Diagnóstico de amiloidosis renal AA mediante espectrometría de masas en un paciente con proceso inflamatorio crónico grave abdominal

Introducción la amiloidosis es una enfermedad rara, producto del plegamiento y depósito normal de proteínas en tejidos y órganos. Esta enfermedad puede tener un compromiso renal que se manifiesta con síndrome nefrótico y deterioro de la función renal y su etiología puede estar asociada a amiloidosis con compromiso sistémico, siendo la amiloidosis AL y la amiloidosis AA las más frecuentes, esta última está asociada a inflamación crónica grave de origen infecciosa o autoinmune. Para el diagnóstico es fundamental el estudio sistémico multidisciplinario (hematológico, cardiaco, autoinmune, infeccioso y neoplásico), y cuando hay compromiso renal: la biopsia con estudio completo de microscopía de luz, tinciones especiales incluyendo rojo congo, inmunofluorescencia y microscopía electrónica. Cuando no se logra establecer la causa, la espectrometría de masas es una ayuda crucial para el diagnóstico específico. Objetivo se presenta el caso de un paciente con un proceso inflamatorio crónico grave abdominal que evolucionó a síndrome nefrótico por amiloidosis AA, donde la espectrometría de masas ayudó a aclarar el diagnóstico. Presentación del caso se presenta el caso de un paciente con un proceso inflamatorio crónico grave abdominal que evolucionó a síndrome nefrótico por amiloidosis AA, donde la espectrometría de masas ayudó a aclarar el diagnóstico Discusión y conclusiones se considera que la espectrometría de masas es un estudio diagnóstico muy importante para establecer el diagnóstico etiológico de la amiloidosis cuando otros métodos no han logrado establecerlo.

Introduction Amyloidosis is a rare disease, resulting from the accumulation and deposition of insoluble proteins in tissues or organs. This disease may involve the kidney, resulting in nephrotic syndrome and renal failure. The amyloidosis has been associated with systemic involvement, with AL amyloidosis and AA amyloidosis being the most common. The last is associated with various inflammatory disorders as chronic infections and autoimmune diseases. A multidisciplinary approach is required to the diagnosis (hematologic, cardiac, autoimmune, infectious, neoplastic) and in cases of renal involvement, a kidney biopsy with complete study of light microscopy, special stains including congo red, immunofluorescence, electron microscopy is essential for diagnosis. In cases where the cause cannot be stablished, mass spectrometry is practical tool to the identification of the correct type of amyloidosis. Purpose Here, we present a patient with a chronic and severe abdominal inflammatory process that progressed to a nephrotic syndrome due to AA amyloidosis, in which mass spectrometry helped to clarify the diagnosis. Case presentation Here, we present a patient with a chronic and severe abdominal inflammatory process that progressed to a nephrotic syndrome due to AA amyloidosis, in which mass spectrometry helped to clarify the diagnosis Discussion and conclusion Mass spectrometry is considered a useful diagnostic test to confirm the etiology of amyloidosis, especially if other methods are insufficient to establish it.

Trasplante renal en pacientes con infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana: revisión de la literatura / Renal transplantation in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection: a literature review

Resumen El trasplante renal es el tratamiento de elección en la enfermedad renal crónica terminal porque mejora la calidad de vida y la supervivencia de los pacientes al compararlo con la diálisis. Sin embargo, para mantener un injerto funcional y evitar el rechazo es necesario el uso de inmunosupresión potente durante toda la vida del injerto, lo cual puede tener como complicaciones una mayor susceptibilidad a presentar infecciones, desarrollo de cáncer, alteraciones metabólicas y problemas cardiovasculares. Los pacientes infectados con el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana tienen alto riesgo de desarrollar enfermedad renal crónica terminal por múltiples causas. En el siglo pasado, el trasplante renal se consideraba contraindicado para estos pacientes. No obstante, hoy en día el trasplante renal se considera una opción terapéutica para pacientes adecuadamente seleccionados y con protocolos de manejo bien establecidos. Reportándose supervivencia reportadas del injerto y del paciente a tres años de 88,2 % y 82,6 % respectivamente. Este artículo de revisión tiene como objetivo revisar la experiencia mundial existente en el manejo de los pacientes trasplantados renal con infección por VIH.

Summary Kidney transplantation is the recommended treatment for end-stage chronic kidney disease, improving patients' quality of life and survival compared to dialysis. Nevertheless, to keep a functional graft and avoid rejection, strong immunosuppression is required during the graft's lifetime, which can lead to complications such as increased susceptibility to infections, development of cancer, metabolic changes and cardiovascular problems. Patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk of developing end-stage renal disease. Previous this century, kidney transplantation was considered contraindicated for these patients group. However nowadays, kidney transplantation is a therapeutic option for well-selected patients and with well-established treatment protocols. Several studies reported a three-year graft survival rate of 88,2% and patient survival of 82,6%. In this article, we present an overview of the worldwide experience with the treatment of kidney transplant patients with HIV infection.

Espondiloartropatía destructiva no infecciosa en un paciente en hemodiálisis / Destructive noninfectious spondyloarthropathy in a hemodialysis patient

Resumen La espondiloartropatía destructiva es una patología osteoarticular presente en algunos pacientes con enfermedad crónica que puede afectar varios niveles de la columna vertebral y puede ser asintomática, generar dolor o causar complicaciones que ponen en peligro la integridad de la médula espinal y/o la vida. Presentamos el caso de un hombre de 70 años con enfermedad renal crónica terminal en hemodiálisis quien consultó por dolor dorsal y paraplejia, en quien se diagnosticó espondiloartropatía destructiva no infecciosa por imágenes y estudio histopatológico. Este caso nos muestra la importancia de pensar en esta patología y la necesidad de un enfoque multidisciplinario en el diagnóstico y manejo. (Acta Med Colomb 2022; 47. DOI:https://doi.org/10.36104/amc.2022.2193).

Abstract Destructive spondyloarthropathy is a bone and joint disease which presents in some patients with chronic illnesses and may affect various levels of the spinal column. It may be asymptomatic, cause pain, or produce spinal cord and/or life-endangering complications. We present the case of a 70-year-old man with end-stage renal disease on hemodialysis who consulted due to back pain and paraplegia. He was diagnosed with destructive noninfectious spondyloarthropathy through imaging and histopathological studies. This case shows us the importance of considering this disease and the need for a multidisciplinary approach in its diagnosis and management. (Acta Med Colomb 2022; 47. DOI:https://doi.org/10.36104/amc.2022.2193).

Hemolytic uremic syndrome caused by Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in a renal transplant recipient case report / Síndrome hemolítico-urêmica causada por Escherichia coli produtora de toxina Shiga em um relato de caso de receptor de transplante renal

Abstract Thrombotic microangiopathies are disorders characterized by nonimmune microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and multi-systemic failure. They are classified as thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome, and typical hemolytic uremic syndrome. The latter is associated with intestinal infections by Shiga toxin-producing bacteria. Typical hemolytic uremic syndrome in adults is an extremely rare condition, characterized by high morbidity and mortality. It has been seldom described in solid organ transplant recipients. Here is presented the case of a kidney transplant recipient who had typical hemolytic uremic syndrome with multisystem commitment, refractory to management and with a fatal outcome.

Resumo Microangiopatias trombóticas são distúrbios caracterizados por anemia hemolítica microangiopática não imune, trombocitopenia e insuficiência multissistêmica. Elas são classificadas como púrpura trombocitopênica trombótica, síndrome hemolítico-urêmica atípica e síndrome urêmica hemolítica típica. Essa última está associada a infecções intestinais por bactérias produtoras da toxina Shiga. A síndrome hemolítica urêmica típica em adultos é uma condição extremamente rara, caracterizada por alta morbimortalidade. Esta é raramente descrita em receptores de transplantes de órgãos sólidos. Apresentamos aqui o caso de um receptor de transplante renal que apresentava síndrome hemolítico-urêmica típica com comprometimento multissistêmico, refratário ao tratamento, e com desfecho fatal.

BK virus nephropathy in a heart transplant recipient / Nefropatia pelo vírus BK em um receptor de transplante cardíaco

Abstract BK virus nephropathy in kidney transplantation is widely recognized as an important cause of graft dysfunction and loss. In the case of transplants of organs other than kidney, BK virus nephropathy in native kidneys has been recognized as a cause of chronic kidney disease, which is related with immunosuppression; however, the diagnosis is usually late because the renal dysfunction is attributed to other causes, such as toxicity by anticalcineurinic drugs, interstitial nephritis due to medications, hemodynamic changes, diabetes, hypertension, etc. We report a case of BK virus nephropathy in a patient who underwent heart transplantation due to peripartum cardiomyopathy. The kidney biopsy reported active chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis associated with late stage polyomavirus nephritis and the blood viral load for BK virus was positive (logarithm 4.5). The immunosuppressive treatment was reduced, and after two years of follow-up, the patient had stable renal function with a serum creatinine of 2.5 mg/dL (GFR of 23.4 mL/min/1.73m2). We recommend that the BK virus be considered as a cause of renal dysfunction in heart transplant recipients, with the aim of detecting its replication in time to reduce immunosuppressive therapy before irreversible compromise of renal function may manifest.

Resumo A nefropatia pelo vírus BK no transplante renal é amplamente reconhecida como uma importante causa de disfunção e perda do enxerto. No caso de transplantes de órgãos que não sejam rins, a nefropatia pelo vírus BK em rins nativos tem sido reconhecida como uma causa de doença renal crônica, que está relacionada com imunossupressão; entretanto, o diagnóstico é geralmente tardio porque a disfunção renal é atribuída a outras causas, tais como toxicidade por drogas anticalcineurínicas, nefrite intersticial devido a medicamentos, alterações hemodinâmicas, diabetes, hipertensão, etc. Relatamos um caso de nefropatia pelo vírus BK em um paciente que foi submetido a transplante cardíaco devido à cardiomiopatia periparto. A biópsia renal relatou nefrite túbulo-intersticial crônica ativa associada à nefrite por poliomavírus em estágio avançado e a carga viral sanguínea para o vírus BK foi positiva (logaritmo 4,5). O tratamento imunossupressor foi reduzido, e após dois anos de acompanhamento, o paciente apresentava função renal estável com creatinina sérica de 2,5 mg/dL (TFG de 23,4 mL/min/1,73m2). Recomendamos que o vírus BK seja considerado como uma causa de disfunção renal em receptores de transplante cardíaco, com o objetivo de detectar sua replicação a tempo de reduzir a terapia imunossupressora antes que um comprometimento irreversível da função renal possa se manifestar.

BK virus nephropathy in a heart transplant recipient.

BK virus nephropathy in kidney transplantation is widely recognized as an important cause of graft dysfunction and loss. In the case of transplants of organs other than kidney, BK virus nephropathy in native kidneys has been recognized as a cause of chronic kidney disease, which is related with immunosuppression; however, the diagnosis is usually late because the renal dysfunction is attributed to other causes, such as toxicity by anticalcineurinic drugs, interstitial nephritis due to medications, hemodynamic changes, diabetes, hypertension, etc. We report a case of BK virus nephropathy in a patient who underwent heart transplantation due to peripartum cardiomyopathy. The kidney biopsy reported active chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis associated with late stage polyomavirus nephritis and the blood viral load for BK virus was positive (logarithm 4.5). The immunosuppressive treatment was reduced, and after two years of follow-up, the patient had stable renal function with a serum creatinine of 2.5 mg/dL (GFR of 23.4 mL/min/1.73m2). We recommend that the BK virus be considered as a cause of renal dysfunction in heart transplant recipients, with the aim of detecting its replication in time to reduce immunosuppressive therapy before irreversible compromise of renal function may manifest.

Hemolytic uremic syndrome caused by Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in a renal transplant recipient case report.

Thrombotic microangiopathies are disorders characterized by nonimmune microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and multi-systemic failure. They are classified as thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome, and typical hemolytic uremic syndrome. The latter is associated with intestinal infections by Shiga toxin-producing bacteria. Typical hemolytic uremic syndrome in adults is an extremely rare condition, characterized by high morbidity and mortality. It has been seldom described in solid organ transplant recipients. Here is presented the case of a kidney transplant recipient who had typical hemolytic uremic syndrome with multisystem commitment, refractory to management and with a fatal outcome.

Scleroderma renal crisis in a kidney transplant patient / Crisis renal de esclerodermia en una paciente trasplantada renal

Abstract Renal crisis is a complication with significant morbidity and mortality in scleroderma patients and a rare entity in kidney transplantation. It may present with highly variable clinical manifestations, mainly arterial hypertension, acute kidney failure and multisystemic involvement. Following is the report of a patient with late reoccurrence of scleroderma crisis in kidney transplantation, who was given successful treatment with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors.(Acta Med Colomb 2020; 45. DOI:https://doi.org/10.36104/amc.2020.1215).

Resumen La crisis renal es una complicación con importante morbilidad y mortalidad en pacientes con esclerodermia y una rara entidad en trasplante renal, que se puede presentar con manifestaciones clínicas muy variables, principalmente hipertensión arterial, falla renal aguda y compromiso multisistémico. A continuación se reporta el caso de una paciente con recurrencia tardía de la crisis esclerodérmica en el trasplante renal, que recibió tratamiento exitoso con inhibidores de la enzima convertidora de angiotensina.(Acta Med Colomb 2020; 45. DOI:https://doi.org/10.36104/amc.2020.1215).

Brain abscess caused by Cladophialophora bantiana after renal allograft loss: A case report / Absceso cerebral por Cladophialophora bantiana en un paciente con trasplante renal: reporte de un caso

Cerebral feohifomycosis are severe infections caused by dematiaceous fungi. Cladophialophora bantiana is one of the most commonly isolated species; it has central nervous system tropism and it often manifests as a brain abscess in immunocompetent patients. In immunocompromised patients, it can lead to brain abscesses and disseminated infections. Despite the availability of broad-spectrum antifungal drugs, it is a must to perform surgical management, in addition to drug therapy. However, mortality is high. The diagnostic approach must be invasive to establish a timely diagnosis and direct treatment based on culture and susceptibility tests. We report a case of brain abscess caused by C. bantiana in an immunosuppressed patient who was treated with surgical resection and voriconazole with an adequate response to therapy and without neurological sequels.

Las feohifomicosis cerebrales son infecciones graves causadas por mohos dematiáceos, entre los cuales Cladophialophora bantiana es una de las especies más comúnmente aislada. Esta tiene tropismo por el sistema nervioso central y frecuentemente produce abscesos cerebrales en pacientes inmunocompetentes; además, en los inmunocomprometidos también puede ocasionar infección diseminada. Pese a la disponibilidad de medicamentos antifúngicos de amplio espectro, a menudo se requiere también la intervención quirúrgica; de todas maneras, la mortalidad es elevada. El diagnóstico debe hacerse interviniendo para tomar la muestra y hacer el cultivo y las pruebas de sensibilidad. Se presenta aquí el caso de un paciente con trasplante renal que presentó un absceso cerebral por C. bantiana, el cual se extrajo mediante resección quirúrgica. El paciente recibió tratamiento con voriconazol, con adecuada respuesta, mejoría y sin secuelas neurológicas.

Successful multiple-exchange peritoneal dialysis in a patient with severe hematological toxicity by methotrexate: case report and literature review / Diálise peritoneal com múltiplas trocas bem-sucedida em paciente com grave toxicidade hematológica por metotrexato: relato de caso e revisão de literatura

Abstract Methotrexate is an effective medication to control several diseases; however, it can be very toxic, being myelosuppression one of its main adverse effects, which increases in severity and frequency in patients with renal failure. We present the case of a 68-year-old man with chronic, end-stage renal disease associated with ANCA vasculitis, under treatment with peritoneal dialysis, who received the medication at a low dose, indicated by disease activity, which presented as a complication with severe pancytopenia with mucositis that improved with support measures and multiple-exchange peritoneal dialysis. We reviewed 20 cases published to date of pancytopenia associated with methotrexate in patients on dialysis and found high morbidity and mortality, which is why its use in this type of patient is not recommended. However, when this complication occurs, a therapeutic option could be the use of multiple-exchange peritoneal dialysis in addition to supportive therapy for drug-related toxicity, although it is recognized that studies are required to show the role of multiple-exchange peritoneal dialysis in the removal of this medication.

Resumo Apesar de sua toxicidade, o metotrexato é um medicamento eficaz no controle de várias doenças. A mielossupressão, um de seus principais efeitos adversos, aumenta em gravidade e frequência nos pacientes com insuficiência renal. Apresentamos o caso de um homem de 68 anos de idade com doença renal terminal relacionada à vasculite associada ao ANCA em diálise peritoneal, que recebeu a medicação em dose baixa em função da atividade da doença e que teve como complicação pancitopenia grave com mucosite, tratada com medidas de suporte e diálise peritoneal com múltiplas trocas. Revisamos 20 casos publicados até o presente momento sobre pancitopenia associada a metotrexato em pacientes em diálise. Foi identificada alta morbidade e mortalidade, razão pela qual seu uso nesse tipo de paciente não é recomendado. No entanto, quando esta complicação ocorre, uma opção terapêutica pode ser o uso de diálise peritoneal com múltiplas trocas, além da terapia de suporte para toxicidade medicamentosa. Maiores estudos são necessários para demonstrar o papel da diálise peritoneal com múltiplas trocas na remoção desse medicamento.

Absceso cerebral por Cladophialophora bantiana en un paciente con trasplante renal: reporte de un caso / Brain abscess caused by Cladophialophora bantiana after renal allograft loss: A case report

Resumen Las feohifomicosis cerebrales son infecciones graves causadas por mohos dematiáceos, entre los cuales Cladophialophora bantiana es una de las especies más comúnmente aislada. Esta tiene tropismo por el sistema nervioso central y frecuentemente produce abscesos cerebrales en pacientes inmunocompetentes; además, en los inmunocomprometidos también puede ocasionar infección diseminada. Pese a la disponibilidad de medicamentos antifúngicos de amplio espectro, a menudo se requiere también la intervención quirúrgica; de todas maneras, la mortalidad es elevada. El diagnóstico debe hacerse interviniendo para tomar la muestra y hacer el cultivo y las pruebas de sensibilidad. Se presenta aquí el caso de un paciente con trasplante renal que presentó un absceso cerebral por C. bantiana, el cual se extrajo mediante resección quirúrgica. El paciente recibió tratamiento con voriconazol, con adecuada respuesta, mejoría y sin secuelas neurológicas.

Abstract Cerebral feohifomycosis are severe infections caused by dematiaceous fungi. Cladophialophora bantiana is one of the most commonly isolated species; it has central nervous system tropism and it often manifests as a brain abscess in immunocompetent patients. In immunocompromised patients, it can lead to brain abscesses and disseminated infections. Despite the availability of broad-spectrum antifungal drugs, it is a must to perform surgical management, in addition to drug therapy. However, mortality is high. The diagnostic approach must be invasive to establish a timely diagnosis and direct treatment based on culture and susceptibility tests. We report a case of brain abscess caused by C. bantiana in an immunosuppressed patient who was treated with surgical resection and voriconazole with an adequate response to therapy and without neurological sequels.

Successful multiple-exchange peritoneal dialysis in a patient with severe hematological toxicity by methotrexate: case report and literature review.

Methotrexate is an effective medication to control several diseases; however, it can be very toxic, being myelosuppression one of its main adverse effects, which increases in severity and frequency in patients with renal failure. We present the case of a 68-year-old man with chronic, end-stage renal disease associated with ANCA vasculitis, under treatment with peritoneal dialysis, who received the medication at a low dose, indicated by disease activity, which presented as a complication with severe pancytopenia with mucositis that improved with support measures and multiple-exchange peritoneal dialysis. We reviewed 20 cases published to date of pancytopenia associated with methotrexate in patients on dialysis and found high morbidity and mortality, which is why its use in this type of patient is not recommended. However, when this complication occurs, a therapeutic option could be the use of multiple-exchange peritoneal dialysis in addition to supportive therapy for drug-related toxicity, although it is recognized that studies are required to show the role of multiple-exchange peritoneal dialysis in the removal of this medication.

Tratamiento exitoso de poliangeítis microscópica con compromiso grave del sistema nervioso central y renal en una paciente anciana / Successful treatment of microscopic polyangiitis with severe compromise of central nervous system and renal in a very elderly patient

RESUMEN El compromiso neurológico del sistema nervioso central (SNC) en las vasculitis asociadas a anticuerpos anticitoplasma de neutrófilos (ANCAS, del inglés anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies) es raro y potencialmente catastrófico. El estándar de tratamiento ha sido la ciclofosfamida con pulsos de esteroides, sin embargo, este esquema no tiene evidencia fuerte para el compromiso del sistema nervioso central y no está exento de efectos adversos graves sobre todo en la población anciana. En los últimos años, ha aparecido el rituximab como terapia alternativa a la ciclofosfamida para inducir la remisión en este tipo de vasculitis, no obstante, su uso con compromiso neurológico grave también ha sido anecdótico. Se presenta el caso de una paciente de 84 años de edad con poliangeítis microscópica y compromiso neurológico y renal grave, tratada con rituximab evolucionando favorablemente alcanzando la remisión de la enfermedad.

SUMMARY The neurological involvement of the central nervous system (CNS) in vasculitis associated with ANCAS is rare and potentially catastrophic. The standard treatment is cyclophosphamide with pulses of steroids; however, this scheme has no strong evidence for central nervous system involvement and is not free of serious adverse effects especially in the elderly population. In recent year's rituximab has appeared as an alternative therapy to cyclophosphamide to induce remission in this type of vasculitis, however its use with severe neurological involvement has also been anecdotal. We present the case of 84-year-old patient who presented a microscopic polyangiitis with severe neurological and renal involvement, treated with rituximab with a favorable evolution in reaching remission of the disease.

Lipocalina asociada con gelatinasa del neutrófilo como predictor de disfunción del injerto a un año del trasplante renal.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Estudios recientes sugieren que la lipocalina asociada con la gelatinasa del neutrófilo urinaria (NGALu) es superior a la creatinina para la detección temprana de la disfunción del injerto renal, pero son pocos los estudios que evalúan su utilidad como predictor a largo plazo de dicha función. OBJETIVO: Explorar si los valores de NGALu en las primeras 48 horas después del trasplante renal predicen la función del injerto a largo plazo. MÉTODO: Cohorte prospectiva en la que se evaluaron los valores de NGALu a las 2, 12, 24 y 48 horas postrasplante renal. RESULTADOS: Se valoraron 79 pacientes trasplantados renales. Al año de seguimiento, 30.4 de los pacientes presentó disfunción del injerto. No se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los valores de NGALu y la función a un año del injerto renal (p = 0.65); el análisis multivariado mostró que ningún valor de NGALu fue un marcador predictor de disfunción del injerto a un año del trasplante renal. CONCLUSIÓN: Los valores de NGALu obtenidos en las primeras 48 horas postrasplante no se asociaron con disfunción del injerto a un año del trasplante renal. INTRODUCTION: Recent studies suggest that urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (uNGAL) is superior to creatinine for renal graft dysfunction early detection, but there are only few studies assessing its usefulness as long-term predictor of said function. OBJECTIVE: To explore if uNGAL values within the first 48 hours after kidney transplantation predict graft function on the long term. METHOD: Prospective cohort, where uNGAL values were assessed at 2, 12, 24 and 48 hours post-kidney transplantation. RESULTS: Seventy-nine kidney transplant recipients were evaluated. At one year of follow-up, 30.4% of patients had graft dysfunction. No statistically significant differences were found between the uNGAL values and the renal graft function at one year (p = 0.65); the multivariate analysis showed that no uNGAL value was a predictor marker of graft dysfunction at one year of kidney transplantation. CONCLUSION: The uNGAL values obtained within the first 48 hours post-transplant were not associated with graft dysfunction at one year of kidney transplantation.

Acidosis láctica por metformina. Reporte de dos casos / Metformin lactic acidosis. Report of two cases

RESUMEN La metformina es uno de los medicamentos más utilizados como primera línea para control de la diabetes mellitus tipo 2; tiene un papel benéfico en la mortalidad cardiovascular y bajo riesgo de producir hipoglucemia; sin embargo, no está exenta de efectos adversos, de los cuales, el más temido es la acidosis láctica, cuya incidencia es de 7,4 casos por 100.000 usuarios del medicamento por año. Los principales factores de riesgo para desarrollar dicha complicación son la insuficiencia renal aguda o crónica, la falla cardíaca, la enfermedad hepática y el uso concomitante de medicamentos que bloquean la cadena respiratoria de la mitocondria. El tratamiento incluye la reanimación hídrica, el soporte y, en algunos casos, el bicarbonato. La terapia de reemplazo renal ha sido exitosa en estos pacientes, pero las indicaciones para hacerla aún no son claras porque la metformina es una molécula parcialmente dializable y se requiere hemodiálisis prolongada para reducir suficientemente sus niveles. A pesar del tratamiento intensivo, la mortalidad asociada a esta complicación continúa siendo muy alta. El diagnóstico temprano y el tratamiento oportuno son fundamentales para mejorar el pronóstico.

SUMMARY Metformin lactic acidosis. Report of two cases Metformin is recommended as a first-line treatment for patients with diabetes mellitus type 2; it has a cardiovascular protective effect, and low risk of hypoglycemia. However, a severe but infrequent complication of its use is lactic acidosis, which has high morbidity and mortality rates. The estimated incidence of metformin lactic acidosis is 7,4 cases per 100.000 patients per year. Main risk factors are acute or chronic renal disease, congestive heart failure, hepatic failure, and concomitant use of drugs that affect metformin clearance or energy metabolism. Treatment includes hydration with crystalloids, support measures, and intravenous bicarbonate. Renal replacement therapy has been successful for treating metformin-associated lactic acidosis, but there are still no clear indications for it, because metformin is a partially dialyzable molecule and prolonged hemodialysis is required to reduce its levels sufficiently. Despite current treatment, mortality remains high. Early diagnosis and prompt multidisciplinary support are essential to improve outcome in these patients.

[Severe hypoxemic respiratory failure caused by Pneumocystis jirovecii in a late kidney transplant recipient].

Pneumonia caused by Pneumocystis jirovecii is an uncommon infection in kidney transplant patients that can have an acute and rapid progression to respiratory failure and death. The period of greatest risk occurs in the first six months after the transplant, and it relates to the high doses of immunosuppression drugs required by patients. However, it may occur late, associated with the suspension of prophylaxis with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.We present two cases of renal transplant patients who had severe hypoxemic respiratory failure due to P. jirovecii six years after transplantation. In addition to steroids, they received treatment with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. One patient died, while the other had clinical recovery, with preservation of the renal graft function.

Insuficiencia respiratoria hipoxémica grave por Pneumocystis jirovecii después de trasplante renal / Severe hypoxemic respiratory failure caused by Pneumocystis jirovecii in a late kidney transplant recipient

Resumen La neumonitis por Pneumocystis jirovecii es una infección infrecuente en pacientes con trasplante de riñón, que se presenta de forma aguda y puede progresar rápidamente hasta la insuficiencia respiratoria y la muerte. El período de mayor riesgo es el de los primeros seis meses después del trasplante, y se asocia con las altas dosis de medicamentos inmunosupresores que reciben los pacientes. La condición también puede presentarse de manera tardía, asociada con la suspensión de la profilaxis con trimetoprim-sulfametoxazol. Se reportan dos casos de pacientes con trasplante renal que presentaron insuficiencia respiratoria hipoxémica grave por P. jirovecii pasados seis años del trasplante, y que fueron tratados con trimetoprim-sulfametoxazol y esteroides. Uno de los pacientes murió y el otro se recuperó sin que hubiera efectos en la función del injerto renal.

Abstract Pneumonia caused by Pneumocystis jirovecii is an uncommon infection in kidney transplant patients that can have an acute and rapid progression to respiratory failure and death. The period of greatest risk occurs in the first six months after the transplant, and it relates to the high doses of immunosuppression drugs required by patients. However, it may occur late, associated with the suspension of prophylaxis with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. We present two cases of renal transplant patients who had severe hypoxemic respiratory failure due to P. jirovecii six years after transplantation. In addition to steroids, they received treatment with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. One patient died, while the other had clinical recovery, with preservation of the renal graft function.

Medición del NGAL urinario en el donante para detectar función retardada del injerto renal en el receptor / NGAL as a marker to detect donor risk factors for delayed graft function

Resumen Introducciónen el trasplante renal de donante fallecido es importante tener marcadores tempranos que ayuden a predecir la funcionalidad adecuada del injerto renal. La medición de creatinina continóa siendo el marcador de elección para definir si los riñones de un posible donante son aptos para ser trasplantados. La lipocalina asociada a la gelatinasa del neutrófilo urinaria (NGALu) es un biomarcador que ha sido utilizado para el diagnóstico temprano de lesión renal aguda, pero su comportamiento es incierto en el donante fallecido. Este estudio tiene como objetivo determinar si los niveles de NGALu del donante pueden predecir la función retardada del injerto (FRI) en los receptores. Métodología: cohorte prospectiva en la que se evaluaron los niveles de NGALu del donante al momento de la extracción renal; se aplicó estadística descriptiva y pruebas no paramétricas. Se exploró el comportamiento de este biomarcador en el donante del injerto renal para determinar si es un factor predictivo de función retardada del injerto. Resultados: se evaluaron 27 donantes de criterios óptimos; el 74,1 % eran hombres, la edad tuvo una mediana de 27 años (rango: 18,8-43,3); la principal causa de muerte fue trauma encefalocraneano, seguido por el accidente cerebrovascular. La creatinina tuvo una mediana de 0,8 mg/dl y los valores de NGALu tuvieron una mediana de 11,1ng/ml (4,2-33,6). En total se realizaron 46 trasplantes, de los cuales el 15,2 % presentaron función retardada del injerto y dos pacientes necesitaron terapia de reemplazo renal en la primera semana luego del trasplante. Los valores de NGALu agrupados de acuerdo a presencia o no de función retardada del injerto fueron de 11,1 ng/ml (3-17,3) en los pacientes sin función retardada del injerto y 11,2 ng/ml en los pacientes con dicha función (7,7-39,4) (p=0,40). En el análisis multivariado no se encontró ningón factor asociado al desarrollo de función retardada del injerto. Conclusión: en este estudio la medición de uNGAL en donantes fallecidos de criterios óptimos no predijo función retardada del injerto.

Abstract Introduction: For deceased donor renal transplantation, it is important to have early markers that can predict the functional outcome of the transplant. Currently, creatinine is the marker of choice for determining whether a potential donor's kidneys are suitable for transplantation. Urine neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (uNGAL) is a biomarker that has been utilized to diagnose early-stage acute kidney injury, but its behavior in deceased donors is uncertain. The objective of this study was to determine whether donor uNGAL levels can predict delayed graft function in recipients. Methodology: A prospective cohort utilizing descriptive statistics and non-parametric median tests was carried out to evaluate donor uNGAL levels at the time of kidney removal. The behavior of this biomarker was analyzed in kidney transplant donors to evaluate its use as a predictive factor for DGF. Results: A total of 27 standard criteria transplants were evaluated, including 7 (25.9%) women and 20 (74.1%) men with a median age of 27 years (18.75-43.25). The principal cause of death was traumatic head injury, followed by stroke. The median creatinine level was 0.8 mg/dl (0.57-1), and the median uNGAL level was 11.1 ng/ml (4.2-33.6). In total, 46 transplants were performed, of which 15.22% (7 patients) presented with delayed graft function and 2 patients needed renal replacement therapy within the first week after transplantation. The patients were grouped according to the presence of DGF, with median uNGAL values of 11.1 ng/ml (3-17.3) in patients without DGF and median values of 11.2 ng/ml (7.7-39.4) (p=0.4) in those with delayed graft function. No factors were found to be associated with the development of delayed graft function in the multivariate analysis. Discussion: in this study, uNGAL measurements in deceased standard criteria donors did not predict delayed graft function.