Evaluation of pericardial sinuses and recesses with 2-, 4-, 16-, and 64-row multidetector CT.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to describe visualisation rate and appearance of all pericardial sinuses and recesses and to evaluate whether there is a significant difference between visualisation of these sinuses and recesses on 2-, 4-, 16- and 64-slice multidetector computed tomography (MDCT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively analysed 588 MDCT scans of the chest obtained with a protocol for pulmonary embolism. RESULTS: The visualisation rate of any pericardial recess was 85.2%. The rates on 2-, 4-, 16- and 64-slice MDCT were 74.7%, 90.6%, 90.3% and 88.7%, respectively. There was a statistically significant difference in visualisation rates of pericardial recesses between 2-slice MDCT and other MDCT systems (p<0.01). Age, and 4-, 16- and 64-slice MDCT versus 2-slice MDCT and the presence of pleural effusion appeared as significant predictors of the presence of any recess. CONCLUSIONS: Visualisation rates of pericardial recesses are higher with 4-, 16- and 64-slice MDCT than with 2-slice MDCT. Therefore, radiologists need to be familiar with the different appearances of pericardial recesses on MDCT to avoid misdiagnosis.

Non-invasive imaging of aberrant right subclavian artery pathologies and aberrant right vertebral artery.

Here, we review the CT and MR angiography findings of aberrant right subclavian and right vertebral arteries, with emphasis on the differences between these structures. In addition, non-invasive imaging findings of aberrant right subclavian artery pathologies, including arteritis, aneurysm and dissection, are discussed.

Effects of claritromycin on inflammatory parameters and clinical conditions in children with bronchiectasis.

BACKGROUND: The effects of the macrolides cannot be ascribed to their antibacterial action alone. Their immunoregulatory and anti-inflammatory functions are significant too. They are frequently used in the treatment of diffuse panbronchiolitis and cystic fibrosis (CF). AIM: To evaluate the effects of a macrolide antibiotic [clarithromycin (CAM)] on the process of inflammation [by measuring IL-8, TNF-alpha, IL-10 levels and cell profiles in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid], pulmonary function and sputum production in children with steady-state bronchiectasis, secondary to causes other than CF or primary immunodeficiencies. METHODS: Seventeen patients randomized to the treatment group received CAM and supportive therapies for 3 months and 17 patients in the control group were given supportive therapies only. RESULTS: Compared with the control group, the treatment group showed a significant decrease in IL-8 levels, total cell count, neutrophil ratios in BAL fluid and daily sputum production at the end of the third month. There was also a significant increase in the treatment group's BAL fluid macrophage ratios. The differences in pulmonary function test parameters were not significant. CONCLUSION: Use of CAM in children with steady-state bronchiectasis results in laboratory improvement by reducing the inflammatory processes in the lungs. No corresponding clinical improvement could be shown but although this is possible with long-term use, trial validation is necessary.

Incidental localized (solitary) mediastinal malignant mesothelioma.

Primary mediastinal mesotheliomas are rare tumours. The mesothelial lining cells of the the pericardium are suggested as the most probable cells of origin. Most of these tumours appear either as a diffuse or nodular thickening of the pericardium that encase and even invade the heart. Localized mediastinal mesotheliomas are distinctly uncommon. We report the imaging findings of a solitary malignant mediastinal mesothelioma that presented mainly as a cystic anterior mediastinal mass. On chest radiography, the tumour appeared as a right paramediastinal soft tissue mass located adjacent to the right middle and lower lobes. On CT, a large, well-circumscribed, right anterior mediastinal mass with a central zone of fluid attenuation was observed. This mass had a thin, smooth wall of uniform thickness as well as a small component that demonstrated soft tissue attenuation. There was no plane of separation between the tumour and aorta/superior vena cava. At surgery the tumour could be dissected easily free from the pericardium and great vessels and it was removed totally. Histopathological examination of the tumour revealed a malignant epitheloid mesothelioma.

Subaortic left brachiocephalic vein: computed tomography and magnetic resonance angiography findings.

A case of anomalous (subaortic) position of the left brachiocephalic vein was incidentally detected on computed tomography images. Magnetic resonance angiography was performed to demonstrate the relationship of this vessel with other vascular structures. The anomalous vein was formed by the union of the left internal jugular and left subclavian veins. This vein passed downward along the left lateral side of the aortic arch, entered the aorticopulmonary window, descended in the mediastinum between the ascending aorta and the trachea and joined with the right brachiocephalic vein to form the superior vena cava. No cardiac anomalies accompanied the subaortic left brachiocephalic vein in the present case. We present the computed tomography and magnetic resonance angiography findings of this rare anomalous vein.

CT presentation of Wegener's granulomatosis in a child: rapidly progressive changes of pulmonary nodules to cavities.

We present a child with Wegener's granulomatosis who showed lung lesions progressing from nodules to cavities within a 1-month period on CT.

Inappropriate reference range for peak bone mineral density in dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry: implications for the interpretation of T-scores.

An inappropriate reference range for peak bone mineral density (BMD) may result in identification of an incorrect proportion of subjects with osteopenia and osteoporosis at dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). In this study, we assessed the prevalence of low BMD in Turkish young adults with respect to local population reference range T-scores and the US reference range T-scores. The BMD values of lumbar spine (L1-L4) and proximal femur (femoral neck, intertrochanter, trochanter, Ward's triangle and total) were measured by DXA in 323 healthy young adults (171 women, 152 men) aged 19-25 years. The World Health Organization criteria for the diagnosis of osteopenia (-2.5 < T-score < -1) and osteoporosis (T-score < or = -2.5) were applied. In women, the means of the US reference range T-scores were significantly lower than zero at the spine and proximal femoral sites (p < 0.0001). In men, the means of the US reference range T-scores were significantly lower than zero at the spine, femoral neck, intertrochanter, total femur (p < 0.0001) and trochanter (p < 0.05), but not at Ward's triangle (p = 0.92). When the diagnoses were based on local population reference range T-scores instead of the US reference range T-scores, the prevalence of low BMD (T-score < -1) in women fell from 50.3% to 14.0% at the lumbar spine and from 60.8% to 14.6% at the femoral neck, and in men from 42.8% to 15.8% at the lumbar spine and from 30.9% to 17.1% at the femoral neck. Our data suggest that individual populations should use their own reference range T-scores to avoid misdiagnoses of osteopenia and osteoporosis by DXA.

The effect of onlay Medpor implants on mandibular growth in young rabbits: an experimental study.

Medpor implants were placed on the periosteum of the mandible in infant rabbits to study their effects on growth. Three months later radiological and histopathological studies were performed in situ and after removal of the mandible. The authors demonstrate that implants did not affect normal development of the mandible; however, there was a decrease in bone thickness and a mononuclear cell reaction was caused where the implant came in contact with the bone.

Quantitative CT of the orbit in Graves' disease.

In order to determine the value of quantitative CT of the orbit in patients with Graves' disease, we clinically examined 174 orbits of 87 patients with Graves' disease and evaluated them by CT in respect to the density and size of the extraocular muscles, the globe position and the width of the optic nerve-sheath complex. We also determined the normal ranges for density of extraocular muscles in 200 normal orbits of 100 patients for comparison. Normal ranges for the density of extraocular muscles were (mean +/- 2 SD) medial rectus, 28-63 HU; lateral rectus, 24-78 HU; inferior rectus, 20-64 HU; superior muscle group, 28-62 HU. 51 of 77 (66%) patients with Graves' disease had extraocular muscle density changes. Some extraocular muscles showed fatty infiltration on CT. 50 of 87 (57%) patients had at least one enlarged extraocular muscle, 47 (54%) patients had exophthalmos and 59 (68%) patients had either exophthalmos and/or extraocular muscle enlargement. A diagnosis of Graves' ophthalmopathy was made in 69 of 87 (79%) patients using CT and in 50 (57%) patients by clinical examination. We conclude that quantitative CT imaging of the orbit with evaluation of the size and density values of extraocular muscles and the globe position may be very helpful in detecting ophthalmopathy in patients with Graves' disease.

Necrotizing otitis externa, otitis media, peripheral facial paralysis, and brain abscess in a thalassemic child after allogeneic BMT.

Severe infection is one of the major complications in the early and late post-bone marrow transplantation period. The authors report a thalassemic child who developed necrotizing otitis externa and otitis media, a very rare complication after bone marrow transplantation, and then peripheral facial nerve paralysis and brain abscess in the early period of bone marrow transplantation despite antibacterial and antifungal prophylaxis. Necrotizing otitis media is characterized by necrosis and sloughing of considerable areas in the middle ear and adjacent tissues and is an unusual disorder because of today's antibiotics. Granulocytopenia and background ear tissue exposed to previous repeated otitis media attacks may be the predisposing factors in this case. The authors conclude that the children with previous histories of recurrent otitis media should be prepared and monitored very carefully during bone marrow transplantation because of the risk of necrotizing otitis media, especially in the granulocytopenic period.

Normative measurements of orbital structures using CT.

OBJECTIVE: The purposes of this study were to establish criteria for the diameters of normal extraocular muscles, to determine the normal position of the globe as revealed by CT, and to investigate the effects of age and sex on these structures. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Diameters of extraocular muscles, distance from the interzygomatic line to the posterior margin of the globe, width of the optic nerve-sheath complex, and length of the interzygomatic line were calculated for 200 normal orbits of 100 patients on axial and direct coronal CT images. Effects of age and sex on muscle diameters and globe position were analyzed. RESULTS: Normal ranges for the diameters (mean +/- 2SDs) of extraocular muscles were medial rectus, 3.3-5.0 mm; lateral rectus, 1.7-4.8 mm; inferior rectus, 3.2-6.5 mm; and superior group, 3.2-6.1 mm. The normal position of the globe was 9.4 mm behind the interzygomatic line (range, 5.9-12.8 mm). The mean diameters of the extraocular muscles and the length of the interzygomatic line in male patients were significantly larger than in female patients (p < .001). Statistically significant correlation was found between age and the diameters of the inferior and lateral rectus muscles (r = .32, p = .013; and r = .23, p = .048, respectively). CONCLUSION: Our results may be important in interpreting CT scans of the orbit because, to our knowledge, no reliable normative data exist regarding these orbital structures.

Bone mineral density in children with juvenile chronic arthritis.

The aim of this study was to evaluate bone mineral density changes in patients with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA) and to determine the most likely causes of osteoporosis in these patients. Eighteen (11 male, 7 female) patients suffering from JCA and 14 healthy controls (10 male, four female) were included in this study. The mean age of the patients and control groups were 11.0 +/- 3.2 and 10.9 +/- 2.9 years respectively. Disease activity was determined by clinical and laboratory evaluation and 'Articular Disease Severity Score' (ADSS). Bone mineral density (BMD) of the femoral neck and lumbar spine was measured by dual photon absorptiometry. BMD of the patients at the lumbar spine was significantly lower than the control group (p < 0.05). This difference was more marked in patients treated with steroids. Femoral neck BMD was also lower in the patient group but this difference was not statistically significant. There was a negative correlation between ADSS and BMD at the spine. In conclusion, trabecular bone loss is characteristic for osteoporosis in JCA. Our results indicate that steroid treatment and disease severity are important factors in the development of osteoporosis in JCA.

Calcium within a bronchogenic cyst with a fluid level.

A 38-year-old man presented with a bronchogenic cyst which showed a high calcium content. The calcium precipitate layered in the dependent part of the cyst to form a fluid level. The CT and MRI findings of this rare case are discussed.

Obliteration of maxillary and sphenoid sinuses in Gaucher's disease.

Paranasal sinus obliteration is described in a patient with adult type Gaucher's disease. Plain radiographs and computed tomography showed obliteration of paranasal sinuses due to medullary expansion of surrounding bone. The mandible and maxilla are rarely affected in Gaucher's disease and obliteration of paranasal sinuses due to bony expansion has not previously been reported.

Congenital tracheoesophageal fistula without atresia: an incidental finding.

A four-year-old boy who had a long history of upper respiratory tract infections and growth retardation was admitted because of recurrent abdominal pain. During upper gastrointestinal series to search for a gastric or duodenal ulcer, the examiner noticed a minute amount of contrast medium within the trachea. Repeat esophagography on an angiographic table led to the correct diagnosis of a congenital H-type fistula. The patient did not have the classical symptoms of a history of choking and cyanosis after feeding during infancy or recurrent lower respiratory tract infections. The only finding consistent with a fistula was growth retardation, and the diagnosis was established incidentally during a work-up for abdominal pain.

Imaging of "iliac horns" in nail-patella syndrome.

Hereditary osteo-onychodysplasia, also known as the nail-patella syndrome (NPS), consists of a clinical tetrad of nail dysplasia, hypoplastic or absent patella, radial head dislocation, and iliac horns. Bilateral posterior iliac horns are observed only in NPS and present in >80% of patients. We describe the appearance, location, and structure of iliac horns by CT, MRI, and 3-dimensional CT reconstruction.

Aneurysmatic arteriovenous fistula complicating splenic injury.

A child with a posttraumatic aneurysmatic arteriovenous (AV) fistula located in the spleen is presented. The fact that the increased use of more conservative diagnostic and therapeutic approaches in splenic injuries might lead to underestimation of some uncommon complications is discussed.

Bone mineral density in ankylosing spondylitis.

Vertebral osteoporosis is a well-recognized feature of ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and also the vertebral compression fractures due to osteoporosis are a common but frequently unrecognized complication of AS. Both may contribute to the pathogenesis of spinal deformity and back pain. The aim of this study was to measure vertebral and femoral neck bone mass in patients with AS by dual photon absorptiometry, to determine the prevalence of compression fractures and to examine the relationship between bone density and disease severity. We found that the bone mass was diminished in the lumbar spine in moderate AS versus mild forms but the patients with advanced disease had the highest BMD values. Examination of spinal radiographs revealed compression and biconcave fractures in 9 (40.9%) cases. Neither the duration of the disease and the degree of sacroiliitis, nor the disease activity assessed by laboratory and clinical parameters was found to significantly affect the results.

Traumatic aneurysm and arteriovenous fistula of the splenic artery.

Aneurysmal arteriovenous fistulas are rare and mostly seen in adults. A 13-year-old girl developed a subcapsular hematoma of the spleen following blunt abdominal trauma. Follow-up ultrasonography 4 months after the trauma revealed an aneurysm at the splenic hilum. Selective splenic angiography demonstrated the lesion to be an aneurysmal arteriovenous fistula. Repeat ultrasonography enabled us to be certain of the traumatic origin of the aneurysm and arteriovenous fistula which are very unusual in the pediatric age group.