgica±drenaje ventricular externo, supervivencia a los 30 días y hospitalaria. RESULTADOS: Doscientos sesenta y tres pacientes, con edad media 59,74 ± 14,14 años, escala de coma de Glasgow: 8 ± 4 puntos e ICH score: 2,32 ± 1,04 puntos. El 30% presentaba alteraciones pupilares. Mortalidad a los 30 días: 51,3% (predicha por ICH score 45,3%) y hospitalaria 53,2%. Hubo diferencia estadísticamente significativa (p = 0,004) entre la mortalidad-hospitalaria de los pacientes intervenidos quirúrgicamente (39,7%; n = 78) frente a los tratados de modo conservador (58,9%; n = 185), y específicamente para los pacientes intervenidos con IVH (34,2%; n = 38) frente a los no operados con IVH (67,2%; n = 125), (p < 0,001). No hubo diferencias en la mortalidad de los pacientes sin IVH. En el análisis de regresión logística múltiple la OR para la cirugía fue 1,04 (IC 95%: 0,33-3,22) en pacientes sin IVH, frente a 0,19 (IC 95%: 0,07-0,53) en pacientes con IVH. El análisis con índice de propensión para pacientes con IVH demostró mejoría en la supervivencia del grupo operado (OR: 0,23; IC 95%: 0,07-0,75), p = 0,01. CONCLUSIÓN: La mortalidad hospitalaria fue menor en los pacientes intervenidos quirúrgicamente en comparación con los tratados de modo conservador, específicamente para el subgrupo de pacientes con IVH

Survival analysis of surgically evacuated supratentorial spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage with intraventricular extension.

OBJECTIVE: To conduct a survival study and evaluation of surgical treatment in a cohort of patients with diagnosis of supratentorial spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included all consecutive patients with supratentorial ICH admitted to the Intensive Care Units of three Spanish hospitals with Neurosurgery Department between 2009 and 2012. DATA COLLECTED: age, APACHE-II, Glasgow Coma Score (GCS), and pupillary anomalies on admission, intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) score, location/volume of hematoma, intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), surgical evacuation alone or with additional external ventricular drain, and 30-days survival and at hospital discharge RESULTS: A total of 263 patients were included. Mean age: 59.74±14.14 years. GCS: 8±4 points, APACHE II: 20.7±7.68 points. ICH Score: 2.32+1.04 points. Pupillary anomalies were observed in 30%. The 30-day mortality: 51.3% (45.3% predicted by ICH-score), and 53.2% at hospital discharge. A significant difference (p=0.004) was observed in hospital mortality rates between surgically treated patients (39.7%, n=78) versus those conservatively managed (58.9%, n=185); specifically in those with IVH surgically treated (34.2%, n=38) versus non-operated IVH (67.2%, n=125), p<0.001. No significant difference was found between mortality rates in patients without IVH. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed an OR for surgery of 1.04 (95% CI; 0.33-3.22) in patients without IVH versus 0.19 (95% CI; 0.07-0.53) in patients with IVH (decreased mortality with surgical treatment). The propensity score analysis for IVH patients showed improved survival of operated group (OR 0.23, 95% CI; 0.07-0.75), p=0.01. CONCLUSIONS: Hospital mortality was lower in patients who underwent surgery compared to patients conservatively managed, specifically for the subgroup of patients with intraventricular hemorrhage.

Relationship between quality-of-life after 1-year follow-up and severity of traumatic brain injury assessed by computerized tomography.

PURPOSE: This paper studies the relationship between computed tomography (CT) scan on admission, according to Marshall's tomographic classification, and quality-of-life (QoL) after 1 year in patients admitted to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) with traumatic brain injury (TBI). METHODS: This study used validated scales including the Glasgow Outcome Scale and the PAECC (Project for the Epidemiologic Analysis of Critical Care Patients) QoL questionnaire. RESULTS: We enrolled 531 patients. After 1 year, 171 patients (32.2%) had died (missing data = 6.6%). Good recovery was seen in 22.7% of the patients, while 20% presented moderate disability. The PAECC score after 1 year was 9.43 ± 8.72 points (high deterioration). Patients with diffuse injury I had a mean of 5.08 points vs 7.82 in those with diffuse injury II, 11.76 in those with diffuse injury III and 19.29 in those with diffuse injury IV (p < 0.001). Multivariate analysis found that QoL after 1 year was associated with CT Marshall classification, depth of coma, age, length of stay, spinal injury and tracheostomy. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with TBI had a high mortality rate 1 year after admission, deterioration in QoL and significant impairment of functional status, although more than 40% were normal or self-sufficient. QoL after 1 year was strongly related to cranial CT findings on admission.

Prolonged QT interval in ST-elevation myocardial infarction and mortality: new prognostic scale with QT, Killip and age.

AIMS: To analyze the relation between prolonged QT interval and mortality in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction and complementarity with Killip, Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation-II (APACHE-II) scales. METHODS: A nested cohort case-control study was conducted in a Spanish hospital. The cohort consisted of patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction admitted between 2008 and 2010 (n = 524). The cases were the patients who died (n = 38) and the controls (n = 81) were a random sample of those who survived (one of every six). RESULTS: The corrected QT (QTc) interval of first ECG (prehospital-or-hospital admission) was prolonged in 18 of the 35 patients who died (51.4%) and in 12 of the controls (16.7%; P < 0.001). APACHE-II, TIMI and Killip scores were higher in the patients who had died (P < 0.001). Mortality with prolonged QTc (19.3%) was 20%, and 4.5% were with normal QTc (80.7%; P < 0.001).Logistic regression showed a relation between mortality with prolonged QTc and TIMI [odds ratio (OR) 3.57(1.16-10.97)]. A second model was constructed with APACHE-II and prolonged QTc [OR 6.47(1.77-23.59)]; receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve area [0.92(0.87-0.97)], and individually, for APACHE-II was 0.88 (0.81-0.95). A new score was constructed: QTc (not prolonged: 0 points, prolonged: 7 points), age (<65 years: 0 points, 65-74 years: 6 points, ≥75 years: 9 points), Killip (I: 0 points, II-III: 4 points, IV: 17 points). ROC area: 0.88. CONCLUSIONS: Hospital mortality was higher with prolonged QTc at prehospital-or-hospital admission, given equal Killip, TIMI and APACHE values. Discrimination of Killip, TIMI and APACHE values can be improved with prolonged QTc. Discrimination of a model including Killip, age and prolonged QTc is quite good. We have made a new simple prognostic scale with these variables.

Evaluation of prognostic scale Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction and Killip. An ST-elevation myocardial infarction new scale.

BACKGROUND: Prognostic systems are complex. So it is necessary to find tools, which are easy to use and have good calibration and discrimination. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study is to evaluate the usefulness of Killip, Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction (TIMI), and age to develop a new prognostic scale for patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). METHODS: The study population included all patients with STEMI consecutively admitted to the Intensive Care Unit of Carlos Haya Hospital, Malaga, Spain. Top variables included are Killip and TIMI, hospital mortality, intensive care unit stay, treatment received, and care times intervals. RESULTS: The results are 806 patients; 75.6% men; age 63.11 ± 12.83 years old; TIMI, 3.57 ± 2.38; Killip I, 81.4%; and hospital mortality, 11.3%. Mortality increased in relation to age, TIMI, and Killip (P < .001). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) area for TIMI is 0.832 (0.786-0.878) and Killip, 0.757 (0.698-0.822). Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction classification was associated with Killip and age by multiple linear regression. Patients were stratified into 5 groups according to Killip and age: Killip I and younger than 65 years (n = 369; mortality, 1.4%; odds ratio [OR], 1), Killip I and 65 to 75 years old (n = 173; mortality, 6.9%; OR, 5.43 [1.88-15.66]), Killip I and older than 75 years (n = 112; mortality, 18.9%; OR, 13.03 [4.69-36.21]), Killip II to III (n = 129; mortality, 31%; OR, 22.72 [12.55-85.29]), Killip IV (n = 20; mortality, 80%; OR, 291.2 [71.32-1189]). ROC area is 0.84 (0.798-0.883). We created a scale with scores based on the ß coefficient of logistical regression. CONCLUSIONS: The TIMI scale discriminated hospital mortality correctly for STEMI. It performed better than Killip alone and similar to a simple model that included age and Killip. The 2-variable model consists of a simple scale with 5 categories.

Rotura espontánea del hígado en el síndrome HELLP / Spontaneous hepatic rupture in HELLP syndrome

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