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1.
Rev. chil. nutr ; 43(1): 68-74, mar. 2016. ilus
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-787095

RESUMO

Cereal bars for infant collation in two flavors were developed: apple and red fruits. The bars were made with oatmeal and dried fruit, low in saturated fat, total sugars and sodium. The effect of the addition of 2.5% of β-glucan in the bars on the sensory acceptability, satiety and digestive tolerance in primary school children were evaluated. The results showed high sensory acceptability to all bars (both flavors, with and without β-glucan), being higher in children from 1st to 4th grade and in men (p <0.05). Consumption of the bars produced satiety in children without stumbling significant differences due to thepresence of β-glucan. Regarding the digestive tolerance, no cases of discomfort were presented, indicating that all cereal bars were well tolerated. The addition of β-glucan in the bars does not affect the sensory acceptability of these and does not affect satiety compared to bars without β-glucan.


RESUMEN Se desarrollaron barritas de cereal destinadas a la colación infantil en dos sabores: manzana y frutos rojos. Las barritas se elaboraron con avena y frutos deshidratados, con bajo contenido de grasas saturadas, azúcares totales y sodio. Se evaluó el efecto de la incorporación de 2.5% de β-glucano en las barritas sobre la aceptabilidad sensorial, saciedad y tolerancia digestiva en escolares de educación básica. Los resultados obtenidos demostraron alta aceptabilidad sensorial para todas las barritas (ambos sabores, con y sin β-glucano), siendo mayor en niños de 1° a 4° básico y en hombres (p<0.05). El consumo de las barritas produjo saciedad en los niños, sin encontrase diferencias significativas por efecto de la presencia de β-glucano. Respecto a la tolerancia digestiva, no se presentaron casos de malestar, lo que indica que todas las barritas de cereal fueron bien toleradas. La incorporación de β-glucano en las barritas no afecta la aceptabilidad sensorial de éstas y tampoco afecta la saciedad respecto a barritas sin β-glucano.


Assuntos
Humanos , Saciação , Estudantes , Fibras na Dieta , Ingestão de Alimentos , Grão Comestível , Alimentos Integrais , Ensino Fundamental e Médio , beta-Glucanas
2.
Rev. Soc. Boliv. Pediatr ; 54(2): 95-101, 2015. ilus
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-765409

RESUMO

Introducción: Las intervenciones a nivel escolar constituyen una de las estrategias más importantes para enfrentar la obesidad en la población infantil. Objetivo: Determinar los cambios en los patrones de alimentación y estado nutricional en una intervención de 2 años de duración en alimentación saludable y actividad física en escolares. Sujetos y Método: Se intervinieron durante 2 años a 2.527 estudiantes de primero a cuarto básico de escuelas básicas de las comunas de Santiago Centro, Estación Central y Peñalolén, en Alimentación-Nutrición y Actividad física. A cada apoderado se le realizó una Encuesta de Frecuencia de Alimentos y a los escolares una evaluación antropométrica al inicio y final de la intervención. Resultados: De 2.527 estudiantes intervenidos finalizaron 1.453. La prevalencia de obesidad disminuyó de un 23,4 a 20,1%. Los escolares obesos incrementaron de forma significativa el consumo de frutas (p < 0,05), pescado (p < 0,01) y leguminosas (p < 0,05) y redujeron el consumo de bebidas gaseosas (p < 0,01) y pasteles/ dulces/chocolates (p < 0,01). Conclusión: Los resultados de este estudio demuestran que la intervención en los colegios en alimentación saludable y actividad física, puede mejorar el estado nutricional en escolares con sobrepeso y obesidad e incrementar el consumo de alimentos saludables.


Introduction: School interventions are one of the most important strategies to combat obesity in children. Objective: To determine changes in eating patterns and nutritional status after an intervention of two years long that promoted healthy eating and physical activity in school children. Subjects and Method: 2,527 students, between first and fourth grade, were intervened for two years in the districts of Santiago Centro, Estacion Central and Peñalolen regarding Food, Nutrition and Physical Activity. Each parent underwent a Food Frequency Survey and the students were anthropometrically assessed at the beginning and at the end of the intervention. Results: 1,453 out of 2,527 completed the whole process. The prevalence of obesity decreased from 23.4 to 20.1%. Obese schoolchildren significantly increased fruit consumption (p < 0.05), fish (p < 0.01) and legumes ( p < 0.05 ) and reduced the consumption of soft drinks (p < 0.01) and cakes/candy/chocolates (p < 0.01). Conclusion: The results of this study demonstrate that interventions in schools on healthy eating and physical activity can improve the nutritional status of obese and overweighed children and increase healthy food consumption.

3.
Rev. chil. pediatr ; 85(5): 569-577, oct. 2014. tab
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-731644

RESUMO

Objective: To monitor coverage and outcomes associated with the activities of the integrated protection system for early childhood Chile Grows with You (CHCC), which includes the comprehensive psychosocial development of children between 18 months and 3 years old, in each of the 29 Health Services of the country, as well as the changes observed after 4 years. Material and Method: Database analysis of all local public networks in the country between 2008 and 2011 was performed. The application of the test regarding psychomotor development, prevalence of development delay and risk, participation of mothers in educational workshops, home visits and recovery rate of deficient children by age were studied. Median and observed changes of each indicator were analyzed developing a ranking based on the results observed. Results: Approximately 75% of children were evaluated, with a prevalence of delay or risk of about 5% and a rate of recovery close to 50%. The participation of mothers in educational workshops increased from 7.6 to 11.0% (p <0.001) and home visits to developmentally delayed children increased 6 times between 2009 and 2011 (p <0.001). Most changes were positive, although the prevalence of developmentally delayed children under 2 years slightly increased (0.6%), and the recovery of 3 year olds decreased (-14.4%). A great variability was observed among the Health Services. Conclusions: There are some positive results in relation to psychomotor development, with significant regional differences. A lower than expected deficit rate regarding psychomotor development was observed, which implies the need to further analyze the instrument used or the conditions of application.


Objetivo: Monitorear la cobertura y resultados de las principales actividades planificadas en el subsistema de protección social Chile Crece Contigo (CHCC) en relación al desarrollo psicosocial integral en niños de 18 meses y 3 años, en cada una de los 29 Servicios de Salud del país y los cambios observados en 4 años. Material y Método: Análisis de bases de datos de todos los establecimientos de la Red Pública del país, 2008 y 2011. Se estudió: aplicación del test de desarrollo psicomotor, prevalencia de retraso y riesgo del desarrollo, participación de madres en talleres educativos, visitas domiciliarias integrales y tasa de recuperación de niños con déficit según edad. Se analizó mediana y cambio observado de cada indicador por servicios de salud y se elaboró un ranking en función de los resultados observados. Resultados: Aproximadamente el 75% de los niños fueron evaluados, con una prevalencia de retraso o riesgo del orden de 5% y tasa de recuperación cercana al 50%. La participación de madres en talleres educativos aumentó de 7,6 a 11,0% (p < 0,001) y las visitas domiciliarias en niños con rezago 6 veces entre el 2009 y 2011 (p < 0,001). La mayor parte de los cambios fueron positivos, aunque aumentó levemente la prevalencia de rezago en menores de 2 años (0,6%) y disminuyó la recuperación de niños de 3 años (-14,4%). Destaca amplia variabilidad entre servicios de salud. Conclusiones: Existen algunos resultados positivos en relación al desarrollo psicomotor, con importantes diferencias regionales. Destaca una tasa de déficit del desarrollo psicomotor menor a lo esperado, lo que implica la necesidad de revisar el instrumento utilizado o las condiciones de aplicación.


Assuntos
Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Desenvolvimento Infantil , Serviços de Saúde da Criança/organização & administração , Deficiências do Desenvolvimento/terapia , Desempenho Psicomotor/fisiologia , Fatores Etários , Chile , Deficiências do Desenvolvimento/epidemiologia , Mães/educação , Prevalência , Risco
4.
Rev. chil. nutr ; 41(2): 161-166, June 2014. ilus, tab
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-722910

RESUMO

Introduction: The Chilean Ministry of Health (MINSAL) and the Chilean Federation of Bakers (FECHIPAN) agreed to progressively decrease sodium content in bread from 800 to 500 mg/100 g bread in 100 bakeries in 2011 and in 100% of bakeries in 2014. Objective: To analyze and compare the sodium content in bread from a bakery with national distribution (A) and a local bakery (B). Materials and methods: A total of 100 samples were analyzed in each bakery 50 each of the two types of bread known as marraqueta and hallulla (types of bread rolls). Analysis was performed at different times of the day and at different days of the week. Sodium content was determined by the AOAC (2005) method using atomic absorption spectrophotometry and compared with the sodium content declared in the nutrition label in bakery A. Differences between content for type of bread, bakery and time of sampling were established by ANOVA and Student's t-test with the STATA 12.0 software at a p<0.05 level of significance. Results: Total sodium in bread (mg/100 g unit) was estimated as 619.6±127.7 mg for hallulla and 641.0±93.3 for marraqueta. There were no significant differences in sodium content in both bakeries (p=0.971) and type of bread (p=0.177). Sodium content was higher on Wednesdays (p<0.0001, p=0.016) and at 17 hours (p<0.000001, p=0.028) in hallulla and marraqueta, respectively. Total sodium content in both bakeries varied between 412.5 and 954.5 mg/100 g. Conclusions: Bread from both bakeries showed similar sodium contents although they exceeded the MINSAL-FECHIPAN agreement by 26% to 80%.


Introducción: El Ministerio de Salud de Chile (MINSAL) y la Federación de Panaderos de Chile (FECHIPAN) acordaron reducir progresivamente el contenido de sodio en el pan de 800 mg a 500 mg/100 g pan, en 100 panaderías el 2011 y en 100% de ellos el año 2014. Objetivo: Analizar el contenido de sodio en pan de una panadería de distribución nacional (A) comparada con una de tipo local (B). Materiales y métodos: Se analizaron 100 muestras de pan por panadería, 50 de marraqueta y 50 de hallulla, en diferentes horas y días de la semana. El contenido de sodio se determinó con el método AOAC (2005) mediante espectrofotometría de absorción atómica y se comparó con el contenido de sodio declarado en el etiquetado nutricional de la panadería A. Se utilizó ANOVA y T-student para establecer diferencias del contenido de sodio por tipo de pan, panadería y hora de extracción, utilizando el software STATA 12.0 con un nivel de significancia p<0,05. Resultados: El sodio total en el pan (mg/100 g pan) se estimó en 619,6±127,7 mg para hallulla y 641±93,3 para marraqueta, sin diferencias significativas para su contenido en ambas panaderías (p=0,971) y tipo de pan (p=0,177). El sodio fue mayor el día miércoles (p<0,0001 - p=0.016) y a las 17 horas (p<0,000001 - p=0.028) en pan hallulla y marraqueta respectivamente. Con variabilidad en el contenido de sodio total en ambas panaderías entre 412,5 a 954,5 mg/100 g. Conclusiones: El pan de ambas panaderías presenta similar contenido de sodio pero excediéndose 26% a 80% del acuerdo MINSAL-FECHIPAN.


Assuntos
Humanos , Sódio , Pão , Indústria Alimentícia , Estudos Transversais
5.
Rev. chil. nutr ; 41(1): 67-71, mar. 2014. tab
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-710961

RESUMO

Introduction: Due to the disturbing increase in cardiovascular disease, in part associated with the consumption of salt, a pilot program was initiated in 2010 between the Ministry of Health, the Federation of Industrial Bakers and the Chilean Association of supermarkets to gradually reduce the amount of salt in bread. Aim: to evaluate the overall acceptability of salt-reduced bread in a pilot program compared with unmodified bread in bakeries of Santiago. Methodology: A cross-sectional analytical study was performed. Random selection of 5 intervention bakeries and 5 control bakeries. A survey of 175 consumers per group was carried out in order to assess the acceptability of bread in relation to 5 sensory parameters, with a hedonic scale of 5 points. An index of overall acceptability (5-25 points) was developed qualifying as good acceptability a value ≥22 points. Results: Good acceptability was found in all parameters studied. A statistically significant difference was found for the control group in the rating of the flavor (p = 0,01) and global acceptability of bread (p = 0, 02). Multivariate analysis showed better acceptability in persons over 60 years of age (p= 0,02) and in control bakeries (p = 0,01). Conclusions: Better acceptability was found in some parameters in the control group bread, although the sodium concentration is not the only factor to explain the acceptability.


Introducción: Ante el aumento de enfermedades cardiovasculares en Chile, asociadas al alto consumo de sodio, el año 2010 se inició un programa piloto entre el Ministerio de Salud, la Federación de Industriales Panaderos y la Asociación Chilena de Supermercados para disminuir gradualmente la concentración de sal en pan. Objetivo: Evaluar la aceptabilidad del consumidor del pan del programa piloto, en comparación con un pan sin modificar, en una muestra de panaderías de Santiago. Metodología: Estudio analítico transversal. Selección aleatoria de 5 panaderías piloto y 5 controles. Encuesta a 175 consumidores de cada grupo, para evaluar la aceptabilidad del pan con 5 parámetros sensoriales, con escala hedónica de 5 puntos. Se elaboró un índice de aceptabilidad global (5 a 25 puntos), calificando como buena aceptabilidad un valor ≥22 puntos. Resultados: Buena aceptabilidad en todos los parámetros en ambos grupos, con diferencias significativas a favor del grupo control en la calificación del sabor (p= 0,01) y aceptabilidad global (p= 0,02). El análisis multivariado mostró mejor aceptabilidad en mayores de 60 años (p= 0,01) y en panaderías control (p = 0,02). Conclusiones: Se encontró mejor aceptabilidad en algunos parámetros del pan no intervenido, aunque la concentración de sodio no fue el único factor que explicó la aceptabilidad.


Assuntos
Humanos , Sódio , Pão , Avaliação de Programas e Projetos de Saúde , Ingestão de Alimentos , Dieta Saudável
6.
Rev. chil. pediatr ; 84(6): 634-640, dic. 2013. ilus, tab
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-703286

RESUMO

Introducción: Las intervenciones a nivel escolar constituyen una de las estrategias más importantes para enfrentar la obesidad en la población infantil. Objetivo: Determinar los cambios en los patrones de alimentación y estado nutricional en una intervención de 2 años de duración en alimentación saludable y actividad física en escolares. Sujetos y Método: Se intervinieron durante 2 años a 2.527 estudiantes de primero a cuarto básico de escuelas básicas de las comunas de Santiago Centro, Estación Central y Peñalolén, en Alimentación- Nutrición y Actividad física. A cada apoderado se le realizó una Encuesta de Frecuencia de Alimentos y a los escolares una evaluación antropométrica al inicio y final de la intervención. Resultados: De 2.527 estudiantes intervenidos finalizaron 1.453. La prevalencia de obesidad disminuyó de un 23,4 a 20,1 por ciento. Los escolares obesos incrementaron de forma significativa el consumo de frutas (p < 0,05), pescado (p < 0,01) y leguminosas (p < 0,05) y redujeron el consumo de bebidas gaseosas (p < 0,01) y pasteles/dulces/chocolates (p < 0,01). Conclusión: Los resultados de este estudio demuestran que la intervención en los colegios en alimentación saludable y actividad física, puede mejorar el estado nutricional en escolares con sobrepeso y obesidad e incrementar el consumo de alimentos saludables.


Introduction: School interventions are one of the most important strategies to combat obesity in children. Objective: To determine changes in eating patterns and nutritional status after an intervention of two years long that promoted healthy eating and physical activity in school children. Subjects and Method: 2,527 students, between first and fourth grade, were intervened for two years in the districts of Santiago Centro, Estacion Central and Peñalolen regarding Food, Nutrition and Physical Activity. Each parent underwent a Food Frequency Survey and the students were anthropometrically assessed at the beginning and at the end of the intervention. Results: 1,453 out of 2,527 completed the whole process. The prevalence of obesity decreased from 23.4 to 20.1 percent Obese schoolchildren significantly increased fruit consumption (p < 0.05), fish (p < 0.01) and legumes ( p < 0.05 ) and reduced the consumption of soft drinks (p < 0.01) and cakes/candy/chocolates (p < 0.01). Conclusion: The results of this study demonstrate that interventions in schools on healthy eating and physical activity can improve the nutritional status of obese and overweighed children and increase healthy food consumption.


Assuntos
Humanos , Criança , Exercício Físico , Educação em Saúde , Comportamento Alimentar , Obesidade/prevenção & controle , Antropometria , Chile , Educação Alimentar e Nutricional , Promoção da Saúde , Atividade Motora , Inquéritos Nutricionais , Estado Nutricional , Alimentação Escolar
7.
Nutr Hosp ; 28(5): 1508-14, 2013.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24160208

RESUMO

In Chile childhood obesity is a growing public health problem. Intervention programs within schools have shown variable results, with better impacts when multiple aspects are involved and included the entire educational community. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect on the nutritional status of children in intervention schools within 2 years of duration (Healthy Living Program). The sample included 2,527 students first through fourth grade of 3 counties of Santiago. The students were intervened and followed for a period of two years in their food and nutrition habits, physical activity and self-care practices, by a team of nutritionists and physical education teachers. Weight and height were measured at start of program, end of the first and second years of intervention, under standardized conditions and calculated the Z score of BMI and nutritional status according to the WHO reference 2007. At the end of the second year 1,453 children were reassessed. There was a significant decrease in BMI Z score in obese children (-0.3 SD) and obesity decreased from 21.8% to 18.4% at the end of the intervention. 75% of schoolchildren obese and 60.5% overweight decreased their BMI Z score, reduction that was greater in men and students in the upper grades. 51.9% of normal weight children increased their BMI Z-score age, although most less than 0.5 SD. The intervention in education, nutrition and physical activity among schoolchildren in three communes of Greater Santiago was effective in reducing the prevalence of obesity (-3.4 percentage points). The big challenge is to find mechanisms to give continuity to the program and evaluate long-term effects.


En Chile la obesidad infantil es un creciente problema de salud pública. Los programas de intervención al interior de las escuelas han mostrado resultados variables, con mejores resultados cuando se incluyen diversas variables y a toda la comunidad educativa. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el efecto sobre el estado nutricional de un programa realizado al interior de las escuelas, de 2 años de duración (Programa Vive Sano). Se estudiaron 2.527 escolares de primero a cuarto año de educación básica, de 3 comunas de la Región Metropolitana de Chile, que fueron intervenidos en alimentación, nutrición, actividad física y autocuidado de la salud con un equipo de Nutricionistas y Profesores de educación física. Se evaluó peso y talla al ingreso al programa y al final del primer y segundo año de intervención, en condiciones estandarizadas. Se calculó puntaje Z del IMC y estado nutricional según la referencia OMS 2007. Al final del segundo año 1.453 niños fueron reevaluados. Hubo una disminución significativa en puntaje Z del IMC-edad en los escolares obesos (-0,3 DE) y la prevalencia global de obesidad disminuyó de 21,8% a 18,4% al final de la intervención. El 75% de los escolares con obesidad y 60,5% con sobrepeso disminuyó su Z score IMC, siendo mayor la reducción en el sexo masculino y en los cursos superiores. El 51,9% de los estudiantes con peso normal aumentó su puntaje Z de IMC-edad, aunque mayoritariamente menos de 0,5 DE. Se puede concluir que la educación en alimentación y actividad física realizada por profesionales fue efectiva en reducir la prevalencia de obesidad (-3,4 puntos porcentuales). El gran desafío es buscar mecanismos para darle continuidad al programa y evaluar los efectos a largo plazo.


Assuntos
Dieta , Exercício Físico , Atividade Motora , Estado Nutricional , Obesidade/epidemiologia , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Prevalência , Fatores de Tempo
8.
Rev. chil. nutr ; 40(2): 119-122, June 2013. tab
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-687146

RESUMO

Introduction: Considering the high burden of disease associated with excessive salt intake of the population, Chile initiated a pilot program between the Ministry of Health (MINSAL), the Industrial Bakers Federation (FECHIPAN) and the Chilean Association of Supermarkets (ASACH) in order to achieve a gradual reduction of salt in bread. Objective: To analyze the amount of sodium in bread samples from bakeries belonging to the program and those not participating in Santiago. Materials and methods: Cross-sectional study with random sampling of two products in five pilot and five control bakeries. Sodium was analysed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry and the mean was used for analysis (mg/100 g of bread). For comparison the Student's t test was utilized and significance was established at p <0,05. Results: The average sodium concentration in the control group was 597,2 ± 106,4 mg/100 g bread while in the experimental group was 600,9 ± 106,2 mg/100 g bread showing no significant differences between them. There was considerable variability in the levels of sodium in both groups, with values ranging from 403 to 824 mg/100 g. Discussion: The concentration of sodium in the bread was similar in both groups, suggesting a reduction in salt content in the control bakeries. More studies are needed to better understand the national reality in this matter.


Antecedentes: Considerando la alta carga de enfermedades asociadas a un excesivo consumo de sal, Chile inició un programa piloto entre el Ministerio de Salud (MINSAL), la Federación de Industriales Panaderos (FECHIPAN) y la Asociación Chilena de Supermercados (ASACH) con el propósito de lograr una disminución paulatina de la sal con que se fabrica el pan. Objetivo: Analizar la concentración de sodio (mg/100 g) en muestras de pan de panaderías adheridas al programa y panaderías no participantes, del Gran Santiago. Materiales y métodos: Estudio transversal analítico; muestreo aleatorio de dos muestras de pan en cinco panaderías del programa piloto y cinco panaderías control. Análisis de sodio por espectrofoto-metría de absorción atómica y determinación del promedio de éste en las muestras (mg/100 g de pan). Para la comparación de promedios se utilizó t de Student, considerando significativo un p < 0,05. Resultados: La concentración promedio de sodio en el pan en el grupo control fue 597,2 ± 106,4 mg/100 g y en el grupo intervenido 600,9 ± 106,2 mg/100 g, sin diferencias significativas entre ellos. Existe bastante variabilidad en los niveles de sodio en ambos grupos, con valores extremos de 403 y 824 mg/100 g. Discusión: La concentración de sodio en el pan fue similar en ambos grupos. La reducción del sodio en panaderías no participantes en el programa, sugiere preocupación de la industria por fabricar un pan más saludable. Son necesarios estudios con mayor representatividad para conocer mejor la realidad nacional.


Assuntos
Humanos , Sódio , Programas de Nutrição , Pão , Cloreto de Sódio , Avaliação de Programas e Projetos de Saúde , Hipertensão , Chile
9.
Rev. chil. obstet. ginecol ; 78(4): 310-316, 2013. tab
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-692209

RESUMO

Objetivo: Evaluar el grado de implementación de las actividades de Chile Crece Contigo en el embarazo y parto en los 29 Servicios de Salud del país. Método: Análisis de bases de datos del DEIS, Ministerio de Salud 2008 y 2011 por Servicios de Salud. Se analizó mediana y percentiles de gestantes en riesgo psicosocial, visitas domiciliarias integrales, participación de madres en talleres educativos, parto acompañado y apego precoz y el cambio de cada uno de ellos en el período estudiado. En función de la magnitud de los cambios se generó un nuevo indicador que permitió clasificar a los Servicios de Salud en terciles, considerando el tercil superior aquellos con cambios más positivos. Resultados: Ingresaron a control prenatal cerca de 200 mil mujeres cada año, que representan aproximadamente el 80 por ciento de los recién nacidos del país. Se observó un aumento significativo de 16 a 22 puntos porcentuales en todas las variables estudiadas (p<0,005), excepto en visitas domiciliarias en gestantes en riesgo psicosocial, que disminuyeron de 1,6 a 1,1 (p<0,001), con variaciones importantes entre Servicios de Salud. Conclusión: Ha habido un esfuerzo importante para modernizar el Programa de la Mujer y mejorar el control prenatal, parto y puerperio, aunque no se ha reflejado en los indicadores de salud. Las diferencias de comportamiento por Servicios de Salud ofrece la oportunidad de profundizar en el análisis de las causas que lo explican y la posibilidad de definir estrategias para lograr mejores resultados...


Objective: To assess the degree of implementation of the activities of Chile Crece Contigo in pregnancy and childbirth in the 29 country's health services. Method: Analysis of DEIS databases, Ministry of Health 2008 and 2011 by Health Services. Median and percentiles were analyzed at psychosocial risk in pregnant women, comprehensive home visits, mothers participate in educational workshops, childbirth accompanied and early bonding and changing during the study period. Depending on the magnitude of the changes generated a new indicator that allowed classification of Health Services in tertiles, the highest tertile considering those with more positive changes. Results: prenatal entered nearly 200,000 women each year, approximately 80 percent of all pregnant women in the country. We observed a significant increase of 16-22 percentage points for all variables studied (p<0.005), except home visits to pregnant women in psychosocial risk decreased from 1.6 to 1.1 (p<0.001), with important variations by Health Services. Conclusion: There has been a major effort to modernize the Program for Women and improving prenatal care, childbirth and postpartum, although not reflected in health indicators. The differences in behavior Health Services offers the opportunity to deepen the analysis of the causes that explain and the ability to define strategies to achieve better results...


Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Gravidez , Planos e Programas de Saúde , Bem-Estar Materno , Avaliação de Processos em Cuidados de Saúde , Serviços de Saúde Materna/estatística & dados numéricos , Chile , Cuidado Pré-Natal , Política de Saúde , Grupos de Risco , Serviços de Saúde da Mulher
10.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 140(12): 1571-1579, dic. 2012. tab
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-674029

RESUMO

Background: The Chilean population has inadequate lifestyles and high prevalence ofchronic diseases. Aim: To analyze eating behaviors, nutritional status and history ofprevious diseases, in students of higher education. Material and Methods: Cross-sectional study in students of 54 higher education centers across the country. They answered a survey about dietary habits, physical activity, smoking, previous diseases and opinion oftheir nutritional condition. Weight and height were measured under standardized conditions and nutritional status classified according to body mass index. Results: We studied 6,823 students aged 17 to 29 years. Forty seven percent did not have breakfast and 35% did not have lunch every day. A low proportion had a daily consumption of vegetables (51.2%), fruits (39.4%) and dairy products (57.5%). There was a high frequency of soft drinks, chips, cakes and sweets consumption. Seventy six percent were sedentary, 40.3% smokers and 27.4% overweight or obese. The latter had a significantly higher frequency ofdiabetes, hypertension and hypercholesterolemia. There was a poor agreement between actual nutritional status and self-perception, especially in males (Kappa index 0.38). Recipients of a food scholarship provided by the Ministry of Education ate lunch usually with a higher frequency (p < 0.05). Conclusions: A high prevalence of inadequate eating and physical activity patterns in these young subjects with good educational level was observed. The food scholarship has some positive effects, although differences in socioeconomic levels limited comparisons.


Assuntos
Adolescente , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Adulto Jovem , Qualidade dos Alimentos , Estilo de Vida , Atividade Motora/fisiologia , Estado Nutricional , Autoimagem , Fumar/epidemiologia , Estudantes/estatística & dados numéricos , Análise de Variância , Índice de Massa Corporal , Chile/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Escolaridade , Bolsas de Estudo/estatística & dados numéricos , Obesidade/epidemiologia , Universidades
11.
Arch. latinoam. nutr ; 62(2): 155-160, jun. 2012. ilus, tab
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-710616

RESUMO

La historia familiar (HF) de Enfermedades Crónicas no Transmisibles (ECNT), aumentaría el riesgo de síndrome metabólico (SM). En Chile, el SM afecta al 27% de niños con sobrepeso, y la hiperglicemia de ayuno (HA) es el trastorno menos prevalente (4.0%). El objetivo fue estudiar la prevalencia del SM y de los factores de riesgo cardiovascular (FRCV) en niños con sobrepeso e HF de ECNT analizando su asociación con el número de parientes afectados y con la historia parental (HP). En 183 niños con IMC ≥p85 de 11,8 ± 1,8 años (86 varones) e HF (padres y/o abuelos) de ECNT, se evaluó el z IMC (CDC / NCHS), el perímetro de cintura, la presión arterial, la glicemia, la insulina, los triglicéridos y el colesterol-HDL. El SM y los FRCV fueron diagnosticados por el criterio de Cook y la insulinoresistencia (IR) por el HOMA-IR. Se utilizaron Chi², ANOVA, t Student y Willcoxon. La HF de DM2, hipertensión arterial y dislipidemia fue de 81,4 %, 88,0 % y 71,6 % respectivamente. La prevalencia del SM fue de 46,5%, asociándose a la magnitud del sobrepeso y a la HP de ECNT. La prevalencia de hipertrigliceridemia y de hiperglicemia de ayuno fueron de 54,6% y 31,4% respectivamente. No hubo asociación entre el número de parientes con HF y el perfil cardiovascular y metabólico del niño. Se concluye, que la HF de ECNT, se asocia a una mayor prevalencia del SM, de dislipidemia y de hiperglicemia de ayuno que la observada en población general de niños con sobrepeso.


Metabolic syndrome prevalence in Chilean children and adolescent with family history of chronic noncommunicable diseases. . Family history (FH+) of non transmisible chronic diseases (NTCD) increase MetS risk. In Chile, the MetS affects 27% of overweight children, and fasting hyperglycemia is very low prevalent (4,0%). The objective was to study the prevalence of MetS and the cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF) in overweight children with a family background of NTCD and analyze its association with the number of relatives witth NTCD and with parental history (PH). In 183 overweight children (BMI ≥p85) mean age 11,8 ± 1,8 (86 males) with a FH+ (parental or grandparental) of NTCD, were assessed the BMI z (CDC / NCHS), waist circumference, blood arterial pressure, fasting Glucose and Insulin (RIA), triglycerides, HDL chol. The MetS and the CVRF were diagnosed using the Cook phenotype and the insulin resistance (IR) through the HOMA-IR. Chi², ANOVA, t Student and Willcoxon test were performed. The frequency of FH+ of DM2, hypertension and dyslipidemia were 81,4 %, 88,0 % and 71,6 % respectively. The MeTS prevalence was 46,5 % associated to overweight magnitude an parental history of NTCD. The prevalence of hypertriglyceridemia was 54,6%, while fasting hyperglycemia affected 31,4% of the sample. There was no association between number of relatives with NTCD and CV risk profile. We conclude that in overweight children with FH+ of NTCD, the prevalence of MetS, dyslipidemia and fasting hyperglycemia are significantly higher, than those observed in the general population of obese children.


Assuntos
Adolescente , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Doenças Cardiovasculares/genética , Hipoglicemia/epidemiologia , Síndrome Metabólica/epidemiologia , Glicemia/análise , Doença Crônica , Chile/epidemiologia , Colesterol/sangue , Complicações do Diabetes , Suscetibilidade a Doenças , Dislipidemias/epidemiologia , Família , Resistência à Insulina/fisiologia , Anamnese , Sobrepeso/complicações , Prevalência , Fatores de Risco
12.
Rev. chil. pediatr ; 83(2): 161-169, abr. 2012. tab
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-639752

RESUMO

Introduction: Limited information is available regarding factors contributing to exclusive breastfeeding until the sixth month. This information is needed to design appropriate policy interventions. Methods: A survey about socio-demographic characteristics, information received, onset and duration of breastfeeding and causes of weaning was applied. Factors associated with exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months were determined by multivariate logistic regression. Results: 256 mothers attending a public sector hospital and 158 mothers attending a private sector hospital responded to the survey. The following factors were higher in the private sector group: Education level, primiparity, cesarean sections and work outside the home (p < 0.02). 45.8 percent of mothers continued exclusive breastfeeding up to 6 months, with no difference seen between groups. The main causes of weaning were: maternal decision (27.2 percent), perceived hunger (24.1 percent), esthetic factors (17.3 percent) and child's illness (13.0 percent). Exclusive breastfeeding up to 6 months was associated with a previous successful breastfeeding (OR 5.4, 95 percent CI 2.2-13.2), female child (OR 5.5 CI 2.5-12.3), lower maternal education (OR 5.4 CI 2.4-11.7) and public health system (OR 2.1 CI 1.0-4.5). Conclusion: Weaning is often associated with maternal perceptions rather than objective data. Socio-demographic variables influence successful prolonged breastfeeding. Better education in health factors and breastfeeding might improve this situation.


Introducción: Existe limitada información de los factores que contribuyen a una lactancia materna exclusiva hasta el sexto mes, datos necesarios para diseñar adecuadas políticas de intervención. Pacientes y Método: Estudio de corte transversal. Se aplicó una encuesta sobre características socio-demográficas, información recibida, inicio y duración de la lactancia y causas de destete. Por regresiones logísticas multivariadas se determinaron factores asociados a lactancia exclusiva de 6 meses. Resultados: 256 madres del sector público y 158 del sector privado fueron incluidas. Se observó mayor escolaridad, primiparidad, cesáreas y trabajo fuera del hogar en sistema privado (p < 0,02); 45,8 por ciento de madres mantuvo lactancia exclusiva hasta 6 meses, sin diferencias entre grupos. Principales causas de destete: decisión materna (27,2 por ciento), percepción de hambre (24,1 por ciento), factores estéticos (17,3 por ciento) y enfermedad del niño (13,0 por ciento). La lactancia exclusiva hasta los 6 meses se asoció con una lactancia previa exitosa (OR 5,4, 95 por ciento IC 2,2-13,2) sexo femenino del hijo (OR 5,5, IC 2,5-12,3), menor escolaridad materna (OR 5,4, IC 2,4-11,7) y sistema público de salud (OR 2,1, IC 1,0-4,5). Conclusión: El destete muchas veces está relacionado con percepciones maternas más que con datos objetivos. Variables socio-demográficas influyen en lactancia exitosa. Mayor educación en controles de salud y clínicas de lactancia mejorarían esta situación.


Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Lactente , Aleitamento Materno , Comportamento Materno , Desmame , Chile , Estudos Transversais , Coleta de Dados , Setor Privado , Setor Público , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Fatores de Tempo
13.
Rev. Méd. Clín. Condes ; 23(2): 117-123, Mar. 2012. graf
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-707632

RESUMO

Factores demográficos, socioeconómicos y relacionados con la oferta de alimentos y estilos de vida han determinado cambios importantes en las conductas alimentarias y de actividad física de la población chilena. Ello se ha reflejado en un incremento de la obesidad durante todo el ciclo vital, con los negativos efectos que determina en el riesgo de desarrollar diversas enfermedades crónicas. En la población atendida en el sistema público de salud existe un 9,7 por ciento de obesidad en los menores de 6 años, proporción que aumenta a cerca del 22 por ciento en embarazadas, adultos mayores y escolares de primero básico atendidos por JUNAEB. Según la Encuesta Nacional de Salud del 2010 existe un 25 por ciento de obesidad en la población adulta, superior a lo observado en la encuesta 2003, prevalencia que es mayor en mujeres, mayores de 45 años y con menor escolaridad. El gran desafío es definir y aplicar estrategias costo-efectivas para su prevención durante todo el ciclo vital.


Demographics and socioeconomic factors and changes in food supply and lifestyles have led to inadequate eating behaviors and sedentary activity of Chilean population. This has been reflected in a significant increase in obesity throughout the life cycle, which determines negative effects on the risk of developing various chronic diseases. In the population attending public health system there is 9.7 percent obesity in children under 6 years, a proportion that increases to nearly 22 percent in pregnant women, seniors and at first grade school attended by JUNAEB. According to National Health Survey of 2010 there is 25 percent obesity in the adult population, with an increasing trend over the 2003 survey and a higher prevalence in women, older 45 years old and less educated. The big challenge is to define and implement cost-effective strategies for prevention throughout the life cycle.


Assuntos
Humanos , Estado Nutricional , Obesidade/epidemiologia , Chile , Comportamento Alimentar , Prevalência , Comportamento Sedentário
14.
Rev. chil. nutr ; 38(3): 313-320, set. 2011. tab
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-608789

RESUMO

Background: The Ministry of Health incorporated in 2008 in the national supplementary feeding program a milk based drink for pregnant and nursing women fortified with EPA and DHA. The product initially presented some degree of rejection in the population, which led to modify its organoleptic characteristics. Objective: To evaluate in a national sample the acceptability and consumption of the modified product a year after starting distribution. Methodology: Random sample of1,272 beneficiaries in 62 clinics and 21 rural health posts across the country. A semistructured survey to assess withdrawal, acceptability and consumption by the beneficiary and other household members was applied. Results: Ninety point seven percent percent of mothers regularly withdrew the product. There were important problems in the preparation of "Purita Mama" by lower dilution (22 percent) or excessive concentration (50.8 percent). The overall assessment of the product showed an average of 3 (regular) on a scale of 1 to 5 in pregnant and lactating women, highlighting negative opinions about the excessive s weetness (19.2 percent) and strong aroma (49.9 percent). The median overall assessment of the mothers was 3 (regular) on a scale of 1 to 5, without significant differences between pregnant and lactating women. The median consumption of the beneficiaries was 250 ml/day, close to schedule and higher in the nursing women, although they receive more product. Eighty percent of mothers appreciate the nutritional benefits of the product to the mother or child. About 60 percent of mothers do not share the milk drink, which indicates a relatively low domestic dilution. Conclusions: there was no significant change in the level of acceptability of the product and the consumption levels were relatively adequate. It is important to enhance information on how to prepare the product, to propose different alternatives for consumption and eventually to consider alternatives of flavor.


Antecedentes: el Ministerio de Salud incorporó el año 2008 en el Programa Nacional de Alimentación Complementaria una bebida láctea para embarazadas y mujeres en lactancia, fortificada con EPA y DHA. El producto presentó inicialmente algún grado de rechazo en la población, lo que motivó modificar sus características organolépticas. Objetivo: evaluar en una muestra nacional la aceptabilidad y consumo de la 'Purita Mama" modificada, un año después de iniciar su distribución. Metodología: muestra aleatoria de 1.272 beneficiarías en 62 Consultorios y 21 Postas Rurales, de todo el país. Se aplicó una encuesta semi estructurada para evaluar retiro, aceptabilidad y consumo por las beneficiarías y otros miembros del hogar. Resultados: El 90,7 por ciento de las madres retiraba regularmente el producto. Se observaron importantes problemas en la preparación de Purita Mamá, por baja dilución (22 por ciento) o excesiva concentración (50,8 por ciento). La apreciación global del producto presentó una mediada de 3 en escala de 1 a 5 (regular) en embarazadas y nodrizas, destacando opiniones negativas respecto al excesivo dulzor (19,2 por ciento) y aroma fuerte (49,9 por ciento). La mediana de consumo de las embarazadas fue 250 mL/día, cercano a lo programado y algo superior en las nodrizas, aunque reciben mayor cantidad. El 86 por ciento de las madres valora positivamente las características nutricionales del producto para la madre o su hijo. Cerca del 60 por ciento de las madres no comparte la bebida láctea, lo que indica una dilución intrafamiliar relativamente baja. Conclusiones: no hubo un cambio importante en el nivel de aceptabilidad del producto y los niveles de consumo fueron relativamente adecuados. Es importante reforzar la información sobre la forma de preparar el producto, proponer diferentes alternativas de preparación y eventualmente considerar alternativas de sabor.


Assuntos
Bebidas , Programas de Nutrição , Ingestão de Alimentos , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-3 , Gestantes , Leite , Alimentos para Gestantes e Nutrizes , Chile
15.
Rev. chil. nutr ; 36(4): 1056-1062, dic. 2009. tab
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-554718

RESUMO

Objective: To analyze the anthropometric technique used by teachers on children from first grade, and to compare those measurements with those taken by a trained professional on the same children. Subjects and Method: Cross-sectional study in1st grade children from 19 municipalized schools and two subsidized particular schools from Vicuña County. An observation guide to register the fulfillment of the methodology recommended by the Chilean Ministry of Health was applied. Comparison of the results of the nutritional evaluation (BMI by age and height for age) according to the data of the teacher and the health professional was performed by the Kappa Index. Results: 426 were students studied, 90.6 percent of the universe. Only 27 percent of the teachers had received qualification and their methodology to weigh and to measure was inadequate in the majority of the cases. The Kappa Index was inferior to 0.8 and the more frequent errors of classification were underestimation of the low weight (1.9 vs. 3.3 percent), over-estimation of the overweight (21.1 vs. 18.1 percent) and obesity (23.0 vs. 20.2 percent). The agreement was smaller when the used technique was incorrect, in municipalized schools, in the rural area, or when the one in charge to measure was not teacher head (assistant teacher). Conclusions: The technique of anthropometric measurement was inadequate in most of the teachers, which determines errors in the nutritional classification. It is necessary more qualification and better instruments to obtain a more reliable data.


Objetivo: analizar la técnica antropométrica utilizada por los profesores con los niños de primero básico y la concordancia del diagnóstico nutricional entre las mediciones realizadas por los profesores y un profesional entrenado. Sujetos y método: estudio transversal en alumnos del Iº básico en 19 colegios municipalizados y 2 colegios particulares subvencionados de la Comuna de Vicuña. Aplicación de una pauta de observación sobre el cumplimiento de las normas de medición del Ministerio de Salud. Análisis de concordancia en la evaluación del IMC por edad y talla-edad, según los datos del profesor y del profesional de salud (índice Kappa). Resultados: Se estudiaron 426 escolares, 90,6 por ciento del universo. Solo el 27 por ciento de los profesores había recibido capacitación y la metodología utilizada para pesar y medir fue inadecuada en la mayoría de los casos. El índice Kappa fue inferior a 0,8 y los errores de clasificación más frecuentes fueron subestimación del bajo peso (1,9 vs 3,3 por ciento), sobreestimación del sobrepeso (21,1 vs 18,1 por ciento) y de la obesidad (23,0 vs 20,2 por ciento). La concordancia fue menor cuando la técnica utilizada era incorrecta, en colegios municipalizados, en sector rural o cuando el encargado de medir no fue el profesor Jefe (un docente o inspector). Conclusiones: la técnica de medición antropométrica fue inadecuada por la mayor parte de los profesores, lo que determinó errores en la clasificación nutricional. Se requiere más capacitación y mejores instrumentos para obtener una información más confiable.


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Criança , Antropometria/métodos , Estado Nutricional , Estudantes , Estatura , Índice de Massa Corporal , Peso Corporal , Chile , Estudos Transversais , Variações Dependentes do Observador , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes
16.
Arch Latinoam Nutr ; 59(3): 227-34, 2009 Sep.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19886506

RESUMO

Te aim of the study was to evaluate pregnancy nutritional consequences in adolescent pregnant women and to identify factors which increase risk of an adverse postpartum nutritional result. We conducted a prospective cohort study in 742 adolescent and 779 adult pregnant women in Guatemala, Dominican Republic and Uruguay, assessing demographic, social, obstetric, weight gain and BMI at first prenatal control, and 4 +/- 1 month postpartum. BMI in adults was classified according to WHO recommendations and NCHS/WHO in adolescents. We assessed changes of BMI between the beginning and postpartum time and a logistic model analysis was applied about the risk of having low BMI at postpartum time. At the beginning of pregnancy the prevalence of low weight was higher in adolescent group and the overweight and obesity higher in adults (p < 0.001). Weight gain was significantly higher in adolescents at same nutritional BMI, except for low weighted. Adolescents had a significant change in their BMI at postpartum time, showing a tendency to increase weight and a higher prevalence of overweight and obesity (p < 0.001). Higher risk of low BMI in postpartum was associated with low prenatal BMI (OR 25,6, CI 12,6 - 52), adolescence (OR 3,3 CI 1,6 - 6,6) and gestational weight gain < 300 g. per week (OR 1,4 CI 1,1 - 3,9). In conclusion adolescent nutritional status was not damaged after pregnancy. The strongest variable associated with postpartum low BMI was BMI which mothers begin pregnancy as equal of adult mothers.


Assuntos
Índice de Massa Corporal , Estado Nutricional , Obesidade/epidemiologia , Período Pós-Parto , Complicações na Gravidez/epidemiologia , Magreza/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Fatores Etários , Características Culturais , República Dominicana/epidemiologia , Estudos Epidemiológicos , Feminino , Guatemala/epidemiologia , Humanos , Obesidade/etnologia , Obesidade/etiologia , Gravidez , Complicações na Gravidez/etnologia , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Magreza/etnologia , Magreza/etiologia , Uruguai/epidemiologia , Adulto Jovem
17.
Arch Latinoam Nutr ; 59(3): 271-7, 2009 Sep.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19886512

RESUMO

UNLABELLED: EPA and DHA consumption in Chile is markedly below international daily intake recommendations. For improvement of such low intake level, we developed a fortified powdered dairy drink, containing 60 mg/serving of DHA and 14 mg/serving of EPA. OBJECTIVES: to evaluate the effects of DHA consumption during pregnancy, parturition, and in the newborn, on lipid composition of red blood cell membranes and levels of DHA and EPA on human milk during lactation. One hundred and seventy five (175) pregnant women received 2 kg/month of the fortified powdered dairy drink (GE), and 177 received the regular milk provided by the Ministry of Health (GC). We monitored daily intake of the dairy drink and all other sources of DHA and EPA in the diet, and measured general biological indicators during pregnancy, parturition, and in the new born. On a subsample of 14 women on each group (GE and GC), we measured fatty acid composition of red blood cell membranes after 0 and 60 days of consumption with the fortified dairy drink, and levels of DHA and EPA on human milk after 2 months of lactation. Of all women in the study, 16% had no consumption of fish, and 53% had no consumption of sea food. Less than 25% of all women had fish on a weekly basis. Consumption of the fortified dairy drink tripled intake of DHA, from 48.8 mg/day (CI 38.7-57.5) to 147.8 mg/day (CI 128.4-167.9) (p<0.001). The GE group had a higher content of DHA on the phospholipids of red blood cell membranes: 11.1% (CI 10.2-13.0) versus 17.9% (CI 12.9-23.0) (p<0.002). Concentration of DHA and omega-3 fatty acids increased 50% in milk of women consuming the fortified dairy drink (p<0.06). There was alower incidence of preterm parturitions on the GE group (2.8 vs 10.6%), but without statistical significance. The consumption of the fortified dairy drink produced a significant increase of DHA consumption during pregnancy and lactation, and an improved composition of red blood cell membranes, as well as in human milk, proving to be an appropriate intervention strategy for the target population.


Assuntos
Ácidos Docosa-Hexaenoicos/administração & dosagem , Ácido Eicosapentaenoico/administração & dosagem , Membrana Eritrocítica/química , Alimentos Fortificados , Leite Humano/química , Adulto , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Chile , Estudos de Coortes , Dieta , Gorduras Insaturadas na Dieta/análise , Ácidos Docosa-Hexaenoicos/metabolismo , Ácido Eicosapentaenoico/metabolismo , Feminino , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Gravidez , Resultado da Gravidez
18.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 137(11): 1449-1456, nov. 2009. tab
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-537007

RESUMO

Background: Considering the high prevalence of obesity among children attending elementary schools, it is important to know the evolution of body weight when these children reach adolescent. Aim: To analyze the changes in nutritional status of children between the first year of elementary school and the first year of high school. Material and methods: A historical cohort of children that were assessed when they started elementary school in 1997 was evaluated again eight years later Weight and height were measured and body mass index (BMI) was calculated. Obesity was considered as a BMI over percentile 95 of Center for Disease Control (CDC) references. The concordance between nutritional assessment in both periods and the risk of obesity during adolescence, based on previous weight were also calculated. Results: Data from 117,815 children were analyzed. The prevalence of obesity in the first year of elementary school and the first year of high school was 14.6 percent and 7 percent, respectively. The mean weight increase during the eight years period was 32.6±8.4 kg corresponding to 108 percent±28.1 percent of the expected increase. There was a low diagnostic concordance between both assessment periods. There was a reduction of under and overweight and a higher proportion of subjects with normal weight in the second assessment period. The risk for being obese in the first year of high school was 6.4 times greater for children that were obese in the first year of elementary school (confidence intervals 6.1-6.9. Conclusions: There was an important reduction in the proportion of obesity between the age of 6 and 14 years. The risk of obesity at 14 years of age was strongly influenced by the presence of obesity at 6 years of age. The broader BMIranges for normality for high school children could give a false image of the nutritional status of teenagers.


Assuntos
Adolescente , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Estado Nutricional/fisiologia , Obesidade/epidemiologia , Estatura/fisiologia , Índice de Massa Corporal , Peso Corporal/fisiologia , Chile/epidemiologia , Fatores de Risco , Distribuição por Sexo , Fatores de Tempo
19.
Arch. latinoam. nutr ; 59(3): 271-277, sept. 2009. tab
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-588650

RESUMO

En Chile el consumo de EPA y DHA es mucho menor a las recomendaciones internacionales. Para mejorar el aporte de omega-3 en el embarazo y lactancia desarrollamos una bebida láctea fortificada con 60 mg de DHA y 14 mg de EPA por 200/ml. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar su efecto en embarazo, parto y recién nacido, composición lipídica de los glóbulos rojos y de la leche materna. Se estudió una cohorte de embarazadas que recibieron dos Kg/mes del nuevo producto (GE n = 175) o la misma cantidad de la leche en polvo que distribuye el Ministerio de Salud (GC n =177). Se analizó consumo de la bebida láctea y otros alimentos fuentes de EPA y DHA y las características del embarazo, parto y recién nacido. En una submuestra de cada grupo se analizó al ingreso y a los 60 días la composición de los ácidos grasos de membranas del glóbulo rojo de la madre y de la leche materna a los 2 meses post parto. El 16 y 53 por ciento de la muestra no consumía pescado o mariscos respectivamente y menos del 25 por ciento consumía pescado en forma semanal. La intervención aumentó el aporte diario de DHA de 48,8 mg (IC 38,7 - 57,5) a 147,8 mg (IC 128,4 - 167,9) (p < 0,001). El GE tuvo mayores niveles de DHA en los fosfolípidos de la membrana del glóbulo rojo materno: 17,9 por ciento (IC 12,9 - 23,0) versus 11,1 por ciento (IC10,2 - 13,0) p < 0,002 y aumentó en 50 por ciento la concentración de ácidos grasos omega-3 en la leche materna (p 0,06). Se observó menor prevalencia de partos pretérminos en el GE (2,8 vs 10,6 por ciento), aunque sin significación estadística. La bebida láctea logró un aumento significativo del consumo de DHA en el embarazo y lactancia y una mejoría de la composición de ácidos grasos en el glóbulo rojo y leche materna, sugiriendo que es una buena estrategia de intervención en esta población.


EPA and DHA consumption in Chile is markedly below international daily intake recommendations. For improvement of such low intake level, we developed a fortified powdered dairy drink, containing 60 mg/serving of DHA and 14 mg/serving of EPA. Objectives: to evaluate the effects of DHA consumption during pregnancy, parturition, and in the newborn, on lipid composition of red blood cell membranes and levels of DHA and EPA on human milk during lactation. One hundred and seventy five (175) pregnant women received 2 kg/month of the fortified powdered dairy drink (GE), and 177 received the regular milk provided by the Ministry of Health (GC). We monitored daily intake of the dairy drink and all other sources of DHA and EPA in the diet, and measured general biological indicators during pregnancy, parturition, and in the new born. On a subsample of 14 women on each group (GE and GC), we measured fatty acid composition of red blood cell membranes after 0 and 60 days of consumption with the fortified dairy drink, and levels of DHA and EPA on human milk after 2 months of lactation. Of all women in the study, 16 percent had no consumption of fish, and 53 percent had no consumption of sea food. Less than 25 percent of all women had fish on a weekly basis. Consumption of the fortified dairy drink tripled intake of DHA, from 48.8 mg/day (CI 38.7-57.5) to 147.8 mg/day (CI 128.4-167.9) (p<0.001). The GE group had a higher content of DHA on the phospholipids of red blood cell membranes: 11.1 percent (CI 10.2- 13.0) versus 17.9 percent (CI 12.9-23.0) (p<0.002). Concentration of DHA and w-3 fatty acids increased 50 percent in milk of women consuming the fortified dairy drink (p<0.06). There was a lower incidence of preterm parturitions on the GE group (2.8 vs 10.6 percent), but without statistical significance. The consumption of the fortified dairy drink produced a significant increase of DHA consumption during pregnancy and lactation, and an improved composition...


Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Gravidez , Recém-Nascido , Eritrócitos , Ácidos Graxos , Leite Humano
20.
Arch. latinoam. nutr ; 59(3): 227-234, sept. 2009. tab
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-588656

RESUMO

Los objetivos fueron evaluar las consecuencias del embarazo en el IMC de las adolescentes en comparación con adultas e identificar los factores que aumentan el riesgo de un IMC bajo en el posparto. Se estudiaron 742 adolescentes (13 a 19 años) y 779 adultas (25 a 34 años) de Guatemala, República Dominicana y Uruguay. Se midieron variables demográficas, sociales, obstétricas, ganancia de peso e IMC antes de las 14 semanas de gestación y a los 4 ± 1 mes posparto. El IMC en adultas se clasificó según la OMS y en adolescentes según NCHS/OMS. Por análisis logístico uni y multivariado se estimó el riesgo de un IMC bajo en el posparto. Al inicio se observó mayor prevalencia de bajo peso en adolescentes y de sobrepeso y obesidad en adultas (p < 0,001). El incremento de peso en la gestación fue mayor en las adolescentes (p < 0,01). Hubo cambios significativos en el IMC posparto de las adolescentes, con aumento del sobrepeso y obesidad (p < 0,001). Las variables que más se asociaron con bajo IMC en el posparto fueron el IMC bajo al inicio del embarazo (OR 25,6 IC 12,6 - 52), la adolescencia (OR 3,5 IC 1,7 - 7,1) y una ganancia de peso < a 300 g. semanales (OR 2,2 IC 1,1 - 4,1). En conclusión no se observó deterioro del estado nutricional de las adolescentes luego de la gestación y la variable que más se asoció con bajo IMC post parto fue el IMC con que la madre inició el embarazo.


Te aim of the study was to evaluate pregnancy nutritional consequences in adolescent pregnant women and to identify factors which increase risk of an adverse postpartum nutritional result. We conducted a prospective cohort study in 742 adolescent and 779 adult pregnant women in Guatemala, Dominican Republic and Uruguay, assessing demographic, social, obstetric, weight gain and BMI at first prenatal control, and 4 + 1 month post partum. BMI in adults was classified according to WHO recommendations and NCHS/WHO in adolescents. We assessed changes of BMI between the beginning and postpartum time and a logistic model analysis was applied about the risk of having low BMI at postpartum time. At the beginning of pregnancy the prevalence of low weight was higher in adolescent group and the overweight and obesity higher in adults (p< 0.001). Weight gain was significantly higher in adolescents at same nutritional BMI, except for low weighted. Adolescents had a significant change in their BMI at postpartum time, showing a tendency to increase weight and a higher prevalence of overweight and obesity (p< 0.001). Higher risk of low BMI in postpartum was associated with low prenatal BMI (OR 25,6, CI 12,6 - 52), adolescence (OR 3,3 CI 1,6 - 6,6) and gestational weight gain < 300 g. per week (OR 1,4 CI 1,1 - 3,9). In conclusion adolescent nutritional status was not damaged after pregnancy. The strongest variable associated with postpartum low BMI was BMI which mothers begin pregnancy as equal of adult mothers.


Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Gravidez , Adolescente , Adulto , Índice de Massa Corporal , Peso Corporal , Estado Nutricional , Gravidez na Adolescência , Classe Social
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