Enfermidades diagnosticadas em bezerros na região sul do Rio Grande do Sul / Diseases diagnosed in calves in southern Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

O objetivo deste estudo foi relatar a frequência das enfermidades que ocorrem em bovinos até um ano de idade na área de influência do Laboratório Regional de Diagnóstico (LRD) da Faculdade de Veterinária da Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel) estabelecendo os principais fatores epidemiológicos associados à ocorrência dessas enfermidades. Foram revisados os protocolos de necropsias realizadas e de materiais de bovinos até um ano de idade, encaminhados ao LRD/UFPel entre 2000 e 2011. Em 35,6% dos casos, os bezerros eram de raças leiteiras e em 33,98% eram animais de raças de corte, 18,3% dos bezerros não tinham raça definida e em 12,1% dos casos não constava a raça no protocolo de necropsia. Os sistemas mais afetados foram o sistema nervoso central (22,7%), o digestivo (18,6%) e o respiratório (16,8%). Os diagnósticos foram divididos por faixa etária sendo que 88 bezerros tinham 1-90 dias de idade; 42 casos corresponderam a animais de 4-6 meses; 32 casos corresponderam a bezerros com 7-9 meses e 44 eram bezerros com 10-12 meses de idade. As enfermidades mais frequentemente diagnosticadas nos bezerros de 1-90 dias foram pneumonias, malformações e encefalites/meningoencefalites com 19,3%, 15,9% e 11,3% dos casos, respectivamente. Nos bezerros com 4-6 meses de idade, as pneumonias ocorreram em 16,5% dos casos e o carbúnculo sintomático e as enterites representaram 7,1% dos diagnósticos cada. Nos bezerros de 7-9 meses, as enfermidades mais frequentes foram pneumonias e tétano com 9,3% dos casos e babesiose e parasitoses gastrintestinais com 6,2% cada. Nos bezerros de 10-12 meses a infecção por BoHV-5 representou 13,6% dos casos e as pneumonias, a raiva e as parasitoses foram observadas em 9,% dos casos cada. Com base nos resultados deste trabalho pode-se concluir que as doenças infecciosas relacionadas ao sistema respiratório foram importantes causas de mortalidade em bezerros de todas as faixas etárias na área de influência do LRD e sua ocorrência pode ser influenciada por fatores ambientais e pelo manejo. As encefalites/meningoencefalites foram também importantes como causa de mortalidade em bezerros até os três meses de idade.

The aim of this study was to report the frequency of diseases affecting cattle under one year of age in the area of influence of the Regional Diagnostic Laboratory (LRD) of the Veterinary School of the Federal University of Pelotas (UFPel), establishing the main epidemiological factors associated with the occurrence of these diseases. The necropsy protocols and protocols of mailed in tissues from cattle under one year of age, submitted during 2000-2011 to LRD/UFPel for diagnosis, were reviewed. In 35.6% of the cases, the calves were of dairy breeds, 33.9% were beef calves, 18.3% were of mixed breed, and in 12.1% of the cases the breed was not informed. The organ systems most affected were the central nervous system (22.7%), digestive tract (18.6%) and respiratory system (16.8%). The diagnoses were divided by age groups: 88 calves were 1-90 days of age, 42 were 4-6 months, 32 were 7-9 months, and 44 cattle were 10-12 months of age. The disease most often diagnosed in 1 to 90-day-old calves were pneumonia, malformations and encephalitis/meningoencephalitis, with 19.3%, 15.9% and 11.3% of cases respectively. In 4 to 6-month-old calves, pneumonia occurred in 16.5% of cases, and blackleg and diarrhea accounted for 7.1% of diagnoses each. In 7 to 9-month-old calves the most frequent diseases were pneumonia and tetanus with 9.3% of cases, and babesiosis and gastrointestinal parasitosis with 6.2% each. In 10 to 12-month-old calves, infection by BoHV-5 represented 13.6% of cases, and pneumonia, rabies and parasitosis was observed in 9% of cases each. Based on the results of this study it can be concluded that infectious diseases related to the respiratory system were important causes of mortality in calves of all ages until 12 months in the area of influence of LRD and their occurrence may be influenced by environmental factors and by management. Encephalitis/meningoencephalitis were also important as cause of mortality in 3-month-old calves.

Subacute and acute fasciolosis in sheep in southern Brazil.

Eight outbreaks of acute and subacute fasciolosis are reported in sheep in the municipality of Santa Vitória do Palmar, southern Brazil, in areas used for irrigated rice cultivation, which are subject to frequent flooding. Two outbreaks occurred mid-winter during July and August, and six occurred during spring and early summer. Morbidity ranged from 3 to 66.7 %, and mortality ranged from 3 to 50 %. Clinical signs included weight loss, mucosal pallor, apathy, depression, muscle tremors, and drooling; these were followed by death within approximately 24 h. Some sheep were found dead. Gross lesions were characterized by an irregular liver capsule with fibrin deposition and hemorrhages. The liver parenchyma contained hemorrhagic tracts or irregular clear areas alternated with dark hemorrhagic areas. Histologically, hemorrhagic dark red tracts of necrotic liver parenchyma and an inflammatory infiltrate were noted; these lesions coincided with the presence of immature flukes. Langhans-type giant cells, fibrous tissue, and bile duct cell proliferation were observed in subacute cases. Chronic fasciolosis is a well-known disease to farmers in southern Brazil; nevertheless, acute and subacute fasciolosis, which are more difficult to diagnose and treat, may cause important economic losses. Efficient control of fasciolosis requires integration of measures to treat infections in the definitive host, to reduce the population of snails of the genus Lymnaea, and to avoid contact between the parasite and host by appropriate pasture management.

Abortos em equinos na região sul do Rio Grande do Sul: estudo de 72 casos / Equine abortion in southern Brazil: study of 72 cases

Foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo das causas de aborto ocorridas em equinos na área de influência do Laboratório Regional de Diagnóstico (LRD), da Faculdade de Veterinária da Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), no período entre janeiro de 2000 e junho de 2011. Foram revisados os protocolos de necropsia e de 1.154 equinos ou materiais de equinos recebidos 72 (6,2 por cento) eram casos de abortos. A infecção bacteriana foi a principal causa de aborto neste estudo com 36,1 por cento dos casos. As causas não infecciosas corresponderam a 8,3 por cento dos casos, os abortos virais a 4,2 por cento, os parasitários a 1,4 por cento e os inflamatórios a 2,8 por cento. Em 47,2 por cento dos casos não foi possível determinar a causa/etiologia do aborto. Lesões macroscópicas e histológicas características foram observadas em casos de aborto por Leptospira sp. e por herpesvirus equino-1 sendo que nos demais casos as lesões foram inespecíficas. Ficou demonstrado que o envio do feto inteiro junto com a placenta, sob refrigeração, aumenta consideravelmente a eficiência do diagnóstico e o elevado número de abortos de causa não determinada foi atribuído em parte ao envio de material não adequado.

A retrospective study of the causes of equine abortion occurred in southern Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, diagnosed from January 2000 to June 2011 by the Regional Diagnostic Laboratory (LRD) of the Veterinary School, Federal University of Pelotas (UFPel), is reported. Necropsy protocols were reviewed, and from 1.154 horses or equine materials received 72 (6.2 percent) were abortions. The main cause of abortion in this study was bacterial infection on 36.1 percent of the cases. Non-infectious causes accounted for 8.3 percent of the cases, viral abortions for 4.2 percent, parasitic for 1.4 percent and inflammatory for 2.8 percent. In 47.2 percent, it was not possible to determine the cause/etiology of abortions. Characteristic macroscopic and histological lesions were observed in abortion by Leptospira sp. and equine herpesvirus-1. No lesions were observed in the other cases. It was demonstrated that the analyses of whole fetus with the placenta under refrigeration increases the efficiency of diagnosis. The high number of abortions of undetermined cause was attributed in part to inadequate delivery of fetus material for diagnoses.