Racial Differences in Non-variceal Upper Gastrointestinal (GI) Bleeding: A Nationwide Study.

Background and aims Knowledge about the impact of race on non-variceal upper GI bleeding (NVUGIB) is limited. This study explored the racial differences in the etiology and outcome of NVUGIB. Methods We conducted a study from 2009 to 2014 using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) database. NIS is the largest publicly available all-payer inpatient database in the USA with more than seven million hospital stays each year. The International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) codes for NVUGIB, esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) and demographics were obtained. The outcomes of interest were in-hospital mortality, hospital length of stay (HLOS), total hospital charges, admission to the intensive care unit (ICU), and patient disposition. Analysis was conducted using Chi-square tests and Tukey multiple comparisons between groups. Results Among 1,082,516 patients with NVUGIB, African American and Native Americans had the highest proportions of hemorrhagic gastritis/duodenitis (8.2% and 4.2%, respectively) and Mallory-Weiss bleeding (10.4% and 5.4%, respectively; p<0.01). African Americans were less likely to get an EGD done within 24 hours of admission compared to Whites and Latinxs (45.9% vs 50.1% and 50.4%, respectively; p<0.001). In-hospital mortality was similar among African Americans, Latinxs, and Whites (5.8% vs 5.6% vs 5.9%, respectively; p=0.175). Asian/Pacific Islanders and African Americans were more likely to be admitted to the ICU (9.6% and 9.0%, respectively; p<0.001). Moreover, African Americans had a longer HLOS compared to Latinxs and Whites (7.5 vs 6.5 and 6.4 days, respectively; p<0.001). Conversely, Asian/Pacific Islanders and Latinx incurred the highest hospital total charges compared to African Americans and Whites ($81,821 and $69,267 vs $61,484 and $53,767, respectively; p<0.001). Conclusion African Americans are less likely to receive EGD within 24 hours of admission and are more likely to be admitted to the ICU with prolonged hospital lengths of stay. Latinxs are more likely to be uninsured and incur the highest hospital costs.

Physicochemical properties of edible cricket oils: Implications for use in pharmaceutical and food industries.

The prevailing global market demands locally produced, sustainable oils for biomedical applications. This study focused on evaluating the quality of cricket-derived oils and meals from Scapsipedus icipe Hugel, Tanga, and Gryllus bimaculatus De Geer common delicacy in Africa, following standard methods for physicochemical properties, fatty acid composition, and phytochemicals (oxalates, phytates, tannins, and polyphenols). The cricket oils physicochemical properties aligned with Codex Alimentarius standards for edible oils, including low solidification temperature (< 2 °C), a high refractive index (1.46), and a specific gravity of 0.88. Notably, peroxide values (1.9 to 2.5 mg mEq O2/kg), acid values (1.1 to 2.2 mg KOH/g), and saponification values (234-246 mg KOH/g) all are indicative of lightness and unsaturated fatty acids. Nutritionally, cricket powder was rich in protein (56.8-56.9% -) and fat (31.7-33.5% -of dry matter), with significant amounts of essential omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids. Predominant saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids were palmitic (23.9-31.2 mg/100 g-) and oleic acids (10.9-11.4 mg/100 g- of oil), respectively. Antioxidant values (48.0 to 65.0 mg/100 g), inferred from total polyphenols, suggests a stable oil with long shelf-life. These results highlight the promising and sustainable potential of cricket-derived oils for applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries.

Nationwide Effectiveness and Efficiency of the National Diabetes Prevention Policy Versus the Penny-per-Ounce Excise Tax Policy on Sugar-Sweetened Beverages.

Diabetes has reached epidemic levels in the United States (US). This review compared two nationwide diabetes prevention policies: the National Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) and the Penny-per-Ounce Excise (POE) tax policy on sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) based on their efficiency and efficacy in reducing the number of new cases of diabetes in the US. The study made a recommendation for the implementation of one or both policies based on the comparison. The national DPP focuses on screening for prediabetes in overweight/obese individuals and having positive subjects participate in a potentially insured one-year weight loss program with CDC-approved coaches. The POE tax on SSBs on the other hand is based on taxing SSBs with the objective that it will reduce new cases of diabetes due to a lower consumption of these beverages, or a switch to healthier alternatives. Studies that predicted the impact of either policy at the national level were used to compare both policies. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) was calculated by dividing the difference in net costs saved by the difference in net effectiveness (diabetes cases prevented per year); thereby comparing both policies in terms of costs saved for each diabetes case prevented per year. Using only nationwide US predictions, it has been estimated that the POE tax on SSB will produce the most cost savings with a greater impact on reducing new cases of diabetes if implemented; therefore, this tax should be recommended, in addition to the already implemented DPP.

Outcomes of Portal Vein Thrombosis in Smokers With and Without Cirrhosis and Predictors of Mortality: A Nationwide Assessment.

Portal vein thrombosis (PVT) is a rare condition that can lead to numerous complications, like variceal bleeding, hepatic encephalopathy, and chronic liver disease. PVT has various etiologies, including liver disease, infections, and hyper-coagulable disorders. Cirrhosis, a chronic progressive liver condition characterized by liver fibrosis, is one of the risk factors for the development of PVT. Secondly, smoking also increases the risk of PVT. The aim of this study is to identify outcomes in patients with PVT who smoked with and without cirrhosis. This study was performed using the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) database for the years 2016, 2017, and 2018. The study identified 33,314 patients diagnosed with PVT who smoked, of which 14,991 had cirrhosis, and 18,323 did not have cirrhosis. Patients with PVT and cirrhosis had significantly higher in-hospital mortality, upper gastrointestinal bleeds, acute kidney injury, and peritonitis compared to patients without cirrhosis. The results of the study show that patients with PVT and cirrhosis who smoke have a higher risk of unfavorable outcomes.

Hepatic Dystrophic Calcification Secondary to Transarterial Chemoembolization: Case Report and Review of Literature.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common malignancy usually treated with surgery. Patients who are not suitable for surgery undergo transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) which involves injecting anti-cancer drugs and embolizing agents into the hepatic artery. Although it is a relatively safe procedure with minor side effects, TACE can rarely cause dystrophic calcification in the liver. We report a case of a 58-year-old female who presented with right-sided chest pain. The patient had been previously treated for HCC with a TACE procedure. A chest x-ray revealed hepatic calcification which was likely secondary to the prior TACE. This case study emphasizes the significance of considering TACE as a potential cause of hepatic dystrophic calcification.

Excessive gluconeogenesis causes the hepatic insulin resistance paradox and its sequelae.

Background: Hepatic insulin signaling suppresses gluconeogenesis but promotes de novo lipid synthesis. Paradoxically, hepatic insulin resistance (HIR) enhances both gluconeogenesis and de novo lipid synthesis. Elucidation of the etiology of this paradox, which participates in the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), cardiovascular disease, the metabolic syndrome and hepatocellular carcinoma, has not been fully achieved. Scope of review: This article briefly outlines the previously proposed hypotheses on the etiology of the HIR paradox. It then discusses literature consistent with an alternative hypothesis that excessive gluconeogenesis, the direct effect of HIR, is responsible for the aberrant lipogenesis. The mechanisms involved therein are explained, involving de novo synthesis of fructose and uric acid, promotion of glutamine anaplerosis, and induction of glucagon resistance. Thus, gluconeogenesis via lipogenesis promotes hepatic steatosis, a component of NAFLD, and dyslipidemia. Gluconeogenesis-centred mechanisms for the progression of NAFLD from simple steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and fibrosis are suggested. That NAFLD often precedes and predicts type 2 diabetes is explained by the ability of lipogenesis to cushion against blood glucose dysregulation in the earlier stages of NAFLD. Major conclusions: HIR-induced excessive gluconeogenesis is a major cause of the HIR paradox and its sequelae. Such involvement of gluconeogenesis in lipid synthesis rationalizes the fact that several types of antidiabetic drugs ameliorate NAFLD. Thus, dietary, lifestyle and pharmacological targeting of HIR and hepatic gluconeogenesis may be a most viable approach for the prevention and management of the HIR-associated network of diseases.

Effect of Comorbidities on Inflammatory Bowel Disease-Related Colorectal Cancer: A Nationwide Inpatient Review.

Introduction  The risk of inflammatory bowel disease-associated colorectal cancer (IBD-CRC) is known to increase with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) and a family history of CRC. However, the impact of comorbidities such as liver disease, obesity, diabetes, chronic lung, heart, and renal disease, and psychiatric illness on the risk of IBD-CRC remains unclear. We evaluated the effect of these comorbidities on the risk of IBD-CRC. Methods A retrospective review from 2009 to 2014 was conducted using the National Inpatient Sample data for adults 18 years and older. Patients with IBD (360,892), of whom 2,831 had CRC were identified using the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision codes (ICD-9). Data on comorbidities were also obtained. Adjusted odds ratios (aOR) and confidence intervals (CI) were computed via logistic regression to evaluate the effect of comorbidities on the risk of IBD-CRC; the p-value was set at <0.05. Results The mean age of IBD patients in this study was 52.36±0.03. A majority of the patients with IBD-CRC were white and were significantly older compared to those without cancer (60 vs 52 years, p<0.05). The risk of colon cancer in IBD was increased by having a non-cholestatic liver disease (aOR 1.51, CI 1.23-1.86, p<0.01). Also, patients younger than 50 years with liver disease were at an increased risk of IBD-associated colon cancer in comparison to older patients (aOR 1.83 vs 1.34, p<0.05). Notably, diabetes, chronic pulmonary disease, renal failure, psychiatric illnesses, and rheumatoid diseases, were inversely associated with the risk of IBD-CRC (p<0.05). After stratifying by IBD subtypes, non-cholestatic liver disease was still independently associated with a higher risk for colon cancer in patients with ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease (ulcerative colitis: aOR 1.43, CI 1.08-1.89; Crohn's disease: aOR 1.46, CI 1.10-2.00). Conclusions Patients with IBD who have non-cholestatic liver disease might have a higher risk for colon cancer, even at a younger age. These patients may require close colon cancer surveillance.

Dual-axis thrust stand for the direct characterization of electrospray performance.

A dual-axis torsional thrust stand was successfully demonstrated at the Air Force Research Laboratory, enabling direct simultaneous thrust and mass loss measurement for the Air Force Electrospray Thruster Series 2 passively fed electrospray thruster. The dual-axis system is effectively two nulled torsional thrust stands sharing a single dual-axis gimbal with a thrust and mass resolution of ±0.2 µN and ±0.04 mg, respectively. The development of this system was inspired by a need for direct efficiency characterization of electrosprays via in situ mass measurements, and performance was compared to thruster masses measured pre- and post-testing using an analytical balance. Mass consumption data captured via the dual-axis stand, which is calibrated to a traceable uncertainty of 1.6%, varied between -5% and 18% as compared to analytical balance measurements throughout a multi-month testing effort highlighting the limitations in pre/post-weighing as a method for capturing propellant consumption due to absorption of atmospheric moisture when thrusters are removed from vacuum. Thrust stand tests were limited to short term operation with a daily available testing window of ∼5 h due to thrust stand drift following the 24 h cyclic temperature variations of the testing facility. A thorough investigation into the root cause of ambient thermal drift suggests that the thermal response of commercial flex-pivot bearings is directly producing spurious torques on the order of 10 µN m/°C. Additionally, unresolved charging effects on thrust stand hardware currently limit thrust stand operation to tests operating with a positive thruster polarity. Further development and long duration test stability require both a targeted investigation into flex-pivot thermal response and minimization of facility effects.

Effect of incorporation of snail meat powder on sensory attributes and consumer acceptability of sorghum-wheat buns.

Formulation of foods from -low-lysine cereals fortified with animal protein is a potentially sustainable approach to enhance protein quality in diet due to nutritional compensation while buns are valuable vehicles to deliver nutrients to human body because of their relatively noble eating quality and extended shelf life. The aim of this study was to evaluate the sensory attributes and consumer acceptability of sorghum-wheat buns containing snail meat powder (SMP). Buns were prepared by replacing 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25% of sorghum-wheat composite flour with SMP. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed 99% total variation of 23 attributes for buns scored by a descriptive sensory panel, of which 98% was due to the proportion of SMP that replaced sorghum-wheat composite flour in buns and the remainder 1% was due to the buns' physical appearance. Compositing sorghum-wheat buns with SMP imparted positive consumer attributes of fine crumb, sponginess, and crumby texture. It also resulted in buns with reasonably high sensory acceptability as evaluated by 8- to 9-year-old school children. The buns can serve as supplementary rich sources of protein for alleviating the menace of protein energy malnutrition in sub-Saharan Africa.

A Rare Case of Hypothermia-Induced ST Segment Elevation.

Prompt recognition of ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is critical as it has significant management and outcome implications, often leading to emergent cardiac catheterization for revascularization. However, other conditions such as pulmonary embolism, myocarditis, hyperkalemia, hypercalcemia, hypothermia, drug overdose, septic shock, left bundle branch block, left ventricular aneurysm, pericarditis, Brugada syndrome, and Takotsubo cardiomyopathy can mimic this presentation on electrocardiography (EKG) and need to be recognized to avoid unnecessary procedures and improve treatment outcomes. We report a case of prominent Osborn waves on EKG from significant hypothermia incorrectly labeled as STEMI. We also provide a literature review on EKG manifestations of hypothermia and the mechanism of those changes, the differential diagnoses of ST segment elevation and their management.

From Farm to Fork: Crickets as Alternative Source of Protein, Minerals, and Vitamins.

Globally, there is growing interest to integrate cricket-based ingredients (flour) into food products to combat food and nutrition insecurity. However, there is lack of information on in-depth nutrient profile of the two cricket species (Scapsipedus icipe and Gryllus bimaculatus), which are the most widely consumed in Africa. Here we determined the nutrient composition of two cricket species and compared them with published records of key animal and plant sources. Our results revealed that the crude protein contents of S. icipe and G. bimaculatus were similar (56.8 and 56.9%, respectively) and comparable to those of animal protein sources. Both cricket species had balanced amino acid profiles that are superior to that of animal and plant sources, except for histidine and cysteine. The protein digestibility of S. icipe and G. bimaculatus ranged between 80 and 88%, which is comparable to that of common plant foods but slightly lower than that of animal proteins. The iron, Zinc, and potassium contents were considerably higher in both cricket species compared to that of plant and animal sources. The calcium contents of both crickets (S. icipe and G. bimaculatus) was superior to that of plant and animal origin except for kidney beans and eggs, respectively. Riboflavin, thiamine, and folic acid concentrations of S. icipe and G. bimaculatus were superior to that of the conventional sources. Vitamin A levels were significantly higher in S. icipe compared to G. bimaculatus. This implies that S. icipe and G. bimaculatus can adequately contribute to our daily required nutrient intake. Thus, integrating cricket flours into ready-to-eat food products would address some of the most pressing nutritional deficiency challenges that many developing countries have to grapple with, particularly high risk to serious health problems such as anemia, poor pregnancy outcomes, hypertension, increased risk of morbidity and mortality, stunted growth and impaired physical and cognitive development. We conclude that edible crickets present unique opportunities for improving food and nutritional insecurity status of both resource-poor and Western populations.

Compact, portable, laser induced fluorescence diagnostic for laboratory plasma sources.

As diagnostic groups are increasingly called upon to participate in experimental campaigns at remote facilities, there is a need to develop portable versions of plasma diagnostic systems. One such diagnostic is laser induced fluorescence (LIF). Here, we describe a portable LIF apparatus that eliminates the need for an optical table, beam splitters, and an optical chopper. All of the light exiting the laser system is coupled through optical fibers to the experiment and housekeeping diagnostics. The collected light is coupled through an optical fiber as well. A key feature is modulation of the tapered amplifier current instead of physical modulation of the laser output. Using this portable LIF system, measurements of ion temperature, ion flow, and relative metastable ion density are reported for two different remote experiments.

Plasmonic Skyrmion Lattice Based on the Magnetoelectric Effect.

The physical mechanism of the plasmonic skyrmion lattice formation in a magnetic layer deposited on a metallic substrate is studied theoretically. The optical lattice is the essence of the standing interference pattern of the surface plasmon polaritons created through coherent or incoherent laser sources. The nodal points of the interference pattern play the role of lattice sites where skyrmions are confined. The confinement appears as a result of the magnetoelectric effect and the electric field associated with the plasmon waves. The proposed model is applicable to yttrium iron garnet and single-phase multiferroics and combines plasmonics and skyrmionics.

"Unsteady Gait": An Unusual Presentation of Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis.

Intramedullary tuberculoma (IMT) is a rare form of spinal cord tuberculosis (TB). Unlike Pott's spine, IMT is without osseous involvement and is indolent. These features may account for why the diagnosis is often overlooked as a cause of compressive myelopathy. Our case is unique in that we discuss an unusual presentation of a patient who presented with gait disturbance as the first symptom of spinal cord TB without foci of TB infection elsewhere. The patient's neurological symptoms improved with surgery and multidrug-resistant antituberculosis treatment. Although MRI is the preferred modality to characterize IMT, findings may be nonspecific, ultimately requiring biopsy. When IMT is diagnosed and managed appropriately, it carries a good prognosis. An interdisciplinary approach would provide the best outcomes.

Mechanisms of the Regulation and Dysregulation of Glucagon Secretion.

Glucagon, a hormone secreted by pancreatic alpha cells, contributes to the maintenance of normal blood glucose concentration by inducing hepatic glucose production in response to declining blood glucose. However, glucagon hypersecretion contributes to the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. Moreover, diabetes is associated with relative glucagon undersecretion at low blood glucose and oversecretion at normal and high blood glucose. The mechanisms of such alpha cell dysfunctions are not well understood. This article reviews the genesis of alpha cell dysfunctions during the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes and after the onset of type 1 and type 2 diabetes. It unravels a signaling pathway that contributes to glucose- or hydrogen peroxide-induced glucagon secretion, whose overstimulation contributes to glucagon dysregulation, partly through oxidative stress and reduced ATP synthesis. The signaling pathway involves phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase, protein kinase B, protein kinase C delta, non-receptor tyrosine kinase Src, and phospholipase C gamma-1. This knowledge will be useful in the design of new antidiabetic agents or regimens.

Effect of a nutrition education programme on the metabolic syndrome in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients at a level 5 Hospital in Kenya: "a randomized controlled trial".

BACKGROUND: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D), is a life-threatening condition of global public health concern. It worsens in the presence of the metabolic syndrome (MetS), a complex disorder characterized by co-occurrence of at least three of such factors as hypertension, obesity, dyslipidemia and insulin resistance. However, lifestyle interventions reduce the risk of both MetS and T2D, and nutrition education can empower individuals on the appropriate, lifestyle changes. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the effect of a nutrition education programme, with and without inclusion of peer to peer support, on MetS in T2D patients. METHODS: This was a randomized controlled trial with two intervention groups and one control. One of the intervention groups involved a nutrition education programme with peer-to-peer support (NEP); the other involved only the education program, while the control received standard care. Each group had 51 participants. The nutrition education programme was conducted for 2 h per week for 8 weeks. In addition, the NEP had weekly peer-to-peer interactions for 8 weeks. All groups had follow-up sessions for 6 months. Data on MetS risk factors as well as food intake patterns and physical activity levels were taken at baseline and at different time points during the study. Analysis of Co-variance and regression were used in the analysis. RESULTS: The MetS prevalence improved in the NEP (90 to 52%) and NE (86 to 69%), while it worsened in C (88 to 91%). There was improvement in the mean values of the anthropometric parameters in the NEP and NE which worsened in the control group. There was a general improvement in mean values of blood lipids, fasting blood glucose and HbA1c in all the groups, with NEP showing the greatest improvements, followed by NE, except for triglycerides and HDL where the control group had better improvement than the NE. Changes in the anthropometric and metabolic indicators mirrored the changes in food intake patterns and physical activity, where the greatest improvements occurred in the NEP. CONCLUSIONS: Nutrition education with inclusion of peer to peer support was of clinical benefit in improving metabolic outcomes and reducing MetS in T2DM patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The study has been registered retrospectively by Pan African Clinical Trial Registry; Registration No: PACTR201910518676391.

Sigmoid Leiomyoma: An Uncommon Occurrence.

Leiomyomas in the colon are uncommon accounting for a few cases of gastrointestinal smooth muscle tumors. These tumors are usually benign and asymptomatic. They may present with abdominal pain, intestinal obstruction, perforation, and rarely hemorrhagic, especially when the tumor is large. We present the case of a sigmoid leiomyoma in a 60-year-old patient consulting for a positive fecal occult blood test. Colonic leiomyomas should be considered in the differential diagnosis when a polyp is found during routine endoscopic evaluations. This case also highlights the limitations of diagnosing the nature of polyps using endoscopy alone.

Efficacy of compositing with snail meat powder on protein nutritional quality of sorghum-wheat buns using a rat bioassay.

BACKGROUND: Protein energy malnutrition (PEM) is an important health burden in most developing countries mainly in sub-Saharan Africa, where it contributes to high rates of child morbidity and mortality. This study evaluated the efficacy of compositing with snail meat powder (SMP) on protein nutritional quality of sorghum-wheat buns using a rat bioassay. Nine diets -seven isonitrogenous diets, based on six variations of buns and a reference diet made using skimmed milk powder, in addition to the basal diet meant to estimate the endogenous nitrogen excretion and a 16% protein rehabilitation diet - were fed to male weanling albino rats. Protein efficiency ratio (PER), and food efficiency ratio (FER), net protein retention ratio (NPRR), apparent protein digestibility (APD), and true protein digestibility (TPD), protein digestibility corrected amino acid score (PDCAAS), and digestible indispensable amino acid score (DIAAS) indices of protein quality were determined. RESULTS: Fortification with SMP significantly (P < 0.05) enhanced PER from 0.21% to 2.70%, FER from 0.02% to 0.27%, APD from 81.17% to 88.28%, and TPD from 87.48% to 95.38%. PDCAAS and DIAAS increased from 45% to 78% and 44% to 69% respectively in unfortified buns to buns fortified with 25% SMP. CONCLUSION: Complementary diets fortified with SMP promote growth and rehabilitate emaciated rats, whereas unfortified diet did not support weight gain. Thus, supplementation of buns with SMP might enhance a faster recovery in children affected by PEM. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.

Patient-reported outcomes and inflammatory biomarkers in patients with locally advanced/metastatic urothelial carcinoma treated with durvalumab in phase 1/2 dose-escalation study 1108.

BACKGROUND: Durvalumab has shown meaningful clinical activity in patients with metastatic urothelial carcinoma (mUC) in Study 1108 (NCT01693562). An important focus in treatment is health-related quality of life (HRQOL). Here, patient-reported outcomes (PROs) from Study 1108 and their relationship with inflammatory biomarkers are explored. METHODS: Disease-related symptoms, functioning, and HRQOL were assessed with the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Bladder (FACT-Bl) and the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) Quality of Life Questionnaire Core 30 (QLQ-C30). Relationships between PRO improvements and the best changes in the tumor size, albumin level, and neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) were assessed with Spearman correlation analysis. RESULTS: The mean FACT-Bl total score improved from 107.5 (standard deviation [SD], 23.0) at the baseline to 115.4 (SD, 22.6) on day 113, with similar increases found for the Trial Outcome Index (TOI) and Bladder Cancer Subscale (BLCS) scores. The mean FACT-Bl total scores improved over time, and the FACT-Bl TOI scores significantly improved by day 113 (P < .05). The mean EORTC QLQ-C30 Global Health Status/Quality of Life score improved from 57.1 (SD, 24.8) at the baseline to 69.0 (SD, 21.4) on day 113; the functional scale and symptom scores (day 113) were higher than the baseline scores (P < .05) for EORTC Social Functioning. The FACT-Bl total, BLCS, and TOI scores improved in 32.6%, 34.9%, and 32.6% of the patients by day 113; 26.3% to 37.8% of the patients exhibited improvements in EORTC QLQ-C30 functional scores. The best tumor shrinkage and posttreatment improvements in serum albumin and NLR correlated with increases in FACT-Bl total, TOI, and BLCS scores and in EORTC Physical Functioning and Role Functioning scores (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: Durvalumab was associated with improvements in disease-related symptoms, functioning, and HRQOL in patients with mUC. Improvements in systemic inflammation may contribute to PRO improvements in these patients.