In vitro antimicrobial activity of Caesalpinia coriaria (Jacq. ) Willd extracts on Streptococcus pyogenes and Candida albicans / Actividad antimicrobiana in vitro de extractos de Caesalpinia coriaria (Jacq. ) Willd sobre Streptococcus pyogenes y Candida albicans

Background: "Dividivi" Caesalpinia coriaria (Jacq.) Willd fruits are traditionally used by the Wayuú community in La Guajira (Colombia) to treat oral and skin cavity diseases caused by bacteria and fungi. Streptococcus pyogenes is a gram-positive cocci of group A (beta-hemolytic) that is the cause of pharyngeal disease, scarlet fever, cellulitis, erysipelas, or toxic shock-like syndrome. Alternatively, Candida albicans is a yeast-like fungus that is a normal flora of the digestive tract, vagina, or skin folds; it has been known to be the root cause of opportunistic diseases such as diaper rash, oral and esophagus thrush, or vulvovaginitis. Objective: This study evaluated the antimicrobial activity of methanolic and ethanolic extracts of C. coriaria (Jacq.) Willddry fruits on S. pyogenes ATCC 12384andC. albicans ATTC 14053. Method: C. coriaria extracts were obtained from the Soxhlet method using two solvents (methanol and ethanol 98%) prepared from pulverized fruits. A phytochemical test and an antimicrobial activity assay were performed using the obtained extracts and tested using S. pyogenes ATCC 12384 and C. albicans ATTC 14053 strains. Results: A phytochemical profile was performed, examining the presence of bioactive metabolites (tannins, alkaloids, glycosides, saponins, and anthraquinones) from each extract. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests showed that the ethanolic extract inhibited S. pyogenes ATCC 12384,causing inhibition halos of 14.1 ± 0.1 mm and a Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of 172 mg/ml, and C. albicans test shows inhibition halos of 16.1 ± 0.2 mm and MIC of 212 mg/ml. Additionally, the methanolic extract inhibited S. pyogenes with inhibition halos of 15.2 ± 0.2 mm and MIC of 152 mg/ml; no inhibitory effect was observed on C. albicans.Conclusion: This study revealed that C. coriaria has an antimicrobial effect on the tested species opening the field of its possible use as a therapeutic agent

Introducción: Los frutos del "Dividivi" Caesalpinia coriaria (Jacq.) Willd son usados tradicionalmente por la comunidad indígena Wayuú en La Guajira (Colombia) para el tratamiento de enfermedades de la cavidad bucal y cutáneas ocasionadas por bacterias y hongos. Streptococcuspyogenes es un coco grampositivo del grupo A (beta-hemolítico) que es la causa de enfermedad faríngea, escarlatina, celulitis, erisipela o síndrome tipo shock tóxico. Candida albicans es un hongo levaduriforme que es flora normal del tracto digestivo, la vagina o los pliegues de la piel; se sabe que es la causa principal de enfermedades oportunistas como la dermatitis del pañal, aftas bucales y esofágicas, o vulvovaginitis. Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la actividad antimicrobiana de extractos metanólicos y etanólicos de frutos secos sobre microorganismos patógenos específicamente S. pyogenes ATCC 12384yC. albicansATTC 14053. Método: A partir de frutos polverizados de C. coriaria, usando el método Soxlet, se evaluaron dos solventes (metanol y etanol al 98%), los cuales, fueron usados para estudiar su actividad antimicrobiana evaluando su efecto en cepas de S. pyogenes ATCC 12384 y C. albicans ATTC 14053. Resultados: Mediante un perfil fitoquímico se determinó la presencia de grupos de metabolitos secundarios con compuestos bioactivos (taninos, alcaloides, glucósidos, saponinas, y antraquinonas). Las pruebas de sensibilidad antimicrobiana mostraron que el extracto etanólico tuvo un efecto inhibidor sobre S. pyogenesATCC 12384 con halos de inhibición de 14.1 ± 0.1 mm y una concentración mínima inhibitoria (CMI) de 172 mg/mL, y sobre C. albicans se presentaron halos de inhibición de 16.1 ± 0.2 mm y CMI de 212 mg/mL, mientras que el extracto metanólico tuvo un efecto inhibidor sobre S. pyogenes con halos de inhibición de 15.2 ± 0.2 mm y CMI de 152 mg/mL no se observó efecto inhibidor sobre C. albicans. Conclusión: Este estudio demostró que C. coriaria tiene efecto antimicrobiano en las especies evaluadas, abriendo un campo de investigación en la evaluación de su uso como agente terapéutico

Simultaneous transcriptome analysis of oil palm clones and Phytophthora palmivora reveals oil palm defense strategies.

Phytophthora palmivora is an oomycete that causes oil palm bud rot disease. To understand the molecular mechanisms of this disease, palm clones with contrasting responses (Ortet 34, resistant and Ortet 57, susceptible) were inoculated with P. palmivora, and RNAseq gene expression analysis was performed. The transcriptome was obtained by sequencing using Illumina HiSeq2500 technology during the asymptomatic phase (24, 72 and 120 hours postinfection, hpi). A simultaneous analysis of differentially expressed gene (DEG) profiles in palm and P. palmivora was carried out. Additionally, Gene Ontology (GO) and gene network analysis revealed differences in the transcriptional profile of the two ortets, where a high specificity of the pathogen to colonize the susceptible ortet was found. The transcriptional analysis provided an overview of the genes involved in the recognition and signaling of this pathosystem, where different transcription factors, phytohormones, proteins associated with cell wall hardening and nitrogen metabolism contribute to the resistance of oil palm to P. palmivora. This research provides a description of the molecular response of oil palm to P. palmivora, thus becoming an important source of molecular markers for the study of genotypes resistant to bud rot disease.