APPLICATION OF HYPOXIC TRAINING IN ELDERLY PATIENT WITH CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE: IMPACT ON THE STATE OF MICROCIRCULATION.

The aim of the study is to determine the effectiveness of the hypoxic training on microcirculation and the duration of preservation of the therapeutic effect in elderly patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. 47 patients with COPD at the age of 60-74 years were examined. All examined patients with COPD were divided into two groups: the main group (29 people), which received real hypoxic training, and the control group (18 people), which received simulated training. The state of cutaneous microcirculation and endothelial function were evaluated using a sample with reactive hyperemia. The studies were performed in the initial state (before training), immediately after, one month and three months after the course application of training. Due to hypoxic training in elderly patients with COPD, microcirculation and endothelial function improved, which persisted for a month. A correlation was established between increased blood saturation and improved microcirculation and endothelial function both immediately and a month after the application of hypoxic training in elderly patients with COPD. The state of microcirculation and endothelial function in patients with COPD did not depend on their resistance to hypoxia. But resistance to hypoxia determined the effectiveness of the effects of hypoxic training. In patients with reduced resistance to hypoxia, the therapeutic effect of hypoxic training was less significant and short-lived compared.

[Molecular-genetic characterization of Avian avulavirus 20 strains isolated from wild birds.]

INTRODUCTION: Previously unknown paramyxovirus strains were isolated from wild birds in 2013-2014 in Kazakhstan and subsequently identified as representatives of the novel Avian avulavirus 20 species. The aims and tasks were molecular genetic characterization of novel avulaviruses and investigation of their phylogenetic relationships. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Embryonated chicken eggs were inoculated with cloacal and tracheal swabs from wild birds with subsequent virus isolation. The complete nucleotide sequences of viral genomes were obtained by massive parallel sequencing with subsequent bioinformatics processing. RESULTS: By initial infection of chicken embryos with samples from 179 wild birds belonging to the Anatidae, Laridae, Scolopacidae and Charadriidae families, 19 hemagglutinating agents were isolated, and five of them were identified as representatives of new viral species. The study of their sequenced genomes revealed their similarity in size, but there was a significant genetic variability within the species. 2,640 nucleotide substitutions were identified and 273 of them were nonsynonymous, influencing the protein structure of viruses. It was shown that isolates Avian avulavirus 20/black-headed gull/Balkhash/5844/2013 and Avian avulavirus 20 /great black-headed gull/Atyrau/5541/2013 were 86% and 95% respectively identical to the previously described reference strain, indicating a significant evolutionary divergence within species. DISCUSSION: The authors suggest the existence of two independent lineages - the Caspian, represented by the reference strain Aktau/5976 and Atyrau/5541, as well as the second, geographically significantly distant Balkhash lineage. CONCLUSION: The study confirms the role of the birds of the Laridae family as the main reservoir of Avian avulavirus 20 in the avifauna that plays a key role in maintaining viruses of the genus Avulavirus in the biosphere and is a potential natural source for the emergence of new viral variants. Continuous surveillance of them in the wild is one of the most important tasks in ensuring the safety of the poultry industry.

Next-generation sequencing of five new avian paramyxoviruses 8 isolates from Kazakhstan indicates a low genetic evolution rate over four decades.

Five avian paramyxoviruses of serotype 8 (APMV-8) were isolated during a study monitoring wild birds in Kazakhstan in 2013 and each was further characterized. The viruses were isolated from three White-fronted geese (Anser albifrons), one Whooper swan (Cygnus cygnus), and one Little stint (Calidris minuta). Before our study, only two complete APMV-8 sequences had been reported worldwide since their discovery in the USA and Japan in the 1970s. We report the complete genome sequences of the newly detected viruses and analyze the genetic evolution of the APMV-8 viruses over four decades.

Monitoring of influenza A viruses in wild bird populations in Kazakhstan in 2002-2009.

A comprehensive influenza virus monitoring study of wild birds was carried out at important flyway resting places and wintering sites in Kazakhstan over eight years. More than 3200 birds belonging to 155 species were sampled. Nearly three-fourths of the birds belonged to the orders Anseriformes and Charadriiformes. In total, 118 hemagglutinating agents were isolated, and 95 of them were identified as influenza A viruses. The influenza viruses comprised eight different subtypes with a high prevalence of H13 and H3 viruses and also included low-pathogenic H5 viruses. The vast majority of the H13 viruses were isolated from members of the family Laridae, whereas the H3 viruses mostly originated from members of the family Anatidae, both in concordance with other monitoring studies. All virus isolates were recovered from cloacal swabs or fecal samples only. The influenza viruses were identified mainly in wetlands north of the Caspian Sea. These findings should be integrated in the design of further wild-bird-monitoring activities.

Complete Genome Sequence of a Novel Avian Paramyxovirus (APMV-13) Isolated from a Wild Bird in Kazakhstan.

A novel avian paramyxovirus was identified during annual viral surveillance of wild bird populations in Kazakhstan in 2013. The virus was isolated from a white fronted goose (Anser albifrons) in northern Kazakhstan. Here, we report the complete genome sequence of the isolate, which we suggest should constitute a novel serotype.

Continuing evolution of equine influenza virus in Central Asia, 2007-2012.

Equine influenza (EI) continues to be an important respiratory pathogen of horses worldwide. Since 2007 several outbreaks of EI have occurred in Central Asian countries, including Kazakhstan, western Mongolia, India and western China. Phylogenetic analysis showed that two H3N8 equine influenza virus (EIV) isolates from Kazakhstan, A/equine/Almaty/26/2007 and A/equine/South Kazakhstan/236/12, were related to Florida sublineage 2, with high similarity to EIVs circulating in the same period in neighbouring countries. New outbreaks of EI during 2011 and 2012 in Kazakhstan and other Central Asian countries were caused by viruses of the same lineage. Genetic characterization of the viruses showed formation of a small EIV cluster with specific genetic signatures and continued evolution of this lineage in Central Asia between 2007 and 2012. The main genetic changes were observed in hemagglutinin gene without any antigenic drift. Although no vaccination policy was carried out in Kazakhstan, application of Florida clade 2-based vaccines is recommended.

[Effective stabilizer for preparing antibody erythrocyte diagnostic agents for influenza A and B viruses]. / Effektivnyi stabilizator dlia prigotovleniia antitel'nykh éritrotsitarnykh diagnostikumov k virusa grippa A i B.

A method for preparation of erythrocyte antibody diagnosticums capable of differentiating in PHA test the type and subtype appurtenance of influenza virus strains was developed on the basis of amidol sensitization of erythrocytes with immunoglobulin preparations and the use as a stabilizing agent of nonionic detergent triton X-100. The method is simple, highly sensitive, reproducible, and may be used at virological laboratories of practical health institutions.

[Erythrocyte antibody diagnostic agents for determining the type and subtype of influenza viruses]. / Antitel'nye éritrotsitarnye diagnostikumy dlia opredeleniia tipovoi i podtipovoi prinadlezhnosti virusov grippa.

The method of antibody sensitization of sheep erythrocyte using amidole was employed to prepare diagnosticums for influenza A/USSR/090/77 (H1N1), A/Bangkok/1/79 (H3N2), and B/Hong Kong/75 viruses. Comparison of the potency of diagnosticums obtained on the basis of hyperimmune influenza sera and immunoglobulin preparations demonstrated that the use of globulins isolated with ammonium sulphate, by gel filtration on Sephadex G-200, and ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose 32 gives a higher sensitivity of the HI test than that obtained with sera and Fab-2 fragments of antibodies. The diagnosticums produced by the amidole method show higher specificity and facilitate the determination of the type and subtype appurtenance of epidemic and inter-epidemic influenza virus strains. In determinations of hemagglutinin the sensitivity of HI test with subtype homologous antibody diagnosticum was 2-8 times higher than that of HA test.

[Quantitative indices and physico-chemical properties of non-specific inhibitors of influenza A virus hemagglutination in the sera of different species of animals and birds]. / Kolichestvennye pokazateli i fiziko-khimicheskie svoistva nespetsificheskikh ingibitorov gemaggliutinatsii virusov grippa A v syvorotkakh razlichnykh vidov zhivotnykh i ptits.

The results of studies of the quantitative values of nonspecific antihemagglutinins of influenza viruses in the sera of birds, laboratory, wild and domestic animals (altogether 27 species) are presented. The antiviral inhibitors characterized by a number of physicochemical properties (sensitivity to heating, KIO4, trypsin, rivanol, 2-mercaptoethanol) were divided into 3 groups, sera of sheep, goats and cattle making up a separate group with regard to their sensitivity to heating and treatment with KIO4. Studies using molecular screen chromatography demonstrated the nonspecific inhibitors present in bovine sera to be heterogenous both in type (thermolabile and thermostable) and in the molecular composition. Alongside with thermolabile inhibitors of macroglobulin nature, thermostabe 19S and 4S inhibitors were identified.