Volume of the normal prostate gland in polish boys, aged 1-17 years: Based on transabdominal ultrasound - Prospective study.

BACKGROUND: Until now, there are no established norms for prostate size in children. Prostate volume during development has been analyzed in small study groups. In diagnostic imaging, transabdominal ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging are used. AIMS: To establish prostate volume norms for individuals aged 1-17 years using transabdominal ultrasound. STUDY DESIGN: Between 2021 and 2023, transabdominal prostate ultrasound was performed on 482 Caucasian boys, aged 1-17 years, who were patients of the urology clinic. Normative data were based on results of 345 boys with normal lower urinary tract, urethral and penile structures. Patients with abnormal external genitalia, Prune Belly Syndrome, Myelomeningocele, chromosomal disorders, or prostate abnormalities found in ultrasound were excluded from the study. Patient eligibility was determined based on medical records and physical examinations. During ultrasound, height, anterior-posterior dimension, and width of prostate were assessed. Prostate volume was calculated using the ellipsoid formula VH x L(AP) x W x 0.523. Measurements were correlated with age, weight, and height. Results were analyzed using descriptive statistics, statistical significance tests for means, and correlation methods. After estimating preliminary results, taking into account the development periods, patients were divided into age groups: 1-4 years (n = 70), 5-10 years (n = 124), 11-12 years (n = 43), 13-15 years (n = 65), and 16-17 years (n = 43). RESULTS: The table and nomogram shows prostate volumes based on age. Prostate size remains stable up to the age of 8. We noticed a transitional phase at the age of 8-11 years. A significant increase in volume occurs over 11 years of age. There was a statistically significant relationship between prostate size, age, height, and weight. DISCUSION: Established norms can serve as a reference for prostate analysis in patients with defects of the genitourinary system. An interesting analysis would be a prostate size assessment in relation to stage of development on Tanner scale. CONCLUSION: Transabdominal ultrasound, being a non-invasive, painless, and readily accessible examination, allows assessment of prostate size even in boys aged 1 year old. A statistically significant relationship was found between prostate size, weight, and height. Norms for prostate size in boys were established according to age.

Virginal breast hypertrophy in a patient with Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome.

Virginal breast hypertrophy is a multidisciplinary condition including surgical, pediatric, and endocrine/gynecological disciplines, and its successful diagnosis and management requires complex, team approach.

MR venography in children and adolescents with multiple sclerosis does not show increased prevalence of extracranial veins anomalies.

BACKGROUND: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic demyelinating disease of the central nervous system that affects mainly young adults, but can occur also in children and adolescents. The pathogenesis of MS is still not fully understood and chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI) was suggested to be implicated in MS. Although there is no strong evidence to support this hypothesis, a considerable number of MS patients, including adolescents, have undergone endovascular treatment procedures. The aim of this study was the evaluate the prevalence of extracranial venous system anomalies in children and adolescents with multiple sclerosis in comparison to age-matched controls. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twenty-one children with clinically definite diagnosis of MS (mean age 13.8 years), and 19 age-matched controls (mean age 12.5 years) were investigated using 1.5 T scanner with coronal 3D contrast-enhanced coronal venography. The diameters of internal jugular veins (IJV) at both sides of the neck were estimated separately, from the level C1 to Th1. RESULTS: Anomalies of the extracranial venous system were found in 10 MS patients (47.6%) and 13 controls (68.4%). Normal anatomy of extracranial veins was recognized in 11 MS patients (53%) and 6 controls (31%). Comparison of the measurement results for MS patients and the control group revealed that there are no significant statistical differences in cross-section areas for a given level. CONCLUSIONS: We found no evidence to suggest that MS children and adolescents have more extracranial veins anomalies than healthy patients. Considering the risk of such treatment, endovascular interventions should be discourage.