Mortality in French people with polyhandicap/profound intellectual and multiple disabilities.

BACKGROUND: In recent decades, progress has been made in the care of people with polyhandicap/profound intellectual and multiple disabilities (PIMD) through a better understanding of the pathophysiology and the development of new care management and rehabilitation strategies adapted to these extreme pathologies. Although there is a lack of knowledge about the health status and care management of the oldest people, a better understanding of the natural course of life of people with polyhandicap/PIMD would consequently allow the optimisation of preventive and curative care management strategies. Few robust data on mortality and life expectancy have been documented for this population in France. Our aims are to estimate the median survival time and assess the factors associated with mortality in people with polyhandicap/PIMD receiving care in France. METHODS: This study included people with polyhandicap/PIMD, followed by the French national cohort 'Eval-PLH' since 2015. These individuals were included in specialised rehabilitation centres and residential institutions. The people included in the first wave of the cohort (2015-2016) were eligible for the present study. Vital status on 1 January 2022 (censoring date) was collected in two ways: (1) spontaneous reporting by the participating centre to the coordinating team and (2) systematic checking on the French national death platform. According to the vital status, survival was calculated in years from the date of birth to the date of death or from the date of birth to the censoring date. The factors associated with mortality were evaluated using the Cox proportional regression hazards model. RESULTS: Data from 780 individuals aged between 3 and 67 years were analysed. At the censoring date, 176 (22.6%) had died, and the mean survival was 52.8 years (95% confidence interval: 51.1-54.5). Mortality was significantly associated with a progressive aetiology, recurrent pulmonary infections, drug-resistant epilepsy and a higher number of medical devices. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows for the first time the survival and impact of factors associated with mortality in people with polyhandicap/PIMD in France.

Dyadic coping strategies and quality of care experience: An original study of patients living with multiple sclerosis and their caregivers.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Multiple sclerosis has a major impact on the lives of patients and their caregivers. Measuring their experience is essential for improving the quality of care. Based on a sample of patient-informal caregiver dyads we examine whether coping strategies they implemented influenced their self-experience of quality of care. METHODS: One hundred and eighty three dyads were involved in this cross-sectional study. Self reported data included experience with the quality of care (Musicare) and coping strategies (Brief Cope) for patients and their caregivers. An actor-partner interdependence model (APIM) analysis was performed to assess the dyadic effects of coping strategies on experience of quality of care. RESULTS: Positive coping strategies were the most used by patients and caregivers alike. They were associated with a better experience of relationships with healthcare professionals, information about the disease and patient reception at the sites providing care. APIM analyses confirmed most of these results and identified one "partner" effect. CONCLUSION: The experience of the quality of the care of patients living with MS is related to the use of positive coping strategies.

[Evaluation of a referral protocol to primary health care for patients eligible for health service access points following hospitalization]. / Évaluation d'un protocole d'orientation vers le droit commun parmi des patients ayant été suivis en permanence d'accès aux soins de santé suite à une hospitalisation.

INTRODUCTION: PASS is a hospital care unit that provides access to health care for precarious persons and supports them as soon as they have obtained primary health care insurance. No details of this support had previously been described. A Hospital-to-Community protocol for referral to the public health system has been developed at the adult PASS unit of the Marseille public hospitals (AP-HM). The objectives of this study are to describe how this protocol is applied, to evaluate at six months the inclusion in general practice of patients having benefited (or not) from this protocol and to determine the key influencing factors. MATERIAL AND METHOD: This two-arm prospective observational study collected data on the primary care pathways of precarious patients six months after their having obtained health coverage, and found out whether or not the newly existing protocol had been effectively implemented. It was carried out on a cohort of people included in the PASS-MULTI study who had acquired complete health coverage. RESULTS: Sixty patients were included between November 2020 and August 2022, 35 of whom had availed themselves of the Hospital-to-Community protocol. Among them, 68.8% in the interventional group had consulted their referring general practitioner within six months, vs. 40% in the control group (p = 0.04). The initiation of follow-up in general medicine was associated with application of the protocol (p = 0.04). CONCLUSION: This study described an initial Hospital-to-Community protocol for referral to the primary healthcare system of patients followed up in the PASS unit and found an association between application of this protocol and initiation of follow-up in primary healthcare.

Psychiatric advance directives facilitated by peer workers among people with mental illness: economic evaluation of a randomized controlled trial (DAiP study).

AIMS: We aimed to assess the cost-effectiveness of psychiatric advance directives (PAD) facilitated by peer workers (PW-PAD) in the management of patients with mental disorders in France. METHODS: In a prospective multicentre randomized controlled trial, we randomly assigned adults with a Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition diagnosis of schizophrenia, bipolar I disorder or schizoaffective disorders, who were compulsorily hospitalized in the past 12 months, to either fill out a PAD form and meet a peer worker for facilitation or receive usual care. We assessed differences in societal costs in euros (€) and quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) over a year-long follow-up to estimate the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of the PW-PAD strategy. We conducted multiple sensitivity analyses to assess the robustness of our results. RESULTS: Among the 394 randomized participants, 196 were assigned to the PW-PAD group and 198 to the control group. Psychiatric inpatient costs were lower in the PW-PAD group than the control group (relative risk, -0.22; 95% confidence interval, [-0.33 to -0.11]; P < 0.001), and 1-year cumulative savings were obtained for the PW-PAD group (mean difference, -€4,286 [-4,711 to -4,020]). Twelve months after PW-PAD implementation, we observed improved health utilities (difference, 0.040 [0.003-0.077]; P = 0.032). Three deaths occurred. QALYs were higher in the PW-PAD group (difference, 0.045 [0.040-0.046]). In all sensitivity analyses, taking into account sampling uncertainty and unit variable variation, PW-PAD was likely to remain a cost-effective use of resources. CONCLUSION: PW-PAD was strictly dominant, that is, less expensive and more effective compared with usual care for people living with mental illness.

Housing First for homeless people with severe mental illness: extended 4-year follow-up and analysis of recovery and housing stability from the randomized Un Chez Soi d'Abord trial.

AIMS: Housing First (HF), a recovery-oriented approach, was proven effective in stabilising housing situations of homeless individuals with severe mental disorders, yet had limited effectiveness on recovery outcomes on a short-term basis compared to standard treatment. The objective was to assess the effects of the HF model among homeless people with high support needs for mental and physical health services on recovery, housing stability, quality of life, health care use, mental symptoms and addiction issues on 4 years of data from the Un Chez Soi d'Abord trial. METHODS: A multicentre randomised controlled trial was conducted from August 2011 to April 2018 with intent-to-treat analysis in four French cities: Lille, Marseille, Paris and Toulouse. Participants were homeless or precariously-housed patients with a DSM-IV-TR diagnosis of bipolar disorder or schizophrenia. Two groups were compared: the HF group (n = 353) had immediate access to independent housing and support from the assertive community treatment team; the Treatment-As-Usual (TAU) group (n = 350) had access to existing support and services. Main outcomes were personal recovery (Recovery Assessment Scale (RAS) scale), housing stability, quality of life (S-QoL), global physical and mental status (Medical Outcomes Study 36-item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36)), inpatient days, mental symptoms (Modified Colorado Symptom Index (MCSI)) and addictions (Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) and Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT)). Mixed models using longitudinal and cluster designs were performed and adjusted to first age on the street, gender and mental disorder diagnosis. Models were tested for time × group and site × time interactions. RESULTS: The 703 participants [123 (18%) female] had a mean age of 39 years (95% CI 38.0-39.5 years). Both groups improved RAS index from baseline to 48 months, with no statistically significant changes found between the HF and TAU groups over time. HF patients exhibited better autonomy (adjusted ß = 2.6, 95% CI 1.2-4.1) and sentimental life (2.3, 95% CI 0.5-4.1), higher housing stability (28.6, 95% CI 25.1-32.1), lower inpatient days (-3.14, 95% CI -5.2 to -1.1) and improved SF-36 mental composite score (-0.8, 95% CI -1.6 to -0.1) over the 4-year follow-up. HF participants experienced higher alcohol consumption between baseline and 48 months. No significant differences were observed for self-reported mental symptoms or substance dependence. CONCLUSION: Data at 4 years were consistent with 2-year follow-up data: similar improvement in personal recovery outcomes but higher housing stability, autonomy and lower use of hospital services in the HF group compared to the TAU group, with the exception of an ongoing alcohol issue. These sustained benefits support HF as a valuable intervention for the homeless patients with severe mental illness. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01570712.

Risk factors for burnout and depression in healthcare workers: The national AMADEUS study protocol.

CONTEXT: Burnout is an international phenomenon defined as a state of professional exhaustion. It can lead to depression and have major economic and organizational impacts. Previous studies of healthcare professionals in France have focused on physicians, but none to date have explored other healthcare professions. OBJECTIVES: The main objective of our study is to determine the prevalence of burnout among healthcare workers. The secondary objectives are to explore the associations of burnout with professional and psycho-social factors and the risk of depression, professional harassment, sexual harassment, sexual-orientation based discrimination, consumption of antidepressants, anxiolytics and also the lifestyle of the individual: smoking, alcohol consumption, coffee consumption, physical activity and sleep quality. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The survey will take the form of a voluntary and anonymous online questionnaire carried out on the FramaForm1® platform and will be disseminated via social networks, professional networks and mailings. STUDY POPULATION: Senior doctors, interns, directors of care, nurses, head nurses and senior head nurses, physiotherapists and occupational therapists, dieticians, radiology technicians, laboratory technicians, psychologists, nurses' aides, auxiliary nurses and midwives will be included. COLLECTED DATA: Burnout will be measured with the Maslach Inventory burnout (MBI) questionnaire, work environment with the Karasek questionnaire and anxiety, depression risk with the Center for Epidemiologic Studies- Depression (CES-D), physical activity with the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ) and sleep quality with the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). ETHICS: This protocol has been accepted by the ethical committee (IRB n°C08/21.01.06.93911, CNIL). EXPECTED RESULTS: Based on international studies, we expect a high rate of burnout with disparities according to profession, socio-demographic data, seniority and type of service. We also expect a significant rate of untreated depression. This study will provide evidence for policy makers to implement collective strategies to reduce burnout and depression in the different populations studied.

Anxiety and depression in young physicians: Prevalence and associated factors. The MESSIAEN national study.

BACKGROUND: Physicians are at risk of anxiety and depression. OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of anxiety and depression in a national sample of young physicians and their associated factors. METHODS: The study is a cross-sectional observational epidemiological national study. An online anonymous questionnaire was administered to the young physicians of all French medical faculties. Anxiety and depression were assessed with the Hamilton Anxiety & Depression scale subscores for anxiety and depression. Psychotropic drug consumption, psychotherapy follow-up and other variables were self-declared. RESULTS: Of the 2003 study participants, 32.3% reported a current anxiety disorder and 8.7% a current major depressive disorder according to their HAD scores and less than one on five of them was followed-up in psychotherapy or treated by antidepressant. Moral harassment, a bad quality of initial formation regarding dealing with disease and alcohol consumption were all associated with respectively anxiety disorder and major depression in multivariate analyses. Medical vocation was specifically associated with decreased major depression while being woman and increased coffee consumption were specifically associated with increased anxiety disorders. CONCLUSION: Almost one third of medical students reported anxiety disorder or major depression and less than one on five received the recommended treatment (psychotherapy or antidepressant). The prevention and treatment of psychiatric disorders should be improved in this population. Moral harassment exposure, alcohol and coffee consumptions, bad quality of initial formation regarding dealing with disease have been identified as modifiable factors associated with poor mental health. Despite the absence of causal associations, these results yield some clues to guide future mental health prevention strategies in this population.

Validation of a non-motor fluctuations questionnaire in Parkinson's disease.

INTRODUCTION: Non-motor fluctuations (NMF) in Parkinson's disease (PD) remain poorly recognized but have a high impact on patients' quality of life. The lack of assessment tools limits our understanding of NMF, compromising appropriate management. Our objective was to validate a hetero-questionnaire for NMF in PD patients at different stages of the disease: without treatment, without motor fluctuations, with motor fluctuations. METHODS: We included patients in 15 centers in France. Our questionnaire, NMF-Park, resulted from previous studies, allowing us to identify the more pertinent NMF for evaluation. Patients reported the presence (yes or no) of 22 selected NMF, and their link with dopaminergic medications. The assessment was repeated at one and two years to study the progression of NMF. We performed a metrological validation of our questionnaire. RESULTS: We included 255 patients (42 without treatment, 88 without motor fluctuations and 125 with motor fluctuations). After metrological validation, three dimensions of NMF were found: dysautonomic; cognitive; psychiatric. The sensory/pain dimension described in the literature was not statistically confirmed by our study. DISCUSSION: Our questionnaire was validated according to clinimetric standards, for different stages of PD. It was clinically coherent with three homogeneous dimensions. It highlighted a link between fatigue, visual accommodation disorder, and cognitive fluctuations; and the integration of sensory/pain fluctuations as part of dysautonomic fluctuations. It focused exclusively on NMF, which is interesting considering the described differences between non-motor and motor fluctuations. CONCLUSION: Our study validated a hetero-questionnaire of diagnosis for NMF for different stages of PD.

A conceptual framework to develop a patient-reported experience measure of the quality of mental health care: a qualitative study of the PREMIUM project in France.

Background: The objective of this study was to develop a conceptual framework to define a domain map describing the experience of patients with severe mental illnesses (SMIs) on the quality of mental health care. Methods: This study used an exploratory qualitative approach to examine the subjective experience of adult patients (18-65 years old) with SMIs, including schizophrenia (SZ), bipolar disorder (BD) and major depressive disorder (MDD). Participants were selected using a purposeful sampling method. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 37 psychiatric inpatients and outpatients recruited from the largest public hospital in southeastern France. Transcripts were subjected to an inductive analysis by using two complementary approaches (thematic analysis and computerized text analysis) to identify themes and subthemes. Results: Our analysis generated a conceptual model composed of 7 main themes, ranked from most important to least important as follows: interpersonal relationships, care environment, drug therapy, access and care coordination, respect and dignity, information and psychological care. The interpersonal relationships theme was divided into 3 subthemes: patient-staff relationships, relations with other patients and involvement of family and friends. All themes were spontaneously raised by respondents. Conclusion: This work provides a conceptual framework that will inform the subsequent development of a patient-reported experience measure to monitor and improve the performance of the mental health care system in France. The findings showed that patients with SMIs place an emphasis on the interpersonal component, which is one of the important predictors of therapeutic alliance. Trial registration: NCT02491866.

Cross-Cultural Adaptation and Validation of the Quality of Life Questionnaire for Caregivers of Patients with Schizophrenia (S-CGQoL) in Latin America.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to adapt and validate the Schizophrenia Caregiver's Quality of Life Questionnaire (S-CGQoL) for use in the Hispanic-American population from the caregiver's perspective. METHODS: A cross-sectional instrumental model was used, with a sample of 253 caregivers of patients suffering of Schizophrenia in Bolivia, Peru and Chile. The psychometric properties of the S-CGQoL were tested through construct validity, reliability and some aspects of external validity. In addition, in order to assess the nature of the different items across the three countries, a Differential Performance Analysis (DPA) was conducted. RESULTS: A confirmatory factor analysis showed that the scale structure was well correlated to the initial structure of the QoL-MDS. The results confirmed the existence of adequate reliability indicators (α>.70 and ω>.80) and the absence of FIDs supporting the invariance of item calibrations among the three Latin American countries. CONCLUSIONS: The adaptation and validation of the S-CGQoL questionnaire demonstrate adequate psychometric properties to assess the quality of life of caregivers in samples of middle-income countries in Latin America.

Secukinumab efficacy in reducing the severity and the psychosocial impact of moderate-to-severe psoriasis as assessed by the Simplified Psoriasis Index: results from the IPSI-PSO study.

BACKGROUND: The utility of the Simplified Psoriasis Index (SPI), a recently developed multidomain tool for assessing psoriasis, was investigated in a study assessing response to secukinumab. METHODS: In an open-label, multicentre study involving 17 French centres, patients with moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis received secukinumab 300 mg subcutaneously once weekly from baseline to W4, then every 4 weeks until W48. Dermatologist-scored SPI psoriasis severity (proSPI-s) was compared with Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI). Patient self-assessed severity (saSPI-s) and psychosocial impact (SPI-p) were compared with PASI and Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI), respectively. RESULTS: We included 120 patients (69.2% male; mean age 45.9 years; mean duration of psoriasis 21.6 years). Mean baseline scores were as follows: proSPI-s 24.9, saSPI-s 23.5, PASI 23.1, SPI-p 8.2 and DLQI 13.6. Severity scores achieved by 16 weeks (proSPI-s 2.3, saSPI-s 2.2 and PASI 2.2) were maintained to W52. Reductions in mean psychosocial impact scores were maintained to W52 (SPI-p and DLQI, respectively, 2.1 and 1.5 at W16; 1.5 and 1.9 at W52). CONCLUSIONS: Decrease of PASI scores in response to secukinumab was closely correlated with proSPI-s, supporting the latter's suitability for assessing response to therapy. Although the correlation between PASI and saSPI-s was slightly weaker, patients were able to complete a valid assessment of their psoriasis independently, and thus potentially remotely. With the added benefit of psychosocial impact assessment (SPI-p), SPI provides a valid tool enabling patients to assess their own psoriasis, remotely if necessary.

Development and initial validation of the polyhandicap severity scale.

OBJECTIVES: Providing a new tool, based on the point of view of experts in polyhandicap, which assesses the global severity of the health status of polyhandicapped persons is necessary. We present herein the initial validation of the polyhandicap severity scale (PSS). METHODS: The initial development of the tool was undertaken in two steps: item selection and validation process. The final set included 10 items related to abilities and 17 items related to comorbidities and impairments. The patient selection criteria were as follows: age>3 years, age at onset of cerebral lesion under 3 years old, with a combination of motor deficiency and profound intellectual impairment, associated with restricted mobility and everyday life dependence. External validity, reproducibility (20 patients), responsiveness (38 patients), and acceptability were explored. RESULTS: During the 18-month study period, a total of 875 patients were included. Two scores were calculated: an abilities score and a comorbidities/impairments score (higher score, higher severity). The 2 scores were higher for: older patients, patients with a progressive etiology, patients with more devices and more medications, patients with higher dependency and lower mobility. Indicators of reproducibility and responsiveness were satisfactory. The mean time duration of fulfilling was 22minutes (standard deviation 5). CONCLUSIONS: Quantifying the health severity of polyhandicapped persons is necessary for both healthcare workers and health decision makers. The polyhandicap severity scale provides the first reliable and valid measure of the health severity status for children and adults.

[Exposure to professional violence by young physicians in the hospital: MESSIAEN national study]. / Exposition aux violences professionnelles à l'hôpital chez les jeunes médecins : l'étude nationale MESSIAEN.

BACKGROUND: Hospital professional violence is defined as hostile and aggressive behavior exerted by health professionals on other health professionals. No quantitative study has been carried out to date on French hospital professional violence among young physicians, while recent qualitative studies have suggested a potential high frequency. The main objective was to determine the prevalence of exposure of young doctors to hospital violence. The secondary objective was to determine their characteristics and consequences as well as to determine if students and young physicians (resident and young MD) differed. METHODS: The study was a national cross-sectional observational epidemiological study that included 4th-year medical students and young physicians (MD for less than 2 years). Thirty-seven French faculties of medicine were contacted for email recruitment of participants. Social networks were used to increase the visibility of the study. The questionnaire was developed after exhaustive review of the international literature dealing with professional violence in hospitals, its characteristics and its consequences in terms of mental health, addiction, personal and professional life. The report of these events was also explored. RESULTS: In total, 2003 participants have been included. More than nine out of ten participants were exposed to hospital violence at least once and nearly 42% to moral harassment as defined by the French law. This violence does not differ between the students and the residents/young MDs, suggesting that working time in the hospital does not seem to affect this risk. Nearly 80 % of interns and young MDs reported working more than the legal time. The perpetrators of violence include in almost all cases at least one man, often a senior doctor, but students reported the presence of at least one woman among the perpetrators in ¾ of cases. The victims are as often men as women. Compared to the undergraduate medical students, residents and young MDs more frequently reported poor outcomes on their mental health, addictive behavior, personal and professional lives. The majority of victims reported the event to a peer but fewer than 10% to the head of the department, a professor or an instance that could have acted. In almost all cases, participants reported the continuation of abusive behavior after the event. In total, 42% of students think that this is simple part of medical studies that they must endure. CONCLUSION: These results suggest the need to develop specific information and prevention programs for professional hospital violence in France.

Association between extremely preterm caesarean delivery and maternal depressive and anxious symptoms: a national population-based cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether caesarean delivery before 26 weeks of gestation was associated with symptoms of depression and anxiety in mothers in comparison with deliveries between 26 and 34 weeks. DESIGN: Prospective national population-based EPIPAGE-2 cohort study. SETTING: 268 neonatology departments in France, March to December 2011. POPULATION: Mothers who delivered between 22 and 34 weeks and whose self-reported symptoms of depression (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale: CES-D) and anxiety (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory: STAI) were assessed at the moment of neonatal discharge. METHODS: The association of caesarean delivery before 26 weeks with severe symptoms of depression (CES-D ≥16) and anxiety (STAI ≥45) was assessed by weighted and design-based log-linear regression model. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Severe symptoms of depression and anxiety in mothers of preterm infants. RESULTS: Among the 2270 women completing CES-D and STAI questionnaires at the time of neonatal discharge, severe symptoms of depression occurred in 25 (65.8%) women having a caesarean before 26 weeks versus in 748 (50.6%) women having a caesarean after 26 weeks. Caesarean delivery before 26 weeks was associated with severe symptoms of depression compared with caesarean delivery after 26 weeks (adjusted relative risk [aRR] 1.42, 95% CI 1.12-1.81) adjusted to neonatal birthweight and severe neonatal morbidity among other factors. There was no evidence of an association between mode of delivery and symptoms of anxiety. CONCLUSIONS: Mothers having a caesarean delivery before 26 weeks' gestation are at high risk of symptoms of depression and may benefit from specific preventive care. TWEETABLE ABSTRACT: Mothers having caesarean delivery before 26 weeks' gestation are at high risk of symptoms of depression.

Increased in-hospital mortality from COVID-19 in patients with schizophrenia.

BACKGROUND: There is limited information describing the presenting characteristics and outcomes of patients with schizophrenia (SCZ) requiring hospitalization for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). AIMS: We aimed to compare the clinical characteristics and outcomes of COVID-19 SCZ patients with those of non-SCZ patients. METHOD: This was a case-control study of COVID-19 patients admitted to 4 AP-HM/AMU acute care hospitals in Marseille, southern France. COVID-19 infection was confirmed by a positive result on polymerase chain reaction testing of a nasopharyngeal sample and/or on chest computed scan among patients requiring hospital admission. The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality. The secondary outcome was intensive care unit (ICU) admission. RESULTS: A total of 1092 patients were included. The overall in-hospital mortality rate was 9.0%. The SCZ patients had an increased mortality compared to the non-SCZ patients (26.7% vs. 8.7%, P=0.039), which was confirmed by the multivariable analysis after adjustment for age, sex, smoking status, obesity and comorbidity (adjusted odds ratio 4.36 [95% CI: 1.09-17.44]; P=0.038). In contrast, the SCZ patients were not more frequently admitted to the ICU than the non-SCZ patients. Importantly, the SCZ patients were mostly institutionalized (63.6%, 100% of those who died), and they were more likely to have cancers and respiratory comorbidities. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that SCZ is not overrepresented among COVID-19 hospitalized patients, but SCZ is associated with excess COVID-19 mortality, confirming the existence of health disparities described in other somatic diseases.

Prevalence and associated factors of cannabis consumption in medical students: the BOURBON nationwide study.

France has been identified with one of the highest rates of cannabis consumption of Western European countries. Yet we lack data in medical students who are at risk of addictive behavior. The objective of the study is to determine the prevalence of cannabis consumption and cannabis use disorder (CUD) among French medical students and their association with psychotropic drug consumption and psychosocial factors. Medical students were recruited from 35 French universities of medicine through administration mailing lists and social networks, between December 2016 and May 2017. Cannabis consumption was self-declared by anonymous questionnaire and CUD was defined by a Cannabis Abuse Screening Test (CAST) score ≥ 3. 10,985 medical students with a mean age of 21.8 years (± 3.3) were included, 32% of which were men. Overall, 1642 [14.9 (14.3; 15.6)%] reported cannabis consumption and 622 [5.7 (5.2; 6.1)%] students were identified with CUD at screening. Men were at two-time higher risk of cannabis consumption and three-time higher risk of CUD (22.4% and 10.6% for men vs. 11.5% and 3.4%, respectively, for women). In multivariate analyses, men sex, alcohol use disorder, tobacco smoking, parents' divorce, and history of physical assault and lower rates of lower rates of ≥ 40 weekly worked hours were identified as common associated factors for cannabis consumption and CUD. Hypnotic consumption, psychiatric follow-up, and history of sexual assault were identified as factors associated specifically with CUD, suggesting that these factors were associated with more severe cannabis consumption. Only 17% of students identified with CUD reported a psychiatric follow-up. Altogether, these results suggest that health policies should target cannabis consumption in medical students that is frequent, especially in men, with low rates of psychiatric follow-up. We have identified psychological factors and increased hypnotic drug consumption in CUD participants suggesting that psychiatric follow-up should be systematically proposed to this group.

Hazardous drinking is associated with hypnotic consumption in medical students in the BOURBON nationwide study: psychological factors explored.

France has been identified with one of the highest rates of hazardous drinking and hypnotic consumption in Western countries. Medical students have been identified at risk for hazardous drinking yet we lacked of national data on their hypnotic consumption and associated factors to guide public health policies. To determine the prevalence of hazardous drinking and dependence among French medical students and their association with psychotropic drug consumption and psychosocial factors. Medical students were recruited from 35 French universities of medicine through administration mailing lists and social networks, between December 13, 2016 and May 15, 2017. Hazardous drinking was defined by an Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT) score ≥ 7 for men and ≥ 6 for women. 10,985 medical students with a mean aged of 21.8 years (± 3.3) were included, 32% of which were male. Overall, 3713 (34%) students reported hazardous drinking (41% for men vs. 31% for women) and 820 participants (8%) reported alcohol dependence (12% for men vs. 6% for women). In multivariate analyses, hazardous drinking was independently associated with age, male gender, hypnotic consumption, psychiatric follow-up, mourning, parents divorce, exposure to sexual and physical assault. Alcohol dependence was associated with male gender, tobacco and cannabis consumption, and sexual and physical assault. Second year was reported as the year at higher risk for increased alcohol consumption vs. decreased risk in first and fourth year. Hazardous drinking identified in one third of medical students is associated with hypnotic consumption and some psychological factors suggesting self-medication behavior that could be targeted by psychological interventions.

Repeated bullying at the workplace in medical students and young doctors: the MESSIAEN national study.

Despite clues indicating high Bullying at the Work Place (BWP) rates in French hospitals, there has been no quantitative study so far. To determine the prevalence of repeated BWP in a national sample of French young physicians; its risk factors, and the mental health consequences of BWP. The study is a cross-sectional observational epidemiological national study addressed to young physicians. The online internet anonymous questionnaire was elaborated according to previous studies exploring BWP. In addition, we explored the quality of initial training. BWP was defined according to the French legal definition. Mental health was assessed by Hamilton Anxiety and Depression scale, psychotropic drug consumption and psychotherapy follow-up. A Structured Equation Modeling (SEM) was carried out to confirm our theoretical model. 2003 participants of the 37 French medical faculties were included. At least one history of BWP was identified in 41.7% of the participants. The SEM model showed good fit (RMSEA = 0.025, CFI = 0.93, TLI = 0.92, WRMR = 1.285). In the SEM model, BWP was associated with age and number of monthly night shifts and weekly worked hours. Obstetric gynecology, psychiatry, surgery, and medical specialties and low-quality initial training were associated with higher risk of BWP. BWP was associated with increased anxiety and depressive symptoms, daily antidepressant and anxiolytic consumption, and psychotherapy follow-up. Decreasing worked hours and night shifts and improving the quality of the initial training may help preventing BWP among medical students and young physicians. Obstetric gynecology, surgical and medical specialties, and psychiatry should be targeted with a focus on developing prevention programs.

Effectiveness of a housing support team intervention with a recovery-oriented approach on hospital and emergency department use by homeless people with severe mental illness: a randomised controlled trial.

AIMS: Many people who are homeless with severe mental illnesses are high users of healthcare services and social services, without reducing widen health inequalities in this vulnerable population. This study aimed to determine whether independent housing with mental health support teams with a recovery-oriented approach (Housing First (HF) program) for people who are homeless with severe mental disorders improves hospital and emergency department use. METHODS: We did a randomised controlled trial in four French cities: Lille, Marseille, Paris and Toulouse. Participants were eligible if they were 18 years or older, being absolutely homeless or precariously housed, with a diagnosis of schizophrenia (SCZ) or bipolar disorder (BD) and were required to have a high level of needs (moderate-to-severe disability and past hospitalisations over the last 5 years or comorbid alcohol or substance use disorder). Participants were randomly assigned (1:1) to immediate access to independent housing and support from the Assertive Community Treatment team (social worker, nurse, doctor, psychiatrist and peer worker) (HF group) or treatment as usual (TAU group) namely pre-existing dedicated homeless-targeted programs and services. Participants and interviewers were unmasked to assignment. The primary outcomes were the number of emergency department (ED) visits, hospitalisation admissions and inpatient days at 24 months. Secondary outcomes were recovery (Recovery Assessment Scale), quality of life (SQOL and SF36), mental health symptoms, addiction issues, stably housed days and cost savings from a societal perspective. Intention-to-treat analysis was performed. RESULTS: Eligible patients were randomly assigned to the HF group (n = 353) or TAU group (n = 350). No differences were found in the number of hospital admissions (relative risk (95% CI), 0.96 (0.76-1.21)) or ED visits (0.89 (0.66-1.21)). Significantly less inpatient days were found for HF v. TAU (0.62 (0.48-0.80)). The HF group exhibited higher housing stability (difference in slope, 116 (103-128)) and higher scores for sub-dimensions of S-QOL scale (psychological well-being and autonomy). No differences were found for physical composite score SF36, mental health symptoms and rates of alcohol or substance dependence. Mean difference in costs was €-217 per patient over 24 months in favour of the HF group. HF was associated with cost savings in healthcare costs (RR 0.62(0.48-0.78)) and residential costs (0.07 (0.05-0.11)). CONCLUSION: An immediate access to independent housing and support from a mental health team resulted in decreased inpatient days, higher housing stability and cost savings in homeless persons with SCZ or BP disorders.