RESUMO
BACKGROUND: The majority of patients with patent infarct-related arteries after thrombolytic therapy have slower than normal flow, which relates to myocardial perfusion. METHODS: To evaluate the relationships between blood levels of creatine kinase (CK) and the corrected Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) frame count (CTFC), infarct artery stenosis, and left ventricular function, we studied 397 patients with a first myocardial infarction who underwent angiography at 3 weeks. TIMI flow grades, the CTFC, infarct artery stenosis, and infarct zone wall motion (by contrast ventriculography using the centerline method) were assessed, and CK levels (in units per liter) were measured hourly for the first 4 hours after streptokinase (1.5 x 10(6) U over 30-60 minutes) and then every 4 hours over the next 20 hours, all blinded to treatment and outcome. RESULTS: Infarct artery stenosis and the CTFC, assessed as continuous variables, correlated in patients with patent infarct arteries (r = 0.33, P <.001). Also, there was a significant correlation between the CTFC and the sum of hypokinetic chords in the infarct zone (r = 0.15, P =.01). Patients with total occlusion or markedly slowed infarct artery flow (CTFC >100) had a higher fraction of chords with wall motion >2 SDs below normal (0.65 [0.41, 0.80] vs 0.37 [0.0, 0.67]) compared with patients with normal flow (CTFC < or =27) (P <.001). The rates of increase of median CK levels with respect to TIMI flow grades were 342 U/L/h for TIMI 3 versus 212 U/L/h for TIMI 2 versus 140 U/L/h for TIMI 0-1 (P <.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Prolonged corrected TIMI frame counts correlate with stenosis severity in the infarct artery after infarction, infarct zone regional wall motion, and CK levels.
Assuntos
Vasos Coronários/fisiopatologia , Creatina Quinase/sangue , Fibrinolíticos/uso terapêutico , Infarto do Miocárdio/tratamento farmacológico , Infarto do Miocárdio/fisiopatologia , Estreptoquinase/uso terapêutico , Terapia Trombolítica , Constrição Patológica , Angiografia Coronária , Vasos Coronários/patologia , Humanos , Infarto do Miocárdio/patologia , Fluxo Sanguíneo RegionalRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: To determine whether early administration of captopril lessens infarct zone regional wall motion abnormalities when infarct artery blood flow is abnormal. BACKGROUND: The interaction between angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor therapy, ventricular function and infarct artery blood flow has not been well described. METHODS: A total of 493 patients aged < or = 75 years with first infarctions, presenting within 4 h of symptom onset, were randomized to receive 6.25 mg captopril, increasing to 50 mg t.d.s. or a matching placebo 2.1+/-0.4 h after commencing intravenous streptokinase (1.5 x 10(6) U over 30 to 60 min). Trial therapy was stopped 48 h prior to angiography at 3 weeks, to determine regional wall motion and infarct artery flow. RESULTS: There were no differences in ejection fractions or end-systolic volumes between patients randomized to receive captopril and those randomized to receive a placebo. Among patients with anterior infarction (n = 216), randomization to captopril resulted in fewer hypokinetic chords (40+/-13; vs. 44+/-13; p=0.028) and a trend toward fewer chords >2 SD below normal (26+/-17 vs. 30+/-17; p=0.052) in the infarct zone. In patients randomized to receive captopril who had anterior infarction and Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) 0-2, flow there were fewer hypokinetic chords (44+/-12 vs. 50+/-9; p=0.043) and a trend toward fewer chords >2 SD below normal (33+/-15 vs. 39+/-13; p=0.057). Patients receiving captopril who had anterior infarction and corrected TIMI frame counts > 27 had fewer hypokinetic chords (42+/-13 vs. 46+/-12; p=0.015) and fewer chords >2 SD below normal (27+/-17 vs. 32+/-17; p= 0.047). Captopril had no effect in patients with inferior infarction. There were 20 late cardiac deaths (median follow-up 4 years) in the captopril group and 35 in the placebo group (p=0.036). CONCLUSIONS: Randomization to receive captopril 2 h after streptokinase improved regional wall motion at 3 weeks. The greatest benefit was seen in patients with anterior infarction particularly when infarct artery blood flow is reduced.
Assuntos
Inibidores da Enzima Conversora de Angiotensina/administração & dosagem , Captopril/administração & dosagem , Circulação Coronária/efeitos dos fármacos , Contração Miocárdica/efeitos dos fármacos , Infarto do Miocárdio/tratamento farmacológico , Estreptoquinase/administração & dosagem , Terapia Trombolítica , Adulto , Idoso , Inibidores da Enzima Conversora de Angiotensina/efeitos adversos , Velocidade do Fluxo Sanguíneo/efeitos dos fármacos , Captopril/efeitos adversos , Angiografia Coronária/efeitos dos fármacos , Esquema de Medicação , Quimioterapia Combinada , Eletrocardiografia/efeitos dos fármacos , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Infarto do Miocárdio/mortalidade , Fluxo Sanguíneo Regional/efeitos dos fármacos , Estreptoquinase/efeitos adversos , Volume Sistólico/efeitos dos fármacos , Taxa de SobrevidaRESUMO
In a trial of streptokinase versus recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (rt-PA) for a first myocardial infarction, 270 patients were randomized. Regional left ventricular function was assessed in 214 patients at 3 weeks. The infarct-related artery was the left anterior descending artery in 78 patients, the right coronary artery in 122 and a dominant left circumflex artery in 14. Analysis was by the centerline method with a novel correction for the area of myocardium at risk, whereby the search region was determined by the anatomic distribution of the infarct-related artery. Infarct-artery patency at 3 weeks was 73% in the streptokinase group and 71% in the rt-PA group. Global left ventricular function did not differ between the two groups. Mean chord motion (+/- SD) in the most hypokinetic half of the defined search region was similar in the streptokinase and rt-PA groups (-2.4 +/- 1.5 versus -2.3 +/- 1.3, p = 0.63). There were no differences in hyperkinesia of the noninfarct zone. Compared with conventional centerline analysis, regional wall motion in the defined area at risk was significantly more abnormal. The two methods correlated strongly, however (r = 0.99, p less than 0.0001), and both methods produced similar overall results. Patients with a patent infarct-related artery and those with an occluded artery at the time of catheterization had similar levels of global function (ejection fraction 58 +/- 12% versus 57 +/- 12%, p = 0.58).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Assuntos
Contração Miocárdica/efeitos dos fármacos , Infarto do Miocárdio/tratamento farmacológico , Estreptoquinase/uso terapêutico , Terapia Trombolítica , Ativador de Plasminogênio Tecidual/uso terapêutico , Cateterismo Cardíaco , Método Duplo-Cego , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Infarto do Miocárdio/fisiopatologia , Volume Sistólico/fisiologia , Grau de Desobstrução Vascular/fisiologia , Função Ventricular Esquerda/efeitos dos fármacos , Função Ventricular Esquerda/fisiologiaRESUMO
The treatment of cardiac arrhythmias by surgical removal of abnormal electrical pathways across the atrio-ventricular ring or re-entrant circuits within the myocardium is dependent on the ability to accurately locate the abnormality by measuring and displaying the activation front of muscle depolarisation as it spreads across the surface of the heart. The localisation of the aberration requires induction of the arrhythmia, simultaneous measurement of activity from many (100-200) sites over the surface of the heart, attachment of fiducial markers to this data, and display of the activation sequence in the form of an isochronous map. An instrument has been built at Green Lane Hospital to provide the necessary measurement, control, and analysis facilities required by this procedure. The purpose built measurement system is a multiprocessor unit which incorporates up to 512 programmable intracardiac amplifiers, two multifunction cardiac pacing stimulators, a versatile real time data display, a patient safety isolation system, and digital storage for eight seconds of electrocardiographic data. Signals are acquired from a mesh of bipolar electrodes attached to either a 'sock' or a 'band' which is placed on the heart during open heart surgery. The analysis of data is carried out on a personal computer, connected to the measurement system via a serial command link and a high speed parallel data link. Corrective surgery is now being carried out on a routine basis for some types of arrhythmias.
Assuntos
Arritmias Cardíacas/cirurgia , Eletrodiagnóstico/instrumentação , Arritmias Cardíacas/fisiopatologia , Sistemas Computacionais , Diagnóstico por Computador , Desenho de Equipamento , Humanos , Período Intraoperatório , Marca-Passo ArtificialRESUMO
The left anterior descending coronary artery was ligated in 58 open-chest anaesthetised dogs; 23 were controls, 15 were given intravenous propranolol 1 mg . kg-1 before and at 6 h intervals after coronary ligation, nine had bilateral cervical vagal nerve stimulation (VS) before and for 4 to 6 h after coronary ligation, and 11 had both VS and propranolol. None of the 20 dogs undergoing VS developed ventricular fibrillation within the first hour after coronary ligation compared to nine of the remaining 38 (P less than 0.05). Compared to controls, myocardial creatine kinase (CK) depletion in the epicardial layer of the infarct centre measured 24 h after coronary ligation was significantly less in the groups treated separately with vagal nerve stimulation and propranolol. Myocardial blood flow (MBF) measured at 15 min after coronary ligation was reduced to the normal myocardium by the interventions, but was unchanged at the infarct centre. Severely ischaemic myocardium (MBF less than or equal to 20% of normal) was better protected by the interventions than was moderately ischaemic myocardium. At 15 min after coronary ligation, the heart rate--blood pressure product (RPP) was reduced compared with controls by propranolol (18% reduction, P less than 0.05), reduced more by vagal stimulation (by 37%, P less than 0.001) and still more by vagal stimulation with propranolol (by 43%, P less than 0.001). Preservation of CK in myocardium with MBF less than or equal to 20% of normal was improved by VS and propranolol given separately roughly in proportion to reduction in RPP, but further reduction in RPP by VS and propranolol together did not improve CK levels further. We conclude that there may be an optimum level of indices of oxygen demand for preservation of very ischaemic myocardium in experimental infarction.