Application of nano-urea in conventional flood-irrigated Boro rice in Bangladesh and nitrogen losses investigation.

Bangladesh stands third in global rice production while complete modernization of rice production is not fully enforced. The boon of nano agriculture might circumvent the challenge of increasing the yield with minimal ecological damage. Nanofertilizer might be one of the solutions to address the problem of modern agriculture confronting environmental hazards owing to the excessive use of synthetic fertilizers by farmers in Bangladesh. We synthesized nanourea by chemical co-precipitation (CP) and hydrothermal (HT) methods in an attempt to develop environmentally friendly nanofertilizers. We characterized the nanourea and confirmed the functionalization of nanohydroxyapatite (nHAP) with urea by scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM)/EDS mapping. The CP method produced particle dimensions of 45.62 nm for length and 14.16 nm for width. In comparison, the readings obtained through the HT method were around 74.69 nm and 20.44 nm for length and width, respectively. The field application of nanourea demonstrated impressive results, indicating a significant relationship between the particle size of nanourea and its impact on several agricultural factors. The grain yield using traditional synthetic fertilizer (urea) ranged from 6.47 to 6.52 t ha-1 with a very low NUE of 35.8-36.34 %. Contrarily, the grain yield was found from 6.52 to 6.84 t ha-1 and the obtained NUE ranged from 57.58 to 71.0 % using nanourea of the same concentration calibrated with traditional urea by two methods. Additionally, nanourea treatments having 25 % less nitrogen (N) provided higher total N (TN) in grain suggesting possible nutritional enrichment while checking the yield penalty and substantial increase in N use efficiency (NUE). However, further upscaling of this research on a field scale is necessary to confirm the findings.

Synthetic pathways to create asymmetric center at C1 position of 1-substituted-tetrahydro-ß-carbolines - a review.

The 2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-pyrido[3,4-b]indoles or tetrahydro-ß-carbolines (THßCs) are tricyclic compounds that are found in various natural sources that exhibit a wide range of important pharmacological activities. Chiral 1-substituted-THßCs, which have an asymmetric center at C1, have attained significant interest due to their possible Monoamine Oxidase (MAO) inhibitory activity, benzodiazepine receptor binding activity, and antimalarial effectiveness against chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum. This review highlights and summarizes various novel stereoselective approaches to introduce chirality at the C1 position of 1-substituted-THßCs in good yield and enantiomeric excess (ee) or diastereomeric excess (de). These methods include the Pictet-Spengler reaction, chiral auxiliary, Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation (ATH) with chiral catalysts, asymmetric addition reaction, and enzymatic catalysis. The syntheses of chiral THßCs are reviewed comprehensively, emphasizing their role in drug development from 1977 to 2024.

Comparison of clinical outcomes between femtosecond laser-assisted cataract surgery versus conventional phacoemulsification in vitrectomized eyes - A prospective interventional study.

PURPOSE: To compare the clinical outcomes and surgical safety between femtosecond laser-assisted cataract surgery (FLACS) and conventional phacoemulsification cataract surgery (CPCS) in vitrectomized eyes. METHODS: A prospective interventional comparative study was conducted at a tertiary eye care center. Sixty consecutive cases requiring cataract surgery following pars plana vitrectomy were allocated into Group 1 ( n = 30), who underwent FLACS with intraocular lens implantation, and Group 2 ( n = 30), who underwent CPCS with intraocular lens implantation, and followed up for 3 months. Primary outcome measures were intraoperative ultrasonic cumulative dissipated energy (CDE) and intraoperative and postoperative complications. The secondary outcome measures were postoperative changes in endothelial cell count (ECC) and central corneal thickness (CCT). RESULTS: Baseline corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA), ECC, and CCT were comparable. Intraoperative CDE was significantly less in the FLACS group (8.11 vs. 15.83 percentage seconds; P = 0.012) with no intraoperative complication in either group. The postoperative CDVA was comparable between the groups with a trend toward earlier visual recovery in the FLACS group. The postoperative day (POD) 1 endothelial cell loss was higher in the CPCS group (7.54% vs. 2.05%), with the mean endothelial cell density being significantly higher in the FLACS group throughout the follow-up period ( P < 0.05). POD-1 corneal edema was higher in the CPCS group compared to FLACS with no significant difference on follow-up. Intraoperative migration of silicone oil to the anterior chamber was observed in 40% versus 0% in the CPCS versus FLACS groups, respectively. CONCLUSION: FLACS can be safely performed in post-vitrectomy eyes with lesser intraoperative ultrasonic energy used, postoperative endothelial cell loss, and change in CCT compared to CPCS.

Bifurcation analysis on ion sound and Langmuir solitary waves solutions to the stochastic models with multiplicative noises.

This article explores on a stochastic couple models of ion sound as well as Langmuir surges propagation involving multiplicative noises. We concentrate on the analytical stochastic solutions including the travelling and solitary waves by using the planner dynamical systematic approach. To apply the method, First effort is to convert the system of equations into the ordinary differential form and present it in form of a dynamic structure. Next analyze the nature of the critical points of the system and obtain the phase portraits on various conditions of the corresponding parameters. The analytic solutions of the system in an account of distinct energy states for each phase orbit are performed. We also show how the results are highly effective and interesting to realize their exciting physical as well as the geometrical phenomena based on the demonstration of the stochastic system involving ion sound as well as Langmuir surges. Descriptions of effectiveness of the multiplicative noise on the obtained solutions of the model, and its corresponding figures are demonstrated numerically.

Introduction of chirality at C1 position of 1-substituted-3,4-dihydroisoquinoline by its enantioselective reduction: synthesis of chiral 1-substituted-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline - a review.

There is a wide range of biological activities associated with C1 chiral carbon containing 1-substituted-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolines (1-substituted-THIQs) which constitute the isoquinoline alkaloids, a large group of natural products. This work summarizes several novel catalytic stereoselective approaches to enantioselectively reduce the 1-substituted-3,4-dihydroisoquinolines (1-substituted-DHIQs) to produce the desired 1-substituted-THIQs. The 1-substituted-DHIQs were prepared by using the Bischler-Napieralski reaction. The enantioselective reduction of 1-substituted-DHIQs was accomplished by using chiral hydride reducing agents, by hydrogenation with a chiral catalyst, by enantioselective reduction of DHIQs possessing a chiral auxiliary at the imine nitrogen by achiral metallic hydride reducing agents, or by enzymatic catalysis. Among these methods, much more work was carried out on the hydrogenation of 1-substituted-DHIQs in the presence of a chiral catalyst. This review summarizes articles and advancements on this topic from 1972 to 2023.

Bioaccumulation of Organophosphorus (OPs) and Carbamate (CBs) Residues in Cultured Pangas Catfish (Pangasius pangasius) and Health Risk Assessment.

In the present study, the presence of organophosphorus (OPs) and carbamates (CBs) residues in the pond water and cultured Pangas catfish (Pangasius pangasius) samples collected from Comilla and Mymensingh areas were detected and assessed for their potential health risks. A total of 100 samples from each category were analysed among which 17% of the pond water samples and 9% of the fish samples were detected contaminated with OP and CB residues. The pond water and fish samples were extracted by liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) extraction, and ultrasonic extraction, respectively, and analysed through gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). Among the detected OPs, Dursban (chlorpyrifos) and dichlorvos were detected, while among CB pesticides, carbofuran and sevin (Carbaryl) were detected in fish muscle samples. The detected OP and CB residual levels were below than the maximum residue limits (MRLs). The risk assessment study indicated no potential health risks. However, the level of compliance should be maintained through proper monitoring and controlling the overuse of pesticides in agricultural fields for public health safety.

Effect of intraoperative optical coherence tomography on anatomic and cosmetic results of intrastromal tattooing.

PURPOSE: The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of intraoperative optical coherence tomography (i-OCT) on anatomic and cosmetic outcomes of intrastromal keratopigmentation (i-KTP) performed by novice lamellar corneal surgeons. METHODS: Thirty patients presenting with unilaterally disfiguring corneal scar and nil visual prognosis were subjected to i-OCT-guided intrastromal tattooing with rotring ink, by ophthalmology residents undergoing training in corneal surgeries at our center, who were later asked for a subjective feedback and mean stromal depth dissected was measured objectively. All patients were followed up for 9 months after surgery, and the subjective satisfaction of the patient, an independent observer, and surgeon was graded as poor, good, and excellent. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 29.53 ± 13.82 years (8-56 years). The most common cause of corneal opacity was healed keratitis with (6/30) or without (3/30) adherent leukoma, trauma-induced ocular disfigurement (7/30), and bullous keratopathy (6/30). All residents reported that feed-back images on i-OCT were "helpful" in all eyes and "very helpful" in eyes with corneal thinning, stromal scarring, adherent leukoma, bullous keratopathy, and hypotony. The mean depth of lamellar dissection was 51.16% ±4.62% of preoperative corneal thickness. The cosmetic results as perceived by the patient, an independent observer, and the surgeon were excellent and good in 23 and 7, 26 and 4, and 20 and 10 patients, respectively. CONCLUSION: I-KTP may be employed as a primary method of cosmetic correction of unsightly corneal scars. Centers equipped with i-OCT may employ this tool for teaching i-KTP to their ophthalmology residents for better surgical results with minimal complications.

Scleral tunnel with conjunctival autograft for rescue management of extruded haptic: Surgical technique and review of literature.

Extrusion of haptic is a rare complication after intra-scleral haptic fixation of intraocular lens (SF-IOL). Various techniques described for its management such as autologous scleral patch, cauterization of exposed haptic, reattempting the glued IOL and IOL explant have their own limitations. Presently, we describe a simple rescue technique for management of such situations. In this method, after performing localized conjunctival peritomy, 2 mm long partial-thickness scleral tunnel is fashioned with an angled 20-guage microvitreoretinal blade 1.5 mm away from the limbus in line with pre-existing defective scleral flap underneath which the exposed haptic is tucked securely. Following this, conjunctival autograft (CAG) with fibrin glue application is undertaken to combat conjunctival fibrosis. In three patients, where this technique was performed, had well-tucked haptic and maintained visual acuity with no complications at 3-months follow-up. This technique is a useful method of tucking extruded haptic after SFIOL in eyes subjected to multiple previous surgeries.