Frequency of C3435T polymorphism of MDR1 gene in African people.

The variability of P-glycoprotein expression between individuals is linked to a C3435T polymorphism of the human MDR1 gene. Concentration of P-glycoprotein in intestinal epithelial cells and in a subset of lymphoid cells is substantially lower in people with the T/T genotype than those with the C/C genotype. We compared allele frequencies of the C3435T polymorphism in random samples of west African, African American, white, and Japanese people. We recorded a significantly higher frequency of the C/C genotype in West Africans and African Americans (142 of 172 [83%] and 25 of 41 [61%], respectively), than in white people (139 of 537 [26%]) (p<0.0001). These findings could affect use of drugs that are P-glycoprotein substrates (such as HIV-1 protease inhibitors and ciclosporin) in African populations.

Analysis of the CYP2D6 gene mutations and their consequences for enzyme function in a West African population.

The data on differences in the metabolic handling of the CYP2D6 probe drugs sparteine and debrisoquine, and the relationship between phenotype and genotype and gene frequencies for several mutant CYP2D6 alleles in African populations are limited and sometimes controversial. Therefore, in a West African population (Ghana), we investigated (i) the phenotype for sparteine debrisoquine by phenotyping 201 individuals with both drugs and (iii) the genotype for CYP2D6 (n = 326) and debrisoquine (n = 201) oxidation, (ii) the coregulatory control of sparteine and alleles *3 and *4 in 133 individuals and for the alleles *1, *2, *3, *4, *5, *6, *7, *8, *9, *10, *14, *16, *17, *2b, *2xN, *2bxN in 193 individuals. Of the 326 individuals phenotyped with sparteine, eight had a metabolic ratio (MR)sp > 20 corresponding to a poor metabolizer frequency of 2.5% [95% (confidence interval) CI = 1.06-4.77]. The prevalence of the poor metabolizer phenotype for debrisoquine oxidation was 3% (95% CI = 1.1-6.39) with six of the 201 individuals having a MR greater than 12.6. The distribution of the MR of sparteine was trimodal whereas MR of debrisoquine was unimodally distributed with a pronounced kurtosis. In individuals phenotyped with both drugs, there was a significant correlation between the MRs (r(s) = 0.63, P < 0.001). The CYP2D6 alleles *1, *2 and *17 were the most common functional alleles occurring with frequencies of 43.7, 10.6 and 27.7%, respectively. The three other observed functional alleles *2xN, *10 and *20 had much lower frequencies (1.6%, 3.1% and 0.3%, respectively). Of the eight non-functional alleles, only *4 (6.3%) and *5 (6.0%) could be found. The allele *5 occurred with the same frequency as in Caucasian populations (4.1%) but the *4 allele had a much lower frequency (Caucasians 19.5%). One individual with *1/*1 was a poor metabolizer for sparteine and debrisoquine indicating the existence of as yet unknown non-functional alleles in this West African population. Although the prevalence of poor metabolizers and the number of heterozygotes for non-functional alleles was much lower in Ghanaians, the median MRsp of 0.7 was significantly higher in this population compared with a median MRsp of 0.4 in Caucasians, indicating a lower metabolic clearance for CYP2D6 substrates in the West Africans. The lower metabolic activity in Ghanaians could not be explained solely by the high frequency of the *17 allele, which is associated with an impairment of CYP2D6 enzyme function. In addition, a higher median MRsp of 0.5 corresponding to metabolic clearance of 346 ml/min was observed among extensive metabolizers with the genotype *1/*1. Thus, compared with the median of MRsp = 0.28 (CLmet 573 ml/min) in Caucasians homozygous for *1, the metabolic clearance of sparteine was 40% lower on average in respective Ghanaians.