Knowing Your Patient Population: Techniques to Capture Infants at High Risk for Physical Abuse in a Trauma Registry.

BACKGROUND: Physical abuse is a major public health concern and a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in infants. Clinical decision tools derived from trauma registries can facilitate timely risk-stratification. The Trauma Quality Improvement Program (TQIP) database does not report age for children <1 year who are at highest risk for abuse. We report a method to capture these infants despite the missing age. METHODS: Patients ≤17 years were identified from TQIP (2017-2019). The primary outcomes included injuries resulting from confirmed or suspected child abuse captured by diagnosis codes or report/investigation of physical abuse, or different caregiver at discharge available in TQIP. We used two methods to select infants within TQIP. In the first, World Health Organization (WHO) growth standards for stature or length-for-age and weight-for-age were selected to capture children younger than 1 year. In the second, a K-means machine learning algorithm was used to cluster patients by weight and height. We compared outcome and injury data with and without patients <1 year. RESULTS: Using the WHO growth standard 19,916 children <1 year were identified. A total of 20,513 patients had a report of physical abuse filed, and 9393 were infants <1 year. Increased age-adjusted odds ratios [95% CI] were seen for fractures of the upper limb (1.28 [1.22-1.34]), vertebrae (1.89 [1.68-2.13]), ribs (5.2 [4.8-5.63]), and spinal cord (3.39 [2.85-4.02]) and head injuries (1.55 [1.5-1.6]) with infants included. CONCLUSIONS: In a nationwide trauma registry, WHO growth standards can be used to capture patients under one year who are more adversely impacted by maltreatment. TYPE OF STUDY: Retrospective, Cross-sectional. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III, Diagnostic.

Systematic review and meta-analysis of the etiology of heavy menstrual bleeding in 2,770 adolescent females.

BACKGROUND: Adolescent heavy menstrual bleeding(HMB), menorrhagia or abnormal uterine bleeding commonly occur in adolescent women. The differential diagnosis can be challenging. The pneumonic: PALM-COEIN (polyp, adenomyosis, leiomyoma, malignancy and hyperplasia, coagulopathy, ovulatory dysfunction, endometrial, iatrogenic, and not yet classified), is commonly used but it does not stratify as to the likelihood of a disorder. We have sought to develop a probability-based differential diagnosis for Adolescent HMB, menorrhagia or abnormal uterine bleeding. METHODS: A comprehensive literature search was conducted using PubMed, EMBASE, and SCOPUS databases. Case series describing adolescents from 10-19 years of age with HMB, menorrhagia or abnormal uterine bleeding was acceptable if: more than 10 patients were included; editorials, case reports, and secondary sources such as review articles, or book chapters were excluded. No language filter was used, but an English abstract was required. The etiology of HMB, menorrhagia or abnormal uterine bleeding, and the country of origin was extracted from articles that met inclusion criteria. Cumulative rate estimates were determined by Bayesian probability modeling. RESULTS: Seventeen full text articles were reviewed in detail; 2,770 patients were included. The most frequent causes of HMB were Ovarian Uterine Disorders (23.7%; 95% CredI 22-25.5%), Coagulation Disorders (19.4%; 95% CredI 17.8-21.1%), and Platelet Disorders (6.23%; 95% CredI 5.27-7.27%) with 45.9% (95% CredI 43.8-47.%9) of the cases of indeterminate origin. CONCLUSIONS: The leading causes of HMB in healthy adolescent females were varied. The sub-analysis identified distinct etiologies, suggesting that multiple factors must be considered in the evaluation of HMB. While PALM-COEIN (polyp, adenomyosis, leiomyoma, malignancy and hyperplasia, coagulopathy, ovulatory dysfunction, endometrial, iatrogenic, and not yet classified) provides us with a comprehensive picture of the possible causes of HMB in females, this systematic review assigns probabilities to the etiologies of HMB in adolescent females, providing physicians with a more focused and efficient pathway to diagnosis.

Association of Adverse Childhood Experiences and Resilience With Obesity, High Blood Pressure, and Parental Report of Behavioral Health Symptoms in Children: A Cross Sectional Study.

The interplay between Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) and resilience on health in children is not well understood. Parents completed 3 questionnaires: ACEs, Child and Youth Resilience Measure (CYRM), and the Pediatric Symptom Checklist-17(PSC-17). BMI and blood pressure were measured. 19.8% of children had 4 or more ACEs, resilience ranged from 25 to 51, 14.3% had a positive PSC-17 score, 25.6% were obese, 3.1% had systolic hypertension, and 1.2% had diastolic hypertension. Higher ACEs (ACE OR: 1.398, 95% CI = 1.044-1.893, P = .026) and lower resilience (Resilience OR: 0.740, 95% CI 0.668-0.812; P = 1.13 × 10-9) were predictive of increased reports of behavioral health symptoms, but not obesity or hypertension. The personal resilience subscale was a predictor of positive PSC-17 score (OR 0.646, 95% CI = 0.546-0.749, P = 3.18 × 10-8); relationship subscale was not. Cultivating resilience, especially personal aspects, may provide an effective intervention for behavioral health symptoms in children.

Derivation and Validation of a Machine Learning Algorithm for Predicting Venous Thromboembolism in Injured Children.

BACKGROUND: Venous thromboembolism (VTE) causes significant morbidity in pediatric trauma patients. We applied machine learning algorithms to the Trauma Quality Improvement Program (TQIP) database to develop and validate a risk prediction model for VTE in injured children. METHODS: Patients ≤18 years were identified from TQIP (2017-2019, n = 383,814). Those administered VTE prophylaxis ≤24 h and missing the outcome (VTE) were removed (n = 347,576). Feature selection identified 15 predictors: intubation, need for supplemental oxygen, spinal injury, pelvic fractures, multiple long bone fractures, major surgery (neurosurgery, thoracic, orthopedic, vascular), age, transfusion requirement, intracranial pressure monitor or external ventricular drain placement, and low Glasgow Coma Scale score. Data was split into training (n = 251,409) and testing (n = 118,175) subsets. Machine learning algorithms were trained, tested, and compared. RESULTS: Low-risk prediction: For the testing subset, all models outperformed the baseline rate of VTE (0.15%) with a predicted rate of 0.01-0.02% (p < 2.2e-16). 88.4-89.4% of patients were classified as low risk by the models. HIGH-RISK PREDICTION: All models outperformed baseline with a predicted rate of VTE ranging from 1.13 to 1.32% (p < 2.2e-16). The performance of the 3 models was not significantly different. CONCLUSION: We developed a predictive model that differentiates injured children for development of VTE with high discrimination and can guide prophylaxis use. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Prognostic, Level II. TYPE OF STUDY: Retrospective, Cross-sectional.

Obesity is not associated with increased resource utilization or morbidity in patients undergoing appendectomy.

BACKGROUND: Obesity is a growing public health concern that places patients at risk of morbidity and mortality following surgery. We sought to determine whether obesity influences our resource utilization and postoperative outcomes for patients who present with appendicitis. METHODS: Charts were reviewed for patients age 1-18 years identified from a prospective registry who presented with a diagnosis of appendicitis from 2017 to 2020. Patients who underwent appendectomy were eligible. Charts were reviewed for demographics, imaging studies, laboratory studies, length of stay, operative times and thirty-day postoperative adverse events defined as return to the emergency room, re-admission, postoperative abscess or return to the operating room. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to identify differences in resource utilization and outcome. RESULTS: A total of 451 patients were identified. There were 126 obese patients (27.9%). Obese patients were not more likely to present with perforated appendicitis and were not more likely to undergo computed tomography scans. All patients underwent laparoscopic appendectomy. Although intraoperative times were significantly longer for Black patients and older patients, BMI did not influence length of surgery. Length of stay was significantly higher for younger patients (p = 0.019). Adverse events were seen in 38 patients (8.4%). There was no association between BMI and adverse events. CONCLUSIONS: Within our standardized management pathway, obesity does not influence management or patient outcomes for the treatment of appendicitis. Furthermore, obese patients did not require additional resource utilization. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III.

A 13-Year-Old Male With Left Eye Swelling.

A 13-year-old male presented with a 10-day history of left eye swelling and pain. These symptoms prompted presentation to the emergency department. He had no significant past medical history and no preceding fevers or chills. He was found on examination of the eyes and the orbit to have left supraorbital erythema, edema, and pain with upward and medial gaze. Examination of the globe, fundus, and visual fields were normal. His white blood cell count was 6.2 (x1000/mm3) with an erythrocyte sedimentation rate of 4 (mm/hr). Diagnostic endoscopic biopsy was performed. Here we present this case alongside clinical reasoning and diagnostic evaluation with relevant input from respective experts. This case discussion reviews the final diagnosis, as well as the corresponding evaluation and management. Diagnostic algorithms based on literature review and clinical experience are also included.

The Association of Adverse Childhood Experiences and Resilience With Health Outcomes in Adolescents: An Observational Study.

The relationship between Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), resilience, and health outcomes has not been as thoroughly studied in adolescents. Adolescents completed the ACEs Questionnaire and a validated resilience measure (Child Youth Resilience Measure, or CYRM). Poor health outcome was having 1 or more: obesity, hypertension, and/or depression. 34.5% of teens had a poor health outcome, 38.6% had ACE scores of 4 or more, and resilience ranged from 45 to 84 (mean = 74.6). By univariate and bivariate analysis, ACEs (OR = 1.11, 95% CI = 1.03-1.19, P = .0039; OR = 1.08, 95% CI = 1.0-1.16, P = .045) and resilience (OR = 0.95, 95% CI = 0.92-0.98, P = .0016; OR = 0.96, 95% CI = 0.93-0.99, P = .016) were significantly associated with poor health outcome. Resilience relationship subscale was significantly associated with reduced health risk (OR = 0.85, 95%CI = 0.75-0.95, P = .005). ACEs are associated with poor health outcomes in adolescents, resilience is inversely related, and the caregiver relationship may be the driving force.

Effect of Feeding Strategies on the Development of Fulminant Necrotizing Enterocolitis.

INTRODUCTION: Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) causes significant neonatal morbidity. A subset of infants experience precipitous decline and death from fulminant-NEC (F-NEC). We sought to determine the effect of feeding practices on the development of this more virulent form of NEC. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Premature neonates developing Bell's stage II or III NEC between May 2011 and June 2017 were reviewed. Infants were stratified as having NEC or F-NEC, defined as NEC-totalis or NEC causing rapid decline and death within 72 hours. Risk factors extracted included demographics, gestational age, and weight at NEC diagnosis. Feeding data extracted included age at first feed, caloric density, type of feed (breast milk or formula), and whether full volume feeds were reached. Univariate analysis and multivariate analysis were performed. RESULTS: A total of 98 patients were identified, of which 80 were included. In total, 57 patients had NEC and 23 had F-NEC. Reaching full volume feeds was associated with F-NEC on both univariate and multivariate analysis (37.9 vs. 4.5%; odds ratio: 67, 95% confidence interval: 6.606-2041, p = 0.003). Infants developing F-NEC achieved full feeds earlier (22.5 vs. 19.8 days, p = 0.025) on univariate but not multivariate analysis. There was no difference in the rates of NEC and F-NEC among infants receiving breast milk (standard or fortified) or formula (standard or increased caloric density; p = 0.235). CONCLUSION: Among premature neonates with NEC, reaching full volume feedings was associated with a nearly 70-fold increased risk of F-NEC. Assuming it was possible to predict an infant's development of NEC, alternative feeding regimens might reduce the risk of F-NEC in this population.

Differential Diagnosis of Acute Liver Failure in Children: A Systematic Review.

PURPOSE: To develop a probability-based differential diagnosis for pediatric acute liver failure (PALF) based on age and socioeconomic status of the country of origin. METHODS: Comprehensive literature search using PubMed, EMBASE, and SCOPUS databases was performed. Children 0-22 years of age who met PALF registry criteria were included. Articles included >10 children, and could not be a case report, review article, or editorial. No language filter was utilized, but an English abstract was required. Etiology of PALF, age of child, and country of origin was extracted from included articles. RESULTS: 32 full text articles were reviewed in detail; 2,982 children were included. The top diagnosis of PALF in developed countries was acetaminophen toxicity (9.24%; 95% CredI 7.99-10.6), whereas in developing countries it was Hepatitis A (28.9%; 95% CredI 26.3-31.7). In developed countries, the leading diagnosis of PALF in children aged <1 year was metabolic disorder (17.2%; 95% CredI 10.3-25.5), whereas in developing countries it was unspecified infection (39.3%; CredI 27.6-51.8). In developed countries, the leading diagnosis in children aged >1 year was Non-A-B-C Hepatitis (8.18%; CredI 5.28-11.7), whereas in developing countries it was Hepatitis A (32.4%; CredI 28.6-36.3). CONCLUSION: The leading causes of PALF in children aged 0-22 years differ depending on the age and developmental status of their country of origin, suggesting that these factors must be considered in the evaluation of children with PALF.

The Natural History of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2-Related Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children: A Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: The clinical manifestations and natural history of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-related multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) are poorly defined. Using a systematic review of individual cases and case series and collating elements of the clinical course, the objective of this study was to provide a detailed clinical description and natural history of MIS-C. METHODS: Case reports and series of MIS-C were recovered from repeated MEDLINE searches, a single EMBASE search, and table of contents reviews of major general medicine and pediatric journals performed between June 3 and July 23, 2020. Fever, evidence of inflammation, and evidence of organ dysfunction were required for inclusion. RESULTS: MEDLINE and EMBASE searches produced 129 articles, and 10 articles were identified from journal contents or article bibliographies; 16 reports describing 505 children with MIS-C comprise this review. Thirty-two children (14.7%) had negative results for SARS-CoV-2 by nucleic acid and/or antibody testing. The weighted median age was 9 years (6 months to 20 years). Clinical findings included fever (100%), gastrointestinal symptoms (88.0%), rash (59.2%), conjunctivitis (50.0%), cheilitis/ "strawberry tongue" (55.7%), or extremity edema/erythema (47.5%). Median serum C-reactive protein, ferritin, fibrinogen, and D-dimer concentrations were above the normal range. Intravenous gammaglobulin (78.1%) and methylprednisolone/prednisone (57.6%) were the most common therapeutic interventions; immunomodulation was used in 24.3% of cases. Myocardial dysfunction requiring ionotropic support (57.4%) plus extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (5.3%), respiratory distress requiring mechanical ventilation (26.1%), and acute kidney injury (11.9%) were the major complications; anticoagulation was used commonly (54.4%), but thrombotic events occurred rarely (3.5%). Seven (1.4%) children died. CONCLUSIONS: MIS-C following SARS-CoV-2 infection frequently presents with gastrointestinal complaints and/or rash; conjunctivitis, cheilitis, and/or extremity changes also occur frequently. Serious complications occur frequently and respond to aggressive supportive therapy.

Risk assessment for intra-abdominal injury following blunt trauma in children: Derivation and validation of a machine learning model.

BACKGROUND: Computed tomography is the criterion standard for diagnosing intra-abdominal injury (IAI) but is expensive and risks radiation exposure. The Pediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network (PECARN) model identifies children at low risk of IAI requiring intervention (IAI-I) in whom computed tomography may be omitted but does not provide an individualized risk assessment to positively predict IAI-I. We sought to apply machine learning algorithms to the PECARN blunt abdominal trauma (BAT) data set experimentally to create models for predicting both the presence and absence of IAI-I for pediatric BAT victims. METHODS: Using the PECARN data set, we derived and validated predictive models for IAI-I. The data set was divided into derivation (n = 7,940) and validation (n = 4,089) subsets. Six algorithms were tested to create 2 models using 19 clinical variables including emesis, dyspnea, Glasgow Coma Scale score of <15, visible thoracic or abdominal trauma, seatbelt sign, abdominal distension, tenderness or rectal bleeding, peritoneal signs, absent bowel sounds, flank pain, pelvic pain or instability, sex, age, heart rate, and respiratory rate (RR). Five algorithms were fitted to predict the absence (low-risk model) or presence (high-risk model) of IAI-I. Models were validated using the test subset. RESULTS: For the low-risk model, four algorithms were significantly better than the baseline rate (2.28%) when validated using the test set. The random forest model identified 73% of children as low risk, having a predicted IAI-I rate of 0.54%. For the high-risk model, all six algorithms had added predictive power compared with the baseline rate with the highest reportable risk being 39.0%. By incorporating both models into a web application, child-specific risks of IAI-I can be estimated ranging from 0.28% to 39.0% CONCLUSION: We developed a tool that provides a child-specific risk estimate for IAI-I after BAT. This publically available model provides a powerful tool for clinicians triaging pediatric victims of blunt abdominal trauma. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Prognostic, Level II.

Pediatric Syncope: A Systematic Review.

OBJECTIVES: The aims of the study were to perform the first systematic review of pediatric syncope etiologies and to determine the most common diagnoses with credible intervals (CredIs). METHODS: Review was performed within Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses guidelines and used Embase, Scopus, PubMed, and the Cochrane Controlled Trial databases. The following inclusion criteria for the articles were used: minimum of 10 patients, standard definition of syncope used, subjects who were 21 years or younger, and subjects who were either a consecutive retrospective group or a prospective group. No restrictions were made regarding language of the studies, but an English abstract was required. The following information was collected: purpose of the study, definition of syncope, number of patients, patient age range, inclusion/exclusion criteria, and etiologies of syncope. RESULTS: Of the 500 articles initially identified, 11 studies met the inclusion criteria and were the basis for this review. Three thousand seven hundred patients were included, ranging in age from 3 months to 21 years. The most common etiologies identified were vasovagal (52.2%; 95% CredI, 50.6-53.9), postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (13.1%; 95% CredI, 12.1-14.2), and cardiac causes (4.0%; 95% CredI, 3.39-4.65). A total of 18.3% (95% CredI, 17.0-19.5) of patients were found to have syncope of unknown cause. CONCLUSIONS: Syncope is a common pediatric complaint. Most cases seen are a result of benign causes, with only a small percentage because of serious medical conditions. In addition, most syncopal episodes in the pediatric population are diagnosed clinically or with minimally invasive testing, emphasizing the importance of a detailed history and physical examination.

Derivation and Validation of a Simplified Clinical Prediction Rule for Identifying Children at Increased Risk for Clinically Important Traumatic Brain Injuries Following Minor Blunt Head Trauma.

Objective: To develop a simplified clinical prediction tool for identifying children with clinically important traumatic brain injuries (ciTBIs) after minor blunt head trauma by applying machine learning to the previously reported Pediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network dataset. Study design: The deidentified dataset consisted of 43 399 patients <18 years old who presented with blunt head trauma to 1 of 25 pediatric emergency departments between June 2004 and September 2006. We divided the dataset into derivation (training) and validation (testing) subsets; 4 machine learning algorithms were optimized using the training set. Fitted models used the test set to predict ciTBI and these predictions were compared statistically with the a priori (no information) rate. Results: None of the 4 machine learning models was superior to the no information rate. Children without clinical evidence of a skull fracture and with Glasgow Coma Scale scores of 15 were at the lowest risk for ciTBIs (0.48%; 95% CI 0.42%-0.55%). Conclusions: Machine learning algorithms were unable to produce a more accurate prediction tool for ciTBI among children with minor blunt head trauma beyond the absence of clinical evidence of skull fractures and having Glasgow Coma Scale scores of 15.

The Differential Diagnosis of Vertigo in Children: A Systematic Review of 2726 Cases.

OBJECTIVES: Vertigo is a relatively common complaint in children with 5.3% of pediatric patients complaining of this symptom. Although the causes of vertigo have been well established in adults, the diagnoses in children have not been well described. The aims of this systematic review are to discover the current information regarding etiologies of vertigo in children and to determine the most common diagnoses that present with vertigo in pediatric patients. METHODS: PubMed, Scopus, and Embase were searched using the PRISMA guidelines. The inclusion and exclusion criteria were established a priori. All results were analyzed using a Bayesian methodology for point estimation and credible interval calculation. RESULTS: From the database searches, 1419 titles were reviewed. Twenty-two studies met inclusion criteria. From these studies, a total of 2726 children aged 2 months to 19 years were reported. The top 4 diagnoses associated with childhood vertigo include vestibular migraine (23.8%; credible interval, 22.3%-25.5%), benign paroxysmal vertigo of childhood (13.7%; credible interval, 12.4%-15%), idiopathic or no identified association (11.7%; credible interval, 10.5%-12.9%), and labyrinthitis/vestibular neuronitis (8.47%, credible interval, 7.46%-9.55%) accounting for approximately 57% of cases. Less common diagnoses included Meniere disease and central nervous system tumors. CONCLUSIONS: Although the most common causes of pediatric vertigo include vestibular migraine and benign paroxysmal vertigo of childhood, the etiologies are myriad. Rates and credible intervals are provided to permit a probabilistic diagnostic approach to these children.

Etiologies of Pediatric Cervical Lymphadenopathy: A Systematic Review of 2687 Subjects.

Background. Cervical lymphadenopathy in children is common and its etiologies diverse. No systematic review of the differential diagnosis of pediatric cervical lymphadenopathy has been conducted. Objective. To determine the prevalence rate of specific etiologies of pediatric cervical lymphadenopathy. Data Sources. EMBASE, PubMed, and SCOPUS were searched electronically. Bibliographies of select studies were reviewed as well. Study Selection. (1) Any clinical trial, observational study, or cross-sectional case series with 10 or more subjects that included delineation of etiologies and/or associated conditions with lymphadenopathy; (2) subjects aged 0 to 21 years with enlarged lymphoid tissue on body; (3) lymphadenopathy was confirmed by clinical evaluation; and (4) no specific diagnoses were excluded. Data Extraction. Year and location of publication, definition of lymphadenopathy, percentage of lymphadenopathy that was cervical, total number of subjects, gender distribution of subjects, age range of patients, and specific etiologies. Results. Of the 1790 studies, 7 studies that were combined resulted in 2687 subjects that were selected. Nonspecific benign etiology was the most common diagnosis occurring at a rate of 67.8%. Epstein-Barr virus was the next most prevalent (8.86%), followed by malignancy (4.69%) and granulomatous disease (4.06%). The most common malignancy etiology was non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (46.0%), and the most common granulomatous disease was tuberculosis (73.4%). Conclusions. This systematic review and meta-analysis provides a rate-based differential diagnosis of pediatric cervical lymphadenopathy. Although the most common causes of pediatric cervical lymphadenopathy are nonspecific, the etiologies are diverse. Rates and credible intervals are provided to enable a probability-based diagnostic approach to palpable cervical lymphadenopathy in this age group.

Effect of Education and Cardboard Bassinet Distribution on Newborn Bed-Sharing.

Objective. This study sought to determine if infant sleep education plus a cardboard bassinet reduced bed-sharing, a risk factor for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and sleep-related deaths (SRD), in the first week of life. Methods. Women delivered between 1/1/2015-11/15/2016 were interviewed by phone within 72 hours of discharge. Control 1 delivered through 10/31/2015 (previously reported); Control 2: 11/1/2015-2/7/2016; Intervention 1 received inpatient safe sleep education and delivered between 2/8/2016-5/4/2016; Intervention 2 also received a cardboard bassinet and delivered after 5/4/2016. Subjects self-reported bed-sharing, newborn sleep position, feeding method, and sleep environment; demographic data was obtained from medical records. Bayesian methodology compared bed-sharing rates between aggregated control and intervention groups; results were expressed as posterior rates, rate ratios, and 95% credible intervals (CredInt); the posterior probability that the rate ratio was > 1(Bayesian probability) was determined by calculation and simulation. Results. 5187 eligible subjects, 2763 (53%) completed the survey (Control 1: n=1264; Control 2: n=423; Intervention 1: n=391; Intervention 2: n=685). Bed-sharing rates: Control: 6.3% (5.2,7.4); Intervention: 4.7% (3.5,5.9). Rate ratio (Control/Intervention) was 1.36 (0.95,1.83) and the Bayesian probability that the rate ratio >1 was .96 and .97 by calculation and simulation, respectively. Bed-sharing rates for exclusively breastfed infants: Control: 11% (7.4, 14.6); Intervention: 5.9% (2.7, 9.2); Rate ratio was 2.00 (1.01, 3.15) and the Bayesian probability that the rate ratio >1 was .993. Conclusions. Infant sleep education plus a cardboard bassinet reduced the rate of bed-sharing in the first week of life, particularly among exclusively breastfeeding dyads.

Identifying Persistent Asthma in Children: A Comparison of Healthcare Effectiveness Data and Information Set Criteria and National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Guidelines.

Persistent asthma requires a daily controller medication. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) guidelines and Healthcare Effectiveness Data and Information Set (HEDIS) quality measures are used to identify persistent asthma, the former method used by clinicians, and the latter by managed care organizations (MCOs). This study aims to determine the degree of agreement between these criteria in classifying pediatric persistent asthma. Asthmatic patients aged 5-18 years old in a university pediatric practice who were continuously enrolled with one MCO from January 1, 2012 to December 31, 2013 (Cohort 1: 329 patients) and January 1, 2013 to December 31, 2014 (Cohort 2: 212 patients) were identified. Subjects with at least one asthma visit were included. Independence of NHLBI and HEDIS criteria was determined by the McNemar test. Agreement was determined by confusion matrix analysis and Cohen kappa statistic with continuity correction. Agreement in controller assignment was 82% in Cohort 1 and 88% in Cohort 2. Agreement was fair in Cohort 1 (Cohen kappa = 0.364; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.217-0.511) and moderate in Cohort 2 (Cohen kappa = 0.447; 95% CI = 0.247-0.646). The HEDIS misclassified persistent asthma by 16.4% (95% CI: 11.5-21.2%) and 11.8% (95% CI: 6.8-16.7%) in Cohorts 1 and 2, respectively. NHLBI and HEDIS criteria show fair to moderate agreement; however, the HEDIS consistently misclassified persistent asthma, suggesting that it is a poor measure of practice performance.

Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Seizure Recurrence After a First Unprovoked Seizure in 815 Neurologically and Developmentally Normal Children.

Limited data exist for health care providers regarding seizure recurrence after a first unprovoked seizure in previously neurologically and developmentally normal children. A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to assess seizure recurrence after a first unprovoked seizure by performing an electronic search in PubMed, Embase, and Scopus. Six studies from 2817 met the inclusion criteria. The sample size consisted of 815 neurologically and developmentally normal children (1 month-17.5 years) on no antiepileptic drugs. This systematic review and meta-analysis estimated a recurrence rate within 3 years of 45% (95% CI: 37%, 60%). This estimate provides a touchstone for health care providers who are managing this particular population of children.

Continuous Glucose Monitoring Versus Usual Care in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Receiving Multiple Daily Insulin Injections: A Randomized Trial.

Background: Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM), which studies have shown is beneficial for adults with type 1 diabetes, has not been well-evaluated in those with type 2 diabetes receiving insulin. Objective: To determine the effectiveness of CGM in adults with type 2 diabetes receiving multiple daily injections of insulin. Design: Randomized clinical trial. (The protocol also included a type 1 diabetes cohort in a parallel trial and subsequent second trial.) (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02282397). Setting: 25 endocrinology practices in North America. Patients: 158 adults who had had type 2 diabetes for a median of 17 years (interquartile range, 11 to 23 years). Participants were aged 35 to 79 years (mean, 60 years [SD, 10]), were receiving multiple daily injections of insulin, and had hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels of 7.5% to 9.9% (mean, 8.5%). Intervention: Random assignment to CGM (n = 79) or usual care (control group, n = 79). Measurements: The primary outcome was HbA1c reduction at 24 weeks. Results: Mean HbA1c levels decreased to 7.7% in the CGM group and 8.0% in the control group at 24 weeks (adjusted difference in mean change, -0.3% [95% CI, -0.5% to 0.0%]; P = 0.022). The groups did not differ meaningfully in CGM-measured hypoglycemia or quality-of-life outcomes. The CGM group averaged 6.7 days (SD, 0.9) of CGM use per week. Limitation: 6-month follow-up. Conclusion: A high percentage of adults who received multiple daily insulin injections for type 2 diabetes used CGM on a daily or near-daily basis for 24 weeks and had improved glycemic control. Because few insulin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes currently use CGM, these results support an additional management method that may benefit these patients. Primary Funding Source: Dexcom.

Factors Associated With Infant Bed-Sharing.

Objective: Bed-sharing is associated with sudden infant death syndrome and accidental suffocation and strangulation in bed. The purpose of this study was to identify risk factors for newborn bed-sharing. Methods: Postpartum mothers from a university maternity service were contacted by phone to complete a survey. Demographic and environmental data were collected; newborn bed-sharing and sleep environment were self-reported. Results: A total of 1261 mothers completed surveys; bed-sharing was reported by 79 mothers (6.3%). Multivariate logistic regression identified referral to a nurse (odds ratio [OR] = 10; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 4.5-30) and sleep location "other" than a crib, bassinet, or Pack and Play (OR = 7.1; 95% CI = 1.9-25.9) as factors associated with an increased risk of bed-sharing; formula feeding (OR = 0.4; 95% CI = 0.20-0.77) and crib sleeping (OR = 0.49; 95% CI = 0.26-0.86) reduced this risk. Conclusion: Infants with no identifiable places to sleep, significant health issues, and who are breastfed are more likely to bed-share. Interventional studies should be directed at these factors.