[The Decomposition of Various Types of Crop Residues by Strains Bacillus subtilis IMB B-7516 and B. licheniformis IMB B-7515].

It is shown that Bacillus subtilis IMB B-7516 and B. licheniformis IMB B-7515 strains are capable to decomposing crop residues. The effectiveness of the wheat straw decomposition by both strains was 15 - 30 %, sunflower and corn stubble - 40 - 60 % under the laboratory conditions. It is shown the role of pectinase and xylanase activity of the studied strains in the processes of destruction of plant residues. Ammonium nitrate is the best source of nitrogen nutrition for the manifestation of hydrolytic activity by strains Bacillus subtilis IMB B-7516 and Bacillus licheniformis IMB B-7515.

The Effect of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens subsp. plantarum IMV B-7524 Strain Exometabolites on the Induction of Defense Reactions in Winter Wheat Plants.

Aim: To study the effect of antibiotic exometabolites of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens subsp. plantarum IMV B-7524 strain on the induction of defense responses in young plants of winter wheat. Methods: Microbiological, biochemical, phytopathological, statistical. Results: It was found that, when pre-watering winter wheat plants with salicylic acid, the cell-free culture supernatant and lipopeptide fraction of IMV B-7524 strain exometabolites during the further infection with phytopathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana, the damaged surface area of leaves decreased more than 10 times compared to the control. It was shown that in the roots and shoots of winter wheat plants L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity increased about 3 times in 2 hours after treatment. Conclusion: Reduction of the damaged surface area of leaves by the action of fungal phytopathogen and change of PAL activity in plants indicate the induction of defense responses under the influence of antibiotic exometabolites of B. amyloliquefaciens subsp. plantarum IMV B-7524 strain.

[Polyphasic Taxonomic Analysis of Carotene-Synthesizing Strain Bacillus sp. 1.1, Perspective for the Creation of Probiotic].

It was done the polyphasic taxonomic analysis of carotene synthesizing strain Bacillus sp. 1.1, perspective for the creation of probiotic. The investigated strain was referred to the species Bacillus subtilis based on of cultural-morphological, physiological and biochemical features. Despite this the fatty acid profile of the cell walls of this strain is predominantly presented by branched derivatives of iso- and antiiso C15:0 and C17:0 compounds (over 70 %), which is typical for the species Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. Based on the nucleotide sequence of 16S rRNA gene, and the profile of polymorphic nucleotides strain was referred to the species Bacillus amyloliquefaciens.

Fundamental Basis of Creation of Probiotic with Provitamin Activity Based on Strains Bacillus amyloliquefaciens IMV В-7513 and IMV B-7525.

Dysbiotic conditions prevail in both humans and animals. Intestinal dysbiosis is accompanied, in addition to the quantitative and qualitative changes of the microflora, by immunosuppression and metabolic disorders, such as avitaminosis А. Therefore, the search and study of microorganism strains, which may be used for correction of dysbiosis and allow to normalize the homeostasis of a macroorganism, are highly relevant today. In relation to that the use of carotene synthesizing strains of bacteria of Bacillus genus is very perspective. This would allow connecting in one preparation the properties of probiotics and ability to compensate the deficiency of vitamin А in a macroorganism. The article presents the analysis of literature data along with the results of own research concerning carotene synthesizing activity of bacteria of Bacillus genus, the nature of their carotenoid pigments and their function in a macroorganism. It was determined that carotenoid pigments of B. amyloliquefaciens ІМВ В-7513 and ІМВ В-7525 strains were presented by a complex with lipids and carbohydrates, and belonged to C30-apocarotenoids, including apo-8'-phytofluene, apo-8'-ζ-carotene, apo-8'-neurosporene and apo-8'-ß-carotene-3-ol. A possible way of carotene synthesis was proposed. The end product of its pathway synthesis probably is apo-8'-ß-carotene-3-ol, which is able to be metabolized into vitamin A. Earlier it was shown that the investigated strains of bacteria are safe for warmblooded animals and exhibit probiotic and provitamin activity in vivo. The obtained results provide a fundamental basis for creation of a probiotic preparation with provitamin activity based on carotene producing strains B. amyloliquefaciens IMV B-7513 and B-7525.

The polyphasic taxonomic analysis of the strain Bacillus sp. C6 ­ phytopathogenic microorganisms antagonist.

The polyphasic taxonomic analysis of the strain-antagonist of phytopathogenic bacteria and micromycetes was carried. It was found that the combination of culture-morphological, physiological and biochemical properties allowed to attribute the strain to the group Bacillus subtilis. It was shown that fatty acids of the cell walls of the strain were represented mainly by branched derivatives of iso- and anti iso- C15:0 and C17:0 fatty acids (85%) which was typical for the Bacillus amyloliquefaciens species. After molecular genetic analysis of the nucleotide sequence of the 16S rRNA gene and studying the profile of polymorphic nucleotides the strain was attributed to subspecies Bacillus amyloliquefaciens subsp. plantarum.

[FATTY ACID COMPOSITION ALTEROMONAS-LIKE BACTERIA ISOLATED FROM THE BLACK SEA WATER].

Alteromonas macleodii strains isolated from the Black sea water were similar in their fatty acids composition with the type strain of this species. Analysis of lipid composition of 10 A. macleodii strains isolated from the deep and surface water layers in different World ocean regions including the Black sea water has shown that the deep and surface isolates of this species formed two groups different in their fatty acids profiles. The Black sea isolates of Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis, P. citrea, P. flavipulchra conformed to these species type strains in their fatty acids composition. On the basis of the fatty acids spectra similarity of three Pseudoalteromonas species strains with Plipolytica described in 2010 has been established. Presence of three isomers C16:1ψ7, C 16:1ψ9 and C16:1ψ6--components of hexadecenic acid in the Black sea isolates of Shewanella baltica has been shown.

[EFFICIENCY OF INTRODUCING CAROTENE PRODUCING STRAINS BACILLUS SP. 1.1 AND B. AMYLOLIQUEFACIENS UCM B-5113 INTO THE CHIKENS DIET].

It was shown the efficiency of carotene producing strains Bacillus sp. 1.1 and B. amyloliquefaciens UCM B-5113 in the diet of chickens. Also it was detected the lowering of the quantitative content of bacterial genera Enterococcus, Staphylococcus, family Enterobacteriaceae in the gut after eating by chickens cross "H&N Brown Nick" fodder with strains Bacillus sp. 1.1 and B. amyloliquefaciens UCM B-5113 alone and in composition in quantities 1 x 10(10) CFU per 1 g of feed. On the 18th day after introduction of cultures Bacillus sp. 1.1, B. amyloliquefaciens UCM B-5113 and their composition in the diet of poultry we revealed the increasing of body weight by 21.6, 7.6 and 22.0%, respectively, comparesing to controls. Also due to Bacillus sp. 1.1 it was detected the restore of intestinal villous structures, tissues of spleen, liver and heart. We found the additive effect of the composition of the investigated strains of bacteria genus Bacillus to the chickens.

[The taxonomic study of the strain Bacillus sp. UCM B-7404--phytopathogenic fungae antagonist].

The polyphasic taxonomic analysis of strain Bacillus sp. UCM B-7404 active against phytopathogenic fungi and producing extracellular phytohormones, lytic enzymes and lipopeptide antifungal compounds has been carried out. The basic cell wall fatty acids presented by branched iso- and anteiso- C15:0 and C17:0 acids, contained 65-77% of the average pool. Phylogenetic assay of 16S rRNA gene nucleotide sequence, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic characteristics proved the attachment of strain Bacillus sp. UCM B-7404 to Bacillus amyloliquefaciens subsp. plantarum.

[Probiotic features of carotene producing strains Bacillus sp. 1.1 and B. amyloliquefaciens UCM B-5113].

Researched probiotic properties of carotinproducing strains Bacillus sp. 1.1 and B. amyloliquefaciens UCM B-5113. It was established that Bacillus sp. 1.1 characterized by high and middle antagonistic activity against museums and actual test cultures and B. amyloliquefaciens UCM B-5113 shown middle and low activity. They grew up and formed a pigment at pH 6.0 in the presence of 0.4% bile. Bacillus sp. 1.1 and B. amyloliquefaciens UCM B-5113 were avirulent, had low antagonistic activity and characterized by susceptibility to antimicrobial agents, excluding colistin. The results suggested the possibility to create based on Bacillus sp. 1.1 and B. amyloliquefaciens UCM B-5113 probiotic preparation.

INFLUENCE OF BACILLUS AMYLOLIQUEFACIENS SUBSP. PLANTARUM IMV B-7404 STRAIN EXOMETABOLITES ON PHENYLALANINE AMMONIA-LYASE ACTIVITY IN WINTER WHEAT SEEDLINGS.

Influence of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens subsp. plantarum IMV B-7404 strain exometabolites on phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL, EC 4.3.1.24) activity in winter wheat seedlings has been studied. A significant increase of PAL activity at 4-6 hours after treatment of plant roots with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens subsp. plantarum IMVB-7404 strain exometabolites and in case of leaves infection with Bipolaris sorokiniana plant pathogen has been shown. It was established that PAL activity changed along with a decrease of the infected surface area of the leaves evidenced for the induction of response in winter wheat seedlings induced by IMV B-7404 strain exometabolites. It was concluded that the studied exponents could be used as model systems in the research of phytoimmunity induction mechanisms.

[Characterization of the Lipopolysaccharides of Pseudomonas chlororaphis].

Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from two strains ot Pseudomonas chlororaphis subsp. aureofaciens,UCM B-111 and UCM B-306, were isolated and characterized. The LPS preparations exhibited low toxicity, high pyrogenicity and high antiviral activity. Mild acid hydrolysis was used to obtain the O-specific polysaccharides. Their structures were established by monosaccharide analysis and determination of absolute configurations, as well as by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy. The O-polysaccharides were shown to contain the linear tri- or tetrasaccharide repeating units. Both O-polysaccharides were structurally heterogeneous: P. chlororaphis subsp. aureofaciens UCM B-111--> 4)-αD-GalpNAc6Ac-(1 --> 3)-ß-D-QuipNAc-(1 --> 6)-αD-GlcpNAc-(l --> ßD-GlcpNAc-(l --> 3)] GalNAc -60%; degree of the non-stoichiometric 6-O-acetylation of GalNAc -60%; P. chlorophis subsp. aureofaciens UCM B-306 --> 3)-α-D-Rhap-(1 --> 4)-α-D-GalpNAcAN-(1 --> 3)-αD-QuipNAc4NAc-(1 -->, where GalNAcAN is 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-galacturonamide, the degree of non-stoichiometric amidation of the GalNAcA residue -60%.

[BACILLUS STRAINS'S SCREENING--ACTIVE ANTAGONISTS OF BACTERIAL AND FUNGAL PHYTOPATHOGENS].

Antagonistic activity 100 strains of Bacillus bacteria towards to museum and actual strains of phytopathogenic bacteria and fungy was defined. Relation between level of antagonistic activity to phytopathogenic bacteria and genus accessory of the last was shown. The medium level of antagonism to fungal phytopathogens at 30% of the studied strains of Bacillus bacteria was shown. 5 strains of Bacillus sp. with high and medium levels of antagonism to phytopathogens bacterial and fungy nature was selected and considered as perspective for creation of biological preparations for plant protection.

[Antagonistic activity of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens subsp. plantarum IMV B-7404 and BIM B-439D strains towards pathogenic bacteria and micromycetes].

In this study the antagonistic activity of strains Bacillus amyloliquefaciens subsp. plantarum IMV B-7404 and BIM B-439D against bacterial and fungal pathogens of agricultural crops has been researched. It is shown that both strains of bacilli demonstrated a high level of antagonism to the vascular bacteriosis pathogen, average level of antagonism to micromycetes--root rot pathogens. To ofiobulez pathogen strain B. amyloliquefaciens subsp. plantarum BIM B-439D was more active. Cultural liquid of this strain effectively inhibited the spore's germination of pathogenic micromycetes Penicillium expansum and Botrytis cinerea. Both strains of bacilli synthesized several hydrolytic exoenzymes: proteases, amylases, ß-glucanases, chitinases and xylanases. The obtained data suggest the possibility of expanding the range of strain B. amyloliquefaciens subsp. plantarum BIM B-439D application for plant protection, as well as the need for further researches of the exometabolites spectrum of strain B. amyloliquefaciens subsp. plantarum IMV B-7404 and their biological activity in order to create an effective bioformulation for crop protection.

[Resistance of microorganisms of coastal ecosystems of the Dead Sea to extremal factors].

Such extreme factors as UV radiation, high temperature and salinity, and also the small amount of accessible water have an influence on microorganisms of coastal ecosystems of the Dead Sea. Resistance to these factors of the microorganisms isolated from ecosystems of this region (vertical steep gorge around the Dead Sea, clay-salt plain and black highly mineralized muds) is studied. Aerobic, chemoorganotrophic, thermotolerant, moderately halophilic bacteria which, according to their morphological and physiological properties, are similar to species Gracilibacillus halotolerans, Salimicrobium album and genus Caryophanon have been isolated from these ecosystems. All strains grew at 0-10% of NaCl in the medium (one strain--at 15% of NaCl), in the range of 30-50 degrees C. Resistance to UV radiation has been revealed in all the investigated bacteria Lethal doses of UV (LD90 and LD99.99) for spore-forming strains of genus Gracilibacillus were 100-170 and 1100-1500 J/m2, respectively; for strain Salimicrobium 6t1 (does not form spores)--70 and 400 J/m2; for the strain lt4 (genus Caryophanon), forming filamentous (or trychomes)--150 and 1400 J/m2. Some strains of genus Gracilibacillus had strong antagonistic effect on conditionally pathogenic test cultures Staphylococcus aureus 209p and Candida albicans UCM Y-690. It is conceivable that resistance of microorganisms of coastal ecosystems of the Dead Sea to extreme factors was generated under the influence of abiotic (physical and chemical) factors typical of this region.

[Biofilm formation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains of Ukrainian collection of microorganisms].

The biofilm formation of three P. aeruginosa collection strains, isolated from human body, was investigated in stationary system on glass. It was shown, that biofilm formation of these microorganisms has three stages: initial formation, the further partial degradation and repeated accumulation. The intensity of biofilm formation correlates with survival rate of microorganisms in its structure that may be estimated by means of the "washout" method. The strain differences are typical of P. aeruginosa biofilm formation and determine further regularities of its development.

[Functional characterization of Pseudomonas batumici 17/20 upon long-term storage].

Variability of properties and antibiotic activity, as well as cells survival of Pseudomonas batumici 17/20--the producer of batumin (antistaphylococcal antibiotic) after long-term storage under vaseline oil layer have been studied. The main culture-morphological and physiological biochemical properties of the mutant strain have been investigated. It has been shown that storage under vaseline oil allows to preserve high level of antibiotic activity: batumin synthesis by the producer was 150 mg/l. Therewith, the survival of cells decreases by two orders during 5 years of storage. The conditions of strain maintenance have been formulated.

[Optimization of conditions of Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteriocin induction].

Influence of cultivation conditions on activity of bacteriocins produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa YKM B-333 has been investigated. It was shown, that the induction of bacteriocins with maximum activity values occurs on LB medium at 28 degrees C after addition of 100 microg/ml of nalidixic acid in a late logarithmic growth phase. Using the proposed methods for induction optimization permits to improve activity of P. aeruginosa YKM B-333 bacteriocins 256 times and to reach the index of 6.5 million AU/ml.

[Corrective action of bacillary probiotic on the immune system of animals in experimential dysbacteriosis].

Is established that at intestinal dysbacteriosis in the organism of experimental animals develop reactions of inflammatory type (early and late), leading to an accumulation in the blood serum of humoral immunity factors, blocking reactions mediated by lymphocytes ormacrophages, while maintaining their cytotoxic activity. Introduction of animals of tne probiotic endosporin promotes restoration of quantitative and qualitative indicators of intestinal microbiocenosis and the normalization of the immune system.

[Antifungal and antiviral substances of Pseudomonas chlororaphis subsp. aureofaciens strains--components of gaupsin].

Phenazine-1-carboxylic, 2-hydroxy-phenazine-carboxylic acid and 2-hydroxy-phenazine active against phytopathogenic fungi were detected in fermentation broth of Pseudomonas chlororaphis subsp.aureofaciens strains UCM B-111 and UCM B-306--components of insectofungicide biopreparation gaupsin using chromato-mass-spectrometric methods; strain B-306 produced antifungal antibiotic pyrrolnitrin together with phenazines. Supernatants of fermentation broth of P chlororaphis subsp. aureofaciens B-111 and B-306 strains grown in King A medium and exopolymers preparations obtained from these supernatants using evaporation, dialysis and liophylisation were highly active against tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). At a dose of 10 mg/ml they reduced TMV infectivity by 76-96%, at concentrations 1 and 0.1 mg/ml the antiviral effect was decreased to 40-62 and 14-27%, respectively. Dialysis did not influence the antiviral activity of isolated preparations. The latter contained 2-7.6 % of carbohydrates including neutral monosaccharides: fucose, mannose, galactose and glucose.

[Morpho-functional changes of Staphylococcus aureus biofilms under the effect of batumin].

AIM: Study the effect of batumin isolated from metabolites of Pseudomonas batumici bacteria on the formation of biofilms by staphylococci under the control of atomic force microscopy. MATERIALS AND METHODS; S. aureus 25923 (ATCC) and S. aureus 104 were used as test cultures. Batumin with the degree of purification of 80% was used in the experiments. Microscopy of the preparations was carried out on atomic force microscope SMM-2000 (Proton-MIET Closed Joint-Stock Company, Russia) in contact mode in air environment. Biofilm formation (BFF) was studied by photometric method (O'Toole G.A., 2000). Dissociation of microbial population was detected during seeding of staphylococci into agarized LB medium. RESULTS: Changes of structural component of biofilm were noted visually under the effect of the preparation--exopolymeric matrix and reduction of quantity of adherent staphylococci in the form of separate islet formations. Similar pattern was detected during determination of staphylococci biofilm formation by photometric method. Redistribution of S. aureus clonal structure with the appearance of dissociants that do not possess the ability to form biofilms and reduction of quantity of clones with high values of BFF also occurred under the effect of batumin. CONCLUSION: The data obtained reveal one of the mechanisms of antimicrobial effect of batumin based on suppression of staphylococci biofilm formation by the preparation.