Rethinking HDL-C: An In-Depth Narrative Review of Its Role in Cardiovascular Health.

The interplay between HDL-C and LDL levels are closely intertwined with the cardiovascular system. High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL-C) is a well-known biomarker traditionally being interpreted as higher the HDL-C levels, minimal the risk of adverse cardiovascular disease (CVD) outcomes. However, recent research has unveiled a more complex relationship between HDL-C levels and cardiovascular outcomes, including genetic influences and potential risks associated with extremely high HDL-C levels. Intriguingly, extremely high HDL-C levels have been linked to unexpected cardiovascular risks. Up To date research suggests that individuals with genetically linked ultra-high HDL-C levels may depict an increased susceptibility to CVD, challenging the conventional realm that higher HDL-C is always beneficial. The mechanisms underlying this mystery are not fully understood but may involve HDL particle functionality and composition. In a nutshell, the relationship between HDL-C levels and cardiovascular outcomes is multifactorial. While low HDL-C remains a recognized risk factor for CVD, the genetic determinants of HDL-C levels add complexity to this association. Furthermore, extremely high HDL-C levels may not exhibit the expected protective benefits and may even pose unprecedented cardiovascular risks. A comprehensive understanding of these dynamics is essential for advancing our knowledge of CVD risk assessment and developing targeted therapeutic interventions. Further studies are needed to unravel the intricacies of HDL-C's role in cardiovascular health and disease.

Libman-Sacks Endocarditis With Triple Valvular Involvement.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a systemic inflammatory autoimmune disease with a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations. Libman-Sacks endocarditis (LSE) is due to sterile vegetations that arise in association with SLE. Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis, also known as marantic endocarditis, Libman-Sacks endocarditis, and verrucous endocarditis, is linked to a number of illnesses, the most prevalent of which is advanced cancer. Most often, the surfaces of mitral and aortic valves are involved. However, the involvement of the tricuspid valve is possible and is rarely described in the literature. We present a case of a 25-year-old female who presented with LSE, lupus nephritis, and pulmonary involvement secondary to SLE. On detailed exploration, she was found to have SLE with lupus nephritis and pulmonary hypertension secondary to valvular involvement. Through this case, we would like to elaborate on the course of SLE with triple valvular involvement.