Recent and historical developments in chelated fertilizers as plant nutritional sources, their usage efficiency, and application methods.

Chelates are nutrient-rich compounds that enhance the condition of plant tissues as micronutrients. Micronutrient deficiencies particularly iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) leads to various problems for plant including chlorosis and necrosis etc. An adequate intake of Fe and Zn etc. is required by the human body. Biofortification of cereals with Fe and Zn is seen as a cost-effective solution to the problem of Fe and Zn deficiencies as well. In recent decades, many chelating compounds have been established and incorporated into agricultural systems. The most recent formulation involves the use of amino acids synthesized with one or more nutrient ions to improve fertilizer efficiency and better respond to environmental conservation. In addition to its primary function as a source of micronutrients, aminochelled are an active nitrogen (N) stimulant in plant nutrition, preventing the negative effects of basic N fertilizers like urea. The use of amino chelates, rather than just chemical fertilizers, has been shown to provide better production and quality as well as higher nutritional concentrations in several experiments. Furthermore, this review sheds light on various aspects of amino chelates fertilizers including types, history, and their effects on agricultural crops. In spite of amino chelates fast dominance in many countries' fertilizer countries, there is not enough scientific data and knowledge on the specific reactions of plants to biotic and abiotic stresses from amino fertilizers.

Resultados de una estrategia de prevención de errores de medicación en un servicio de urgencias pediátrico / Results of a program to prevent medication errors in a pediatric emergency department

Objetivos: Los errores de prescripción farmacológica son causa de una importante y prevenible morbimortalidad en niños. Nuestro objetivo fue valorar la reducción estos errores de medicación en un servicio de urgencias pediátrico tras aplicar estrategias de prevención. Método: Estudio observacional pre y postintervención. En noviembre de 2009 (periodo1) se revisaron los errores de prescripción a través de las historias informatizadas, que se clasificaron en: tipo (dosis, indicación, vía de administración), gravedad (leve, moderado o grave) y factores asociados (experiencia del facultativo, nivel de urgencia, día de la semana y hora del día). Durante el 2010 se realizaron sesiones con difusión de los errores detectados y se colgaron carteles informativos en urgencias. En noviembre de 2010 (periodo 2) se reevaluaron los mismos parámetros y se compararon los resultados. Resultados: Los fármacos con más errores fueron los broncodilatadores, los corticoides y los antiinflamatorios. En el periodo 1 se detectaron 49 errores de 445 prescripciones(11%) y en el periodo 2, 48 errores entre 557 prescripciones (8,6%), (p = NS). Disminuyeron los errores de dosis (7,4% vs 3,8%; p = 0,016), sin cambios significativos en los de indicación y vía de administración, ni en la gravedad de los errores. Se observó una reducción significativa del total de errores en los pacientes más urgentes (11,6% vs5,7%; p = 0,005) y por las noches (0-8 h) (16,2% vs 6,1%; p = 0,02).Conclusiones: Las medidas implantadas han permitido disminuir algunos tipos de errores de medicación pero es necesario mantener el seguimiento e insistir en estrategias de prevención (AU)

Background and objective: Drug prescription errors are a significant cause of preventable morbidity and mortality in children. Our aim was to assess whether the frequency of medication error decreased after a prevention program was implemented in a pediatric emergency department. Material and methods: Observational pre- and postintervention study. We identified errors made in November 2009(preintervention period) by reviewing patient records. Errors were classified by type (dose, indication, route of administration), level of seriousness (low, moderate, high), and associated factors (staff experience, seriousness of the emergency, day of the week, hour of the day). In 2010 sessions to provide information about the detected errors were held and informative posters were hung in the department. Errors were again identified in November 2010(postintervention period) and the results were compared. Results: Errors were made most often with bronchodilators, corticosteroids, and anti-inflammatory drugs. In the first period, out of 445 prescriptions made, 49 errors (11%) were detected; in the second period, 48 errors in 557prescriptions (8.6%) were detected. The difference was not significant. The rate of dosage error decreased significantly between the 2 periods (7.4% vs 3.8%, P=.016), but we saw no significant changes in incorrect indication, choice of route of administration, or seriousness. During the postintervention period, fewer errors were made in the most serious emergencies (11.6% vs 5.7%; P=.005) and between midnight and 8 a.m. (16.2% vs 6.1%; P=.02).Conclusions: The error prevention program allowed us to reduce some types of medication error but follow-up and continued insistence on vigilance is required (AU)