RESUMO
The fading affect bias (FAB) occurs when unpleasant affect fades faster than pleasant affect. To detect mechanisms that influence the FAB in the context of death, we measured neuroticism, depression, anxiety, negative religious coping, death attitudes, and complicated grief as potential predictors of FAB for unpleasant/death and pleasant events at 2 points in time. The FAB was robust across older and newer events, which supported the mobilization-minimization hypothesis. Unexpectedly, complicated grief positively predicted FAB, and death avoidant attitudes moderated this relation, such that the Initial Event Affect by Grief interaction was only significant at the highest 3 quintiles of death avoidant attitudes. These results were likely due to moderate grief ratings, which were, along with avoidant death attitudes, related to healthy outcomes in past research. These results implicate complicated grief and death avoidant attitudes as resiliency mechanisms that are mobilized during bereavement to minimize its unpleasant effects.
Assuntos
Adaptação Psicológica , Atitude Frente a Morte , Pesar , Adolescente , Adulto , Ansiedade , Luto , Depressão , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Neuroticismo , Espiritualidade , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Affect fades faster for unpleasant events than for pleasant events (e.g., Walker, Vogl, & Thompson, 1997 ), which is referred to as the fading affect bias (FAB; Walker, Skowronski, Gibbons, Vogl, & Thompson, 2003 ). Although research has generally shown that the FAB is a healthy coping mechanism, this same finding has not been demonstrated at a specific level of analysis accounting for particular event types and related individual differences (e.g., Gibbons et al., 2013 ). Given the strong unpleasant emotions associated with death (Rask, Kaunonen, & Paunonen-Ilmonen, 2002 ), the current study examined FAB in the context of death events and participant attitudes toward death. General healthy coping was shown by robust FAB across death and control (i.e., everyday) events and by a negative correlation between negative religious coping and FAB. Although healthy coping at a specific level of analysis was supported by increased FAB for participants who held accepting attitudes toward death when they recalled everyday events, it was not supported by decreased FAB for the same participants when they recalled death events. This effect was mediated by rehearsal ratings, not depression. Implications are discussed.
Assuntos
Adaptação Psicológica , Afeto , Atitude Frente a Morte , Pesar , Adolescente , Adulto , Transtornos de Ansiedade , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Neuroticismo , Espiritualidade , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The presence of a fetal inflammatory response is linked to cerebral palsy. Unfortunately no preventive therapies are available. In this study, we determined whether dietary supplementation with broccoli sprouts (BrSp), a phase-II enzyme inducer, would be effective in preventing the behavioural and pathologic manifestations in a rodent model of inflammation during late pregnancy. METHODS: Pregnant Long-Evans rats were administered i.p. Injections of saline (100µl) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 200µg/kg), every 12h on embryonic day (E) 19 and 20. In the treatment groups, dams were supplemented with 200mg/day of dried BrSp from E14 until postnatal day 21. Pups underwent a series of neurodevelopmental reflex tests from postnatal day 3-21 followed by neuropathological analyses. RESULTS: Pups born from the LPS group were significantly growth restricted (p<0.001) and delayed in hindlimb placing (p<0.05), cliff avoidance (p<0.05), and gait (p<0.001) compared to controls. In the open field behaviour analyses, LPS pups had an increase in grooming behaviour (p<0.05) and a decreased amount of time spent in the center of the box compared to controls. Dietary supplementation with BrSp to offspring exposed to LPS had increased birth weights (p<0.001), were no longer delayed in acquiring hindlimb placing, cliff avoidance, gait, and posture, and groomed less compared to LPS alone pups (p<0.01). Histological analyses revealed that LPS pups had reduced myelin basic protein compared to controls. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that BrSp dietary supplementation during pregnancy may be effective in preventing growth restriction and neurodevelopmental delays.
Assuntos
Brassica/metabolismo , Deficiências do Desenvolvimento/etiologia , Deficiências do Desenvolvimento/prevenção & controle , Suplementos Nutricionais , Encefalite , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal , Estimulação Acústica , Fatores Etários , Animais , Animais Recém-Nascidos , Temperatura Corporal , Encefalite/induzido quimicamente , Encefalite/complicações , Encefalite/prevenção & controle , Feminino , Força da Mão/fisiologia , Lactação/efeitos dos fármacos , Lipopolissacarídeos/toxicidade , Tamanho da Ninhada de Vivíparos/efeitos dos fármacos , Masculino , Gravidez , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal/induzido quimicamente , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal/dietoterapia , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal/fisiopatologia , Desempenho Psicomotor/fisiologia , Ratos , Ratos Long-Evans , Reflexo de SobressaltoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To investigate in children with cystic fibrosis (CF) and children without CF: (1) the test-retest reproducibility of a 20 min resting energy expenditure (REE) measurement; and (2) the long-term reproducibility of REE measurements in children with CF using longitudinal data. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study and longitudinal cohort. SETTING: A tertiary referral paediatric hospital. SUBJECTS: A total of 31 (11 male, 20 female) children (aged 12.8+/-3.6 y) with CF and 32 (14 male, 18 female) healthy children without CF (aged 12.2+/-2.3 y) were enrolled in the short-term reproducibility study. Long-term REE measurement reproducibility was assessed in another 14 children (5 male, 9 female) with CF, comparing their initial REE measurement with a subsequent measurement 1-2 y later. METHODS: All children had measurements of height, weight, skinfold thickness and indirect calorimetry. RESULTS: There was no statistically significant difference in REE between repeated measurements in children with CF (mean+/-s.d., 6240+/-1280 and 6220+/-1315 kJ/24 h) and in the children without CF (6040+/-956 and 6015+/-943 kJ/24 h). For the children with CF, the intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.99 and for children without CF the intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.97. The measurement errors were 119 and 177 kJ, respectively. Approximately 80% of the variation in REE in the CF group and 70% in the group without CF was explained by fat-free mass (FFM). Analysis of the longitudinal CF data show there was no difference in REE between a child's first measurement (5140+/-1140 kJ) and their subsequent measurement (5460+/-1190 kJ), after adjustment for changes in body size between the measurements. CONCLUSION: This study has demonstrated that a short-term 20 min REE measurement is reproducible and therefore valid in children with CF and children without CF. These results also indicate that in children with CF, long-term REE measurements are reproducible.
Assuntos
Metabolismo Basal/fisiologia , Fibrose Cística/metabolismo , Metabolismo Energético/fisiologia , Adolescente , Antropometria , Calorimetria Indireta , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Estudos de Coortes , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
From 1978 to 1988 strains of gentamicin-susceptible (Gms) and gentamicin-resistant (Gmr) Klebsiella pneumoniae were saved from annual surveillance cultures of the perineal region of patients with spinal cord injury (SCI). Of 38 strains selected for further study (24 Gms and 14 Gmr), there were 23 different serotypes (two nontypable). Fourteen Gms as well as 14 Gmr strains displayed no common plasmid patterns, but all contained a large plasmid of 168-208 kb. Among the 14 Gmr strains, nine had large conjugative plasmids of approximately the same size (166-193 kb), which conferred to a susceptible Escherichia coli host an identical resistance pattern: ampicillin, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, piperacillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline, and tobramycin. Of the nine transconjugants, eight contained a single plasmid. One transconjugant contained a 168- and 80-kb plasmid. Restriction endonuclease digestion patterns of the R-plasmids revealed minimal similarity. We conclude that, during a 10-year period, different large R-plasmids have spread among multiple serotypes of K. pneumoniae in spinal cord injury (SCI) patients in one rehabilitation hospital. We hypothesize that other genes located on large, R-, and non-R-plasmids may confer an additional advantage for colonization by K. pneumoniae in SCI patients.
Assuntos
Gentamicinas , Klebsiella pneumoniae/genética , Fatores R/análise , Traumatismos da Medula Espinal/microbiologia , Conjugação Genética , Enzimas de Restrição do DNA , Resistência Microbiana a Medicamentos/genética , Humanos , Klebsiella pneumoniae/classificação , Klebsiella pneumoniae/isolamento & purificação , Fatores R/genética , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
The duration of colonization of the human perineum, bowel, and urethra with Klebsiella pneumoniae was studied in 10 male patients with spinal cord injury while they were undergoing rehabilitation in the hospital. Colonization defined as persistence of klebsiellae of the same serotype occurred on 13 occasions in five of the patients for up to 55 days. Colonization was less marked with Klebsiella than with Pseudomonas spp. The presence of quadriplegia correlated with Klebsiella colonization and also with the presence of positive Klebsiella cultures from the urethra and perineum. Seven episodes of significant bacteriuria occurred with or after the finding of positive cultures from body sites.
Assuntos
Portador Sadio/microbiologia , Infecções por Klebsiella/microbiologia , Klebsiella/isolamento & purificação , Traumatismos da Medula Espinal/complicações , Infecções Urinárias/microbiologia , Adulto , Bacteriúria/etiologia , Bacteriúria/microbiologia , Portador Sadio/etiologia , Humanos , Klebsiella/classificação , Infecções por Klebsiella/etiologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Períneo/microbiologia , Reto/microbiologia , Sorotipagem , Uretra/microbiologia , Infecções Urinárias/etiologiaRESUMO
A mathematical model is presented that predicts relative muscle forces using a minimum of experimentally derived input data. Tests of this model against literature values for maximum muscle force of four cat hindlimb muscles show a maximum error of only 5%. A perturbation analysis using this model demonstrates its sensitivity and applicability, as well as the congruence between this model and previous theoretical discussions of muscle function.
Assuntos
Modelos Biológicos , Contração Muscular , Músculos/fisiologia , Algoritmos , Animais , Fenômenos Biomecânicos , GatosRESUMO
Klebsiella pneumoniae colonization of 53 patients with spinal cord injury was studied. Cultures of multiple body sites from patients, the environment, food, and hospital personnel were obtained. K. pneumonaie was cultured from one or more body sites in 46% of male patients. Significant bacteriuria was found in 10% of male patients. Positive cultures of the urethra and perineum for K. pneumoniae were significantly associated with the use of the external condom catheter (p less than 0.05, Fisher's exact test). K. pneumoniae colonization increased with length of stay in the hospital. Serotype 64, the predominant serotype found, was isolated only from patients who had been in the hospital for at least 4 wk and primarily in those patients using the external condom catheter. Urinary drainage bags were frequently colonized with K. pneumoniae at a time when the patients did not have significant bacteriuria. Colonized male patients were found to be the primary reservoir of K. pneumoniae and may serve as the major source for cross-contamination.