Coping with weight stigma: Validation of the Persian brief coping responses inventory with Iranian adolescents sample.

Individuals who are overweight or obese encounter frequent weight-related stigma experiences, which are associated with negative health outcomes. In this regard, the Brief Coping Responses Inventory (BCRI) was developed as a measure of core coping responses to weight stigma, with 10 items loading on two subscales of reappraisal and Disengagement coping. The current study aimed to examine the psychometric properties of the Persian BCRI with 253 Iranian school-attending youth (Mage = 15.38, SD ± 0.50; 53% female) who had BMI score over 30. The results of the confirmatory factor analysis supported the originally proposed two-factor model (RMSEA = 0.028; CFI = 0.996; TLI = 0.994), which yielded acceptable internal consistency based on various reliability measures such as Cronbach's alpha coefficients (0.79 and 0.88 for reappraisal and disengagement factors, respectively) and demonstrated the expected convergent and divergent associations with external correlates of interest (e.g., anxiety, depression, and body dissatisfaction scores). This study was also the first one worldwide to examine and report that the originally proposed two-factor model of the BCRI is invariant across gender groups, which allows for examining mean differences in BCRI scores across gender groups. Overall, our results indicated that the BCRI is a valid and reliable measure with a solid factor structure, which could be used to examine the coping reactions to weigh related stigma experiences among youth samples in Iran. Our results may encourage future studies on the psychometrics of the BCRI with other Iranian samples (e.g., university students, community, and clinical samples).

Comparison of the effectiveness of online supportive parenting intervention (SPACE) and timid to tiger program (FTTT) on childhood anxiety disorders and family accommodation with samples of Iranian parents.

Studies have supported the effectiveness of the From Timid to a Tiger (FTTT) and Supportive Parenting for Anxious Childhood Emotions (SPACE) program in reducing childhood anxiety. This study is the first to compare the effectiveness of the two programs in the treatment of childhood anxiety disorder and reducing family accommodations levels. Parents of children aged 6 to 9 (n = 49, 49% boys) were randomly allocated to either FTTT (n 26) or SPACE (n = 23) groups, and each attended ten online sessions following the manuals of the interventions. Throughout the study, 9 participants dropped out, resulting in a total of 49 participants, and we performed statistical analyses based on data from these 49 participants. The assessment took place pre- and post-treatment and at a ten-week follow-up on parent-rated child anxiety and family accommodation measures. Analyses of variance (repeated measures) and gain scores were conducted to examine the data. The results indicated that both treatments approaches produced significant reductions in outcome measures, and the post-treatment gains of both treatments were maintained at a ten-week follow-up, though when considering the mean differences and effect sizes across the assessment scores and between groups, overall, the FTTT was significantly more effective in reducing child anxiety scores and family accommodation levels. Our results demonstrated that FTTT significantly outperformed the SPACE program in reducing childhood anxiety problems and family accommodation levels.

Study of the effects of cognitive behavioral therapy versus dialectical behavior therapy on executive function and reduction of symptoms in generalized anxiety disorder.

INTRODUCTION: The effects of dialectical behavior therapy on generalized anxiety disorder have not been examined to date, whereas cognitive behavioral therapy is a well-known psychotherapy for generalized anxiety disorder. OBJECTIVES: This study investigated the effects of cognitive behavioral therapy versus dialectical behavior therapy on executive function and reduction of symptoms in generalized anxiety disorder. METHOD: In the present study, 72 generalized anxiety disorder patients were randomly assigned to one of two groups: dialectical behavior therapy or cognitive behavioral therapy. Evaluations were performed at baseline, post-test, and three months after interventions as a follow-up. Measures included the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I disorders, the Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale, the Beck Anxiety Inventory, the Beck Depression Inventory, the Tower of London Task, and the Wisconsin Card Sorting Task.Results: The results of the present study showed that both groups had reduced scores for depression and anxiety and increased scores for executive function after the psychotherapies. These changes were maintained at follow-up. CONCLUSION: Although depression and anxiety symptoms were significantly reduced by cognitive behavioral therapy, dialectical behavior therapy was more effective for improving executive function.

Study of the effects of cognitive behavioral therapy versus dialectical behavior therapy on executive function and reduction of symptoms in generalized anxiety disorder

Abstract Introduction The effects of dialectical behavior therapy on generalized anxiety disorder have not been examined to date, whereas cognitive behavioral therapy is a well-known psychotherapy for generalized anxiety disorder. Objectives This study investigated the effects of cognitive behavioral therapy versus dialectical behavior therapy on executive function and reduction of symptoms in generalized anxiety disorder. Method In the present study, 72 generalized anxiety disorder patients were randomly assigned to one of two groups: dialectical behavior therapy or cognitive behavioral therapy. Evaluations were performed at baseline, post-test, and three months after interventions as a follow-up. Measures included the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I disorders, the Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale, the Beck Anxiety Inventory, the Beck Depression Inventory, the Tower of London Task, and the Wisconsin Card Sorting Task.Results: The results of the present study showed that both groups had reduced scores for depression and anxiety and increased scores for executive function after the psychotherapies. These changes were maintained at follow-up. Conclusion Although depression and anxiety symptoms were significantly reduced by cognitive behavioral therapy, dialectical behavior therapy was more effective for improving executive function.

Beliefs about binge eating: The psychometric properties of the Persian version of the eating beliefs questionnaire.

BACKGROUND: Metacognitive beliefs play an essential role in the maintenance of binge eating behavior. Examining the psychometric properties of tools in societies with different cultures than western societies can help with examining the external validity of those tools. This research aimed at standardization and validation of the Eating Beliefs Questionnaire (EBQ-18) in Iran. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Persian version of the EBQ-18 was produced through forward translation, reconciliation, and back translation. A total of 302 non-WEIRD nonclinical students were selected through convenience sampling method and completed a set of questionnaires, including the EBQ-18, Eating Attitude Test-16 (EAT-16), Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale-16 (DERS-16), Weight Efficacy Lifestyle Questionnaire-Short Form (SF), self-esteem scale, and self-compassion scale (SCS) short-form. The construct validity of the EBQ-18 was assessed using confirmatory factor analysis and divergent and convergent validity. Internal consistency and test-retest reliability (2 weeks' interval) were used to evaluate the reliability. Data analysis was performed using LISREL (version 8.8) and SSPS (version 22) softwares. RESULTS: EBQ-18 and subscales were found to be valid and reliable measures, with high test-retest reliability and good internal consistency in the nonclinical sample. Cronbrash's Alpha coefficient, for the whole of scale, negative beliefs scale, Permissive Beliefs scale, and Positive Beliefs scale were gained. 96.,89.,90, and. 94 respectively. Intraclass correlations coefficient, for the whole of scale, negative beliefs scale, Permissive Beliefs scale, and Positive Beliefs scale were gained. 84.,78.,75, and. 87, respectively. In terms of convergent validity, EBQ-18 and subscales showed a significant positive correlation with selfreport measures of EAT-16 and DERS-16 (P < 0.01). EBQ-18 and subscales showed a negative correlation with self-compassion, self-esteem, and eating self-efficacy, thus demonstrated divergent validity with these constructs (P < 0.01). The results showed that three factors of negative beliefs, positive beliefs, and permissive beliefs had the goodness of fit indices (root mean square error of approximation = 0.08, normed fit index = 0.97, nonnormed fit index = 0.98, comparative fit index = 0.98, and standardized root mean square residual = 0.04). The results of this study support the EBQ-18 three-factor model. CONCLUSION: These findings indicate that the EBQ-18 is a reliable measure of eating beliefs in the Iranian population. In addition, the study supplements the literature on the cross-cultural validity of this measure.

Who Can Provide Spiritual Counseling? A Qualitative Study from Iran.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Given the increased prevalence of mental illnesses in recent years, many therapists and researchers use spiritual counseling (SC), which is one of the spiritual interventions. However, unfortunately, the use of this intervention by the therapists is nonscientific because the ambiguities of this issue are high in the mental health field of Iran. The aim of this study is to survey the following most important challenges: what groups are qualified to provide SC, what kind of knowledge should be known by suitable individuals, who can train spiritual counselors, what they should teach, and what teaching methods should be used. METHODS: The present conventional qualitative content analysis used deep semi-structured interview to collect data from the view of stakeholders. A total of 15 people were selected through purposive sampling. After transcription of the interviews, the data were analyzed based on the Graneheim and Lundman model. RESULTS: Results obtained from data analysis covered five main themes including SC candidates, general conditions, sciences required, SC curriculum, and spiritual counselors' training method. CONCLUSIONS: The present study has answered to the most basic questions in SC scope. Since spiritual services are rooted in our culture and religion, native guidelines should be created for them as soon as possible through conducting similar qualitative researches. Furthermore, it is worth considering teaching and training case in this scope to make spiritual service providers concern about solutions to promote these services.

The Effectiveness of Transdiagnostic Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Comorbid Insomnia: A Case Report.

Objective: Similar cognitive and behavioral factors underlie and perpetuate insomnia and emotional disorders. This brief case report aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the Unified Protocol (UP), a transdiagnostic treatment designed to target emotional disorders in treating comorbid insomnia. Method: The patient was a 32-year-old male, who met the DSM-IV-TR criteria for chronic insomnia, major depressive disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder. After 3 baseline weeks, the patient underwent 14 sessions of UP and was retested after 1-month follow-up. Consensus Sleep Diary (CSD), Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) were completed during baseline, treatment, and follow-up. Results: The treatment led to improvements in sleep onset latency, time awake after sleep onset, terminal awakenings, sleep quality, and insomnia severity. These gains were maintained at 1-month follow-up. Conclusion: UP is effective in improving different symptoms of chronic insomnia. Controlled clinical studies with more cases are required to investigate the effects of UP in the treatment of insomnia.

Reliability, validity, and factorial structure of the World Health Organization-5 Well-Being Index (WHO-5) in Iranian psychiatric outpatients.

INTRODUCTION: The association between psychological well-being and physical and mental health has been shown in the literature. Psychological well-being is a multifaceted concept. The World Health Organization-5 Well-Being Index (WHO-5) is a 5-item instrument used to screen for depression. However, the validity of the WHO-5 has not been investigated in Iranian psychiatric or psychological settings. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the validation of the Farsi version of the WHO-5 in a sample of Iranian psychiatric outpatients. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted with a convenience sample of 116 Iranian volunteer psychiatric outpatients selected from the psychiatric and psychological clinics at the School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health - Tehran Institute of Psychiatry, Iran University of Medical Sciences. Patients completed the WHO-5, the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), the Patient Health Questionnaire-15 (PHQ-15), and the short form of the Beck Depression Inventory-13 (BDI-13). RESULTS: The mean score of the WHO-5 was 8.95 (standard deviation [SD] = 5.49). Cronbach's α for the WHO-5 was 0.91. The WHO-5 negatively correlated with PHQ-9 (-0.358), PHQ-15 (-0.328), and BDI-13 (-0.475), indicating good validity. Factor analysis of the WHO-5 items identified one factor labeled psychological well-being. CONCLUSIONS: The WHO-5 has a single dimensional structure and acceptable psychometric parameters. The results of this study suggest that WHO-5 can be used in a clinical context in Iran.

Treatment of a Patient with Borderline Personality Disorder Based on Phase-Oriented Model of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR): A Case Report.

Objective: This study aimed at reporting the effect of the 3-phase model of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing in the treatment of a patient with borderline personality disorder. Method: A 33-year-old female, who met the DSM-IV-TR criteria for borderline personality disorder, received a 20-session therapy based on the 3-phase model of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing. Borderline Personality Disorder Checklist (BPD-Checklist), Dissociative Experience Scale (DES-II), Beck Depression Inventory-II-second edition (BDI-II), and Anxiety Inventory (BAI) were filled out by the patient at all treatment phases and at the 3- month follow- up. Results: According to the obtained results, the patient's pretest scores in all research tools were 161, 44, 37, and 38 for BPD-Checklist, DES-II, BDI-II, and BAI, respectively. After treatment, these scores decreased significantly (69, 14, 6 and 10 respectively). So, the patient exhibited improvement in borderline personality disorder, dissociative, depression and anxiety symptoms, which were maintained after the 3-month follow-up. Conclusion: The results supported the positive effect of phasic model of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing on borderline personality disorder.

Reliability, validity, and factorial structure of the World Health Organization-5 Well-Being Index (WHO-5) in Iranian psychiatric outpatients / Confiabilidade, validade e estrutura fatorial do World Health Organization-5 Well-Being Index (WHO-5) em pacientes psiquiátricos ambulatoriais iranianos

Abstract Introduction: The association between psychological well-being and physical and mental health has been shown in the literature. Psychological well-being is a multifaceted concept. The World Health Organization-5 Well-Being Index (WHO-5) is a 5-item instrument used to screen for depression. However, the validity of the WHO-5 has not been investigated in Iranian psychiatric or psychological settings. Objective: To investigate the validation of the Farsi version of the WHO-5 in a sample of Iranian psychiatric outpatients. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with a convenience sample of 116 Iranian volunteer psychiatric outpatients selected from the psychiatric and psychological clinics at the School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health - Tehran Institute of Psychiatry, Iran University of Medical Sciences. Patients completed the WHO-5, the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), the Patient Health Questionnaire-15 (PHQ-15), and the short form of the Beck Depression Inventory-13 (BDI-13). Results: The mean score of the WHO-5 was 8.95 (standard deviation [SD] = 5.49). Cronbach's α for the WHO-5 was 0.91. The WHO-5 negatively correlated with PHQ-9 (-0.358), PHQ-15 (-0.328), and BDI-13 (-0.475), indicating good validity. Factor analysis of the WHO-5 items identified one factor labeled psychological well-being. Conclusions: The WHO-5 has a single dimensional structure and acceptable psychometric parameters. The results of this study suggest that WHO-5 can be used in a clinical context in Iran.

Resumo Introdução: A associação entre bem-estar psicológico e saúde física e mental tem sido demonstrada na literatura. Bem-estar psicológico é um conceito multifacetado. O World Health Organization-5 Well-Being Index (WHO-5) é um instrumento composto por 5 itens utilizado para avaliar depressão. No entanto, a validade do WHO-5 não foi investigada em contextos psiquiátricos ou psicológicos iranianos. Objetivo: Investigar a validade da versão persa do WHO-5 em uma amostra de pacientes psiquiátricos ambulatoriais iranianos. Métodos: Um estudo transversal foi conduzido com uma amostra de conveniência composta por 116 pacientes psiquiátricos ambulatoriais iranianos voluntários selecionados nas clínicas psiquiátrica e psicológica da School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Tehran Institute of Psychiatry, Iran University of Medical Sciences. Os pacientes completaram o WHO-5, o Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), o Patient Health Questionnaire-15 (PHQ-15) e a versão abreviada do Beck Depression Inventory-13 (BDI-13). Resultados: O escore médio obtido no WHO-5 foi de 8,95 (desvio padrão = 5,49). O alfa de Cronbach para o WHO-5 foi 0,91. O WHO-5 se correlacionaram negativamente com o PHQ-9 (-0,358), o PHQ-15 (-0,328) e o BDI-13 (-0,475), indicando validade adequada. A análise fatorial dos itens do WHO-5 identificaram um único fator, a saber, bem-estar psicológico. Conclusão: O WHO-5 tem uma estrutura dimensional única e parâmetros psicométricos aceitáveis. Os resultados deste estudo sugerem que o WHO-5 pode ser usado em contextos clínicos no Irã.

The Body Image Dissatisfaction and Psychological Symptoms among Invasive and Minimally Invasive Aesthetic Surgery Patients.

BACKGROUND: Elective aesthetic surgeries are increasing in the Iranian population with reasons linked to body image dissatisfaction and psychological symptoms. This study compared the body image dissatisfaction and psychological symptoms among invasive and minimally invasive aesthetic surgery patients and a control group. METHODS: Data from 90 participants (invasive aesthetic surgery=30 Ss, minimally invasive aesthetic surgery=30 Ss, and control group=30 Ss) were included. Subjects were assessed on body image dissatisfaction and psychological symptoms to provide an evidence for a continuum of body image dissatisfaction, anxiety, depression and interpersonal sensitivity in invasive and minimally invasive aesthetic surgery clients. RESULTS: Between the three groups of invasive, minimally invasive aesthetic surgeries and control on body image dissatisfaction and psychological symptoms (anxiety, depression and interpersonal sensitivity), there was a significant difference. CONCLUSION: These findings have implications for pre-surgical assessment as well as psychological interventions rather than invasive medical interventions at first step.

Short-term Dynamic Psychotherapy versus Sertraline in Treatment of Social Phobia.

BACKGROUND: A few studies on short-term psychodynamic approach have been conducted on social phobia. OBJECTIVES: In this study, the effectiveness of short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy on the treatment of social phobia has been compared to the effectiveness of sertraline and waiting list. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this randomized-controlled trial study, 13 male students were treated with short-term dynamic psychotherapy (McCullough method) lasting 25 sessions, 11 students received sertraline for 12 weeks, and 14 students, as the waiting list, received no intervention for 8 weeks. Participants completed the Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN) as primary efficacy variable 4 times, and were rated with Clinical Global Impression scale (CGI) and Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) as secondary efficacy variables. The data were analyzed with analysis of variance (ANOVA), analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), general linear model repeated measures analysis of variance and Fisher exact test. RESULTS: ANCOVA showed significant differences between groups based on SPIN scores (F = 23.51, Sig. = 0.001) and Bonferroni test, as post hoc compression, showed means of both short-term dynamic therapy and sertraline therapy groups were significantly different from waiting list mean (STDP-WL: [Formula: see text] = 15.76, Sig. = 0.001), (MED-WL: [Formula: see text] = 15.91, Sig. = 0.001). Mean of SPIN scores was not significantly different between short-term dynamic psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy groups. In both treatment groups, means of SPIN scores significantly decreased in posttest, but not in waiting. These results repeated with GAF and CGI scores. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicated that short-term dynamic psychotherapy sertraline are effective in decreasing social phobia symptoms and were superior to control group.

The efficacy of psycho-educational group program on medication adherence and global functioning of patients with bipolar disorder type I.

BACKGROUND: Psycho-education is now considered as part of the integrated treatment for bipolar disorder. This study aimed to determine the efficacy of group psycho-education on medication adherence and global functioning of patients with bipolar disorder type I. METHODS: 45 patients with bipolar disorder type I were allocated one of the three groups of psycho-education plus pharmacotherapy, pharmacotherapy and placebo plus pharmacotherapy. A psycho-educational program was conducted for the psycho-educational group during 9 weekly sessions. Medication adherence and global functioning of all the three groups were evaluated before the intervention, three months and six months after the intervention using Medication Adherence Rating Scale (MARS) and Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF). ANOVA was performed to examine the data. RESULTS: In the first and second assessments, the mean score of medication adherence and gobal functioning for patients in the psycho-educational group was significantly higher than that in the control and placebo groups (P=0.001). Medication adherence score of the psycho-educational group was increased from 6.27(0.88) to 7.92(1.38). while the mean score of the psycho-educational group increased from 56.6 (3.58) to 64.17 (2.12):, the global functioning reduced from 56.27(3.17) to 54.17(5.08) in the control group and from 56.67 (3.58) to 56 (4.36) in the placebo group. CONCLUSION: Psycho-educational program plus pharmacotherapy was effective in improvement medication adherence and global functioning of bipolar patients.

Effect of acceptance-based behavior therapy on severity of symptoms, worry and quality of life in women with generalized anxiety disorder.

OBJECTIVE: Acceptance-based behavior therapy (ABBT) is a new psychotherapy for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). The current study intended to compare severity of symptoms, worry and quality of life of GAD female patients between ABBT and control. METHODS: This study was a randomized clinical trial. The sample included 18 women with GAD referred to psychiatrists in Isfahan, Iran. Patients were assigned in 2 groups randomly (ABBT and control group without any psychotherapy). Both groups received medication. The intervention in ABBT group was conducted based on Roemer & Orsillo's manual for Acceptance-based Behavior Therapy for GAD. 12 therapeutic sessions administered in Shariati psychiatric clinic of Isfahan. The instruments included the GAD-7 Inventory, Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ) and Short Form Health Survey -12 revised Version (SF-12V2). The data were analyzed using the Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANCOVA). RESULTS: Overall, clients receiving ABBT compared to control group reported a significantly decrease in severity of GAD symptoms, and improve in quality of life at post- treatment state. They reported decrease in severity of worry but it was not statistically significant compared to control group. Conclusion : ABBT was effective in alleviating symptoms of GAD.