Antimicrobial activity of phytofabricated silver nanoparticles using Carica papaya L. against Gram-negative bacteria.

Background and Aim: Antibiotic resistance, especially in Gram-negative bacteria, is a major public health risk affecting all industries requiring the use of antibiotics, including agriculture and animal breeding. This study aimed to use papaya extracts to synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and evaluate their antimicrobial activity against various Gram-negative bacteria. Materials and Methods: Silver nanoparticles were synthesized from the aqueous extracts of papaya seed, root, and bark, with AgNO3 used as a reducing agent. The phytofabricated AgNPs were analyzed by ultraviolet-visible absorbance, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and photon cross-correlation spectroscopy (PCCS). The disc-diffusion method was used to perform antibacterial analysis, and the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentrations were determined. We also investigated the antibiofilm activity of AgNPs and attempted to elucidate the potential mechanism of action on Escherichia coli ATCC 25922. Results: Phytofabrication of AgNPs was successful with papaya root (PR-AgNPs) and papaya seed (PS-AgNPs), but not with papaya bark. Silver nanoparticles using papaya root and PS-AgNPs were both cubic and showed maximum absorbances of 2.6 and 0.3 AUs at 411.6 and 416.8 nm wavelengths and average hydrodynamic diameters X50 of 59.46 ± 7.03 and 66.57 ± 8.89 nm, respectively. The Ag in both AgNPs was confirmed by X-ray fluorescence by a distinctive peak in the spectrum at the silver Kα line of 22.105 keV. Both AgNPs exhibited broad-spectrum antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity against all Gram-negative bacteria, and PR-AgNPs were slightly better than AgNPs-PS. The MIC ranged from 16 µg/mL-128 µg/mL and 16 µg/mL-64 µg/mL, respectively, for PS-AgNPs and PR-AgNPs. The elucidation of the mechanism of action revealed interference with E. coli ATCC 25922 growth kinetics and inhibition of H+-ATPase proton pumps. Conclusion: Papaya seed and root extracts were efficient reducing agents for the biogenic synthesis of AgNPs, with noteworthy antibacterial and antibiofilm activities. Future studies should be conducted to identify the phytochemicals and the mechanism involved in AgNPs synthesis.

Antifungal activity of silver nanoparticles prepared using Aloe vera extract against Candida albicans.

Background and Aim: Resistance to antifungal agents is a serious public health concern that has not been investigated enough because most studies on antimicrobials are dedicated to antibacterial resistance. This study aimed to synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Aloe vera extract, and to assess its antifungal activity against Candida albicans. Materials and Methods: Silver nanoparticles were synthesized by reducing Ag nitrate with aqueous A. vera extracts. Physicochemical properties of synthesized AgNPs were determined by ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry, photon cross-correlation spectroscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, X-ray diffraction analysis, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. An antifungal investigation was performed against four clinical C. albicans (C1, C2, C3, and C4) and a reference strain, C. albicans ATCC 10321. Results: Cubic AgNPs with a mean X50 hydrodynamic diameter of 80.31 ± 10.03 nm were successfully synthesized. These AgNPs exhibited maximum absorbance at 429.83 nm, and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) confirmed the presence of Ag in AgNPs solution by a characteristic peak in the spectrum at the Ag Kα line of 22.105 keV. Infrared spectra for AgNPs and A. vera extract indicated that the compounds present in the extract play an essential role in the coating/capping of synthesized AgNPs. Different concentrations (200, 100, 50, 25, 10, and 5 µg/mL) of AgNPs were tested. The antifungal activity was shown to be dose-dependent with inhibition zones ranging from 10 mm to 22 mm against C. albicans ATCC 10231, 0 mm to 15 mm against C1, 0 mm to 16 mm against C2 and C3, and 0 mm to 14 mm for C4. Minimum inhibitory concentration ranged from 16 µg/mL to 32 µg/mL against clinical C. albicans (C1, C2, C3, and C4) and was 4 µg/mL against C. albicans ATCC 10231. Conclusion: This study showed the ability of A. vera to serve as an efficient reducing agent for the biogenic synthesis of AgNPs with excellent antifungal activity.

Antimicrobial and Antibiotic-Resistance Reversal Activity of Some Medicinal Plants from Cameroon against Selected Resistant and Non-Resistant Uropathogenic Bacteria.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Antibiotics' resistance is the leading cause of complications in the treatment of urinary tract infections. This study aimed to screen the antimicrobial potential of 8 plants from Cameroon against multi-resistant uropathogenic (MRU) bacteria and to investigate their antibioresistance reversal properties. METHOD: Bioactive compounds were extracted from leaves of Leucanthemum vulgare, Cymbopogon citratus, Moringa oleifera and Vernonia amygdalina; barks of Cinchona officinalis and Enantia chlorantha barks and seeds of Garcinia lucida and leaves and seeds of Azadirachta indica using water and ethanol as solvents. The extracts were tested against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 and Candida albicans 10231 using the well diffusion and the broth microdilution methods. The antibiotic-resistance reversal activity was assessed against selected MRU bacteria. The phytochemical composition and the elemental composition of the most active extracts were assessed respectively using HPLC-MS/MS and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry. RESULTS: Among the most active plants, in decreasing order of antimicrobial activity we found ethanolic (EE) and aqueous extracts (AE) of E. chloranta bark (ECB), EE of L. vulgare leaves and G. lucida seeds. The best synergies between common antibiotics and extracts were found with EE-ECB which well-modulated kanamycin nitrofurantoin and ampicillin. All the compounds identified in EE-ECB were alkaloids and the major constituents were palmatine (51.63%), columbamine+7,8-dihydro-8-hydroxypalmatine (19.21%), jatrorrhizine (11.02%) and pseudocolumbamine (6.33%). Among the minerals found in EE-ECB (S, Si, Cl, K, Ca, Mn, Fe, Zn and Br), Br, Fe and Cl were the most abundant with mean fluorescence intensities of 4.6529, 3.4854 and 2.5942 cps/uA respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The ethanol extract of the bark of E. chlorantha has remarkable, broad-spectrum antimicrobial and contains several palmatine derivatives.

In vitro antimicrobial activity, antibioresistance reversal properties, and toxicity screen of ethanolic extracts of Heracleum mantegazzianum Sommier and Levier (giant hogweed), Centaurea jacea L. (brown knapweed), and Chenopodium album L. (Pigweed): Three invasive plants.

Background: Plants, including invasive ones, can play a significant role in the fight against antibiotic resistance and the search for new antimicrobials. Aims: The present study aimed at assessing the antimicrobial activity, antibioresistance reversal properties, and toxicity of four samples from invasive plants, namely, Heracleum mantegazzianum (leaves and flowers), Chenopodium album (leaves), and Centaurea jacea (flowers). Methods: The extraction of active compounds was done with ethanol (80%, v/v) and the extraction yields were calculated. Antimicrobial activity was studied using the agar-well diffusion method against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, and Candida albicans ATCC 10231. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) were determined using the mircodilution method. The antibioresistance reversal properties were assessed using the checkerboard method and the toxicity of the extracts was studied using the larval form of the Greater Wax Moth (Galleria mellonella). Results: The mass yields were 11.9, 15.0, 18.2, and 21.5, respectively, for C. jacea flower (CJF), H. mantegazzianum flower (HMF), H. mantegazzianum leaf (HML), and C. album leaf (CAL). The highest inhibition diameters (ID) were found with HMF, CAL, CJF, and HML against S. aureus with 26.6, 21.6, 21.0, and 20.0 mm, respectively. Only CJF and HMF were active against E. coli with respective ID of 15.3 and 19.0 mm. Except HMF (ID = 13.6 ± 2.0 mm), no other extract was active against C. albicans. Moreover, HMF exhibited the lowest MIC (0.5 mg/ml) and the lowest MBC (1 and 4 mg/ml) against both S. aureus and E. coli. Regarding the synergy test, an additional effect [0.5 ≤ fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) ≤ 1] was found in almost all the combinations antibiotics + extracts excepted for HMF + (Kanamycin or Ampicillin) against S. aureus and CJF + Ampicillin against E. coli where we found synergy effect (FIC ≤0.5). The median lethal doses (LD50s) of HMF, HML, CAL, and CJF were 20.2, 0.58, 13.2, and 4.0 mg/ml, respectively. Conclusion: Only the ethanolic extract of HMFs showed noteworthy broad spectrum antimicrobial activity.

The public health issue of antibiotic residues in food and feed: Causes, consequences, and potential solutions.

Antibiotics are among the essential veterinary medicine compounds associated with animal feed and food animal production. The use of antibiotics for the treatment of bacterial infections is almost unavoidable, with less need to demonstrate their importance. Although banned as a growth factor for a few years, their use in animals can add residues in foodstuffs, presenting several environmental, technological, animal health, and consumer health risks. With regard to human health risks, antibiotic residues induce and accelerate antibiotic resistance development, promote the transfer of antibiotic-resistant bacteria to humans, cause allergies (penicillin), and induce other severe pathologies, such as cancers (sulfamethazine, oxytetracycline, and furazolidone), anaphylactic shock, nephropathy (gentamicin), bone marrow toxicity, mutagenic effects, and reproductive disorders (chloramphenicol). Antibiotic resistance, which has excessively increased over the years, is one of the adverse consequences of this phenomenon, constituting a severe public health issue, thus requiring the regulation of antibiotics in all areas, including animal breeding. This review discusses the common use of antibiotics in agriculture and antibiotic residues in food/feed. In-depth, we discussed the detection techniques of antibiotic residues, potential consequences on the environment and animal health, the technological transformation processes and impacts on consumer health, and recommendations to mitigate this situation.

Galleria mellonella (greater wax moth) as an eco-friendly in vivo approach for the assessment of the acute toxicity of medicinal plants: Application to some plants from Cameroon.

BACKGROUND: The evaluation of medicinal plants' toxicity is a prerequisite prior to their usage. The vertebrate models used for this purpose are often the object of ethical consideration. Though invertebrate models including Galleria mellonella (GM) have demonstrated the ability to be used to assess the toxicity of various products. To the authors' knowledge, GM has never been exploited to determine the toxicity of medicinal plants. AIM: The aim of this study was to demonstrate the potential of GM larvae as a simple, inexpensive, and rapid model for the evaluation of the toxicity of herbal medicines. METHOD: In this study, the toxicity of aqueous and ethanolic (80%, v/v) extracts of seven well known plants from Cameroon namely leaves of Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf, Moringa oleifera Lam and Vernonia amygdalina Delile; barks of Cinchona officinalis and Enantia chlorantha Oliv; barks and seeds of Garcinia lucida Vesque and leaves and seeds of Azadirachta indica (Neem) was evaluated using the larval form of GM. The median lethal doses (LD50), 90% (LD90), and 100% (LD100) were determined using the spline cubic survival curves and equations from the data obtained on the survival rate of GM 24 hours after the injection with the extracts. RESULTS: We found that distilled water extracted a more important mass of phytochemical compounds (7.4%-21.2%) compared to ethanolic solution (5.8%-12.4%). LD varied depending on the plant materials and ethanolic extracts (hydroalcoholic extract, (HAE)) were more toxic to GM than aqueous ones. The LD50 (mg/ml) of the tested extracts varied from 4.87 [3.90 g/kg body weight (bw)] to >200 (> 166.67 g/kg bw), the LD90 (mg/ml) from 25.00 (18.52 g/kg bw) to >200 (> 181.82 g/kg bw) and LD100 (mg/ml) from 45.00 (40.91 g/kg bw) to > 200 (>181.82 g/kg bw). The HAE of A. indica seed and C. officinalis bark exhibited the highest toxicity with LD50 (g/kg bw) of 3.90 and 4.81, respectively. CONCLUSION: The results obtained in this study suggest that GM can be used as a sensitive, reliable, and robust eco-friendly model to gauge the toxicity of medicinal plants. Thus, avoid the sacrifice of vertebrate models often used for this purpose to limit ethical concerns.