The journey of Radiology in Ethiopia.

The practice of radiology began after the invention of X-rays in 1895 which then spread to different parts of the world. There is no documentation on how and when the x-ray was introduced to the Ethiopian medical practice. However, radiology as a profession was in place for the last four decades. Similar with the experience in other countries, the history of progress in the field of radiology in the Ethiopian setup is related directly to technological advances that occurred during the past few decades. Radiography was the main modality used in the first two decades. In the early years of the initiation of radiology training, only radiographs and ultrasounds were available for training and service. In the subsequent years, modern cross-sectional imaging equipment was introduced. This was mainly accomplished with the involvement of the private institutions which played a significant role. So far, there are more than 300 practicing radiologists as diagnosticians. Recently, also radiologic interventions were also introduced with the commencement of subspecialty training.

Health System Responsiveness for HIV/AIDS Treatment and Care Services in Shewarobit, North Shewa Zone, Ethiopia.

PURPOSE: Health System Responsiveness is the key objective of the health system used to fulfil patients' universal legitimate expectations. However, the health system's responsiveness to HIV/AIDS was not assessed in Ethiopia. Therefore, this study aimed at assessing the health system responsiveness of HIV/AIDS treatment and care services and associated factors in the public health facilities of Shewarobit town, Ethiopia. PATIENTS AND METHODS: An institution-based cross-sectional study was employed from 15 February to 15 April 2020 in the public health facilities of Shewarobit town. The data were collected among 416 randomly selected Anti-Retroviral Therapy (ART) users using an interviewer-administered questionnaire. Responsiveness was measured using 27 Likert scale questions across seven responsiveness domains. A binary logistic regression model was fitted. A p-value of less than 0.05 and AOR with a 95% confidence interval (CI) was used to declare the associated factors in the final multivariable logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: The overall health system responsiveness was 55.3% (95% CI: 50.6-59.8). High performance of responsiveness was found on confidentiality, respect, and communication domains, whereas poor responsiveness was achieved in prompt attention and choice domains. Participants aged 50+ years (AOR:2.48, 95% CI, 1.12-5.54), perceived good health (AOR: 3.10, 95% CI: 1.75-5.48), patients' satisfaction with care (AOR: 2.98, 95% CI: 1.35-6.54) and history of visiting traditional healers (AOR: 2.50, 95% CI:1.51-4.17) were factors associated with health system responsiveness of HIV/AIDS treatment and care services in the study area. CONCLUSIONS: Unacceptable responsive performance was found in choice and prompt attention domains. Participants' age, perceived health status, history of visiting traditional healers, and patient satisfaction were factors that affect responsiveness in the study area. Thus, providing training, frequent supportive supervision, improving community awareness, and incorporating traditional healers in the modern health system would enhance the health system responsiveness in Ethiopia.

Assessment of Major Causes of Calf Mortality in Urban and Periurban Dairy Production System of Ethiopia.

A cross-sectional calf mortality study was conducted in urban and periurban dairy farms in Addis Ababa, special zones of Oromia and Amhara regions in July and August 2015. The objectives of the study were to estimate the annual mortality and to assess the major causes of calf mortality in the dairy farms. One-year retrospective data on calf mortality were collected from 330 farms by face-to-face interview using the pretested and structured questionnaire format and direct observation of farm practices. A logistic regression analysis was performed in order to identify the predictor variables associated with early calf mortality. Data were analysed using Statistical Package, Stata SE for Windows, version 12.0. The annual mean calf mortality from birth-to-weaning was reported as 18.5% (95% CI: 12.6, 24.3%). The prenatal loss due to fetal death and stillbirth was 10.1% (95% CI: 6.7, 13.6%). The overall annual loss due to fetal death and calf preweaning mortality was 26.7% (95% CI: 21.2, 32.2%). Age-specific mortality declined with increased age, and the highest mortality was recorded during the first month of life extending up to the third month of age. Disease was the most important causes of calf mortality (73.2%). Among the diseases, diarrhea (63%) and respiratory disorders (17%) were the important causes of calf mortality. Malpractices in calf management were identified, including restricted colostrum and milk feeding, poor care and supplemental feeding, and poor health management. Interventions in dairy cattle health and farm husbandry are recommended to control calf mortality.

CT and clinical correlation of stroke diagnosis, pattern and clinical outcome among stroke patients visting Tikur Anbessa Hospital.

BACKGROUND: Stroke is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality and the most common neurological reason for hospitalizations world wide. Though stroke diagnosis is clinical, it is inaccurate in 10-15% of the cases and hence cross-sectional imaging, like CT and MRI, are necessary for accurate etiological diagnosis and advertent clinical management, and to rule out stroke mimics. OBJECTIVE: To assess the CT and clinical pattern of stroke, their correlation, presentation, outcome, and risk factors of strokes in a teaching hospital setup. METHODS: Retrospective chart review of clinically and CT diagnosed stroke patients diagnosed between January 2000 and March 2005 in Tikur Anbessa tertiary referral and teaching hospital. RESULTS: Stroke accounted for 5% of all head CT indications done. Out of the eligible study population 55.7% were male with female to male ratio of 1.3:1. The mean age of the patients was 50.6 year (range 13-82). The main clinical presentation was hemi paresis (77.1%) and 20.8% were comatose with mean Glasgow coma scale of 5.7 +/- 2.8, stroke mortality was 21% and 31% had persistent neurological deficit. Clinical diagnosis was inaccurate in 30% of the patients, with low etiogical agreement between CT and clinical stroke subtypes diagnosis (Kappa = .334, 95CI .194-.474). On CT 54.8% patients had ischemic and 34.6% had hemorrhagic stroke diagnosis. The main risk factors were hypertension (52%) and Diabetes mellitus (26%). The mean duration of illness before CT diagnosis was 22 days (range 1 hr-360 days). CONCLUSION: Stroke is not uncommon in our setting and associated with significant morbidity and mortality compounded by delayed diagnosis and possibly by less accurate etiological and clinical diagnosis. Therefore introduction and dissemination of CT service in public and private health institution should be encouraged.