Healthcare utilization and expenditures for United States Medicare beneficiaries with systemic vasculitis.

OBJECTIVE: The Medicare federal insurance program is the most common United States insurer of patients with systemic vasculitis (SV). We compared healthcare utilization and expenditures for Medicare beneficiaries with versus without SV. METHODS: This national, retrospective study used 2010 claims and enrollment data for a 100% cohort of Medicare Part A and B beneficiaries with ≥1 claim including a diagnosis for a form of SV (n = 176,498), and a randomly selected group of non-SV beneficiaries (n = 46,561). Outcomes included annual counts of events in 16 categories of medical services (e.g., inpatient stays, physician visits, tests, and imaging events), and total annual Medicare and patient medical expenditures. We used linear regression with bootstrapped standard errors to compare utilization and expenditures by SV status, before and after matching on age and sex. Prescription drug fills and expenditures for SV (n = 95,157) and non-SV (n = 24,992) beneficiaries with Part D drug benefits were also compared. RESULTS: After matching, Medicare spent $11,004 more per patient in 2010 for medical services, and $773 more on prescription drugs, for SV versus non-SV beneficiaries. SV beneficiaries spent $1547 more for medical services and $211 more for prescription drugs. Except for hospice, SV beneficiaries had greater utilization of all services, including two-to-three times more dialysis events, hospital readmissions, inpatient stays, skilled nursing facility stays, and medical tests. CONCLUSIONS: The average Medicare beneficiary with SV incurs about double the annual healthcare expenditures compared to their non-SV counterparts, attributable to increased utilization of almost all categories of care.

Schizophrenia: overview and treatment options.

Schizophrenia is a complex disorder characterized by an array of symptoms. This heterogeneity has resulted in a lack of consensus regarding diagnostic criteria, etiology, and pathophysiology, and has complicated efforts to devise effective treatments.