HISTOULTRASTRUCTURAL FEATURES OF THYMOCYTES DUE TO THE IMPACT OF THE EXPERIMENTAL GENERAL DEHYDRATION OF A MILD DEGREE.

OBJECTIVE: The aim: The objective of the current study was to reveal ultrastructural changes in rats' thymocytes in experimental data in conditions of mild general dehydration. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Materials and methods: The study was conducted on 20 non-linear adult male laboratory rats weighing 150-170 g. Histological and semi-thin slides of the thymus were prepared according to the required guidelines. RESULTS: Results: On average, in the cortical zone of the thymus, there was decreased cellularity by 13.4% (p<0.001), while in the medulla zone this indicator turned out to be unreliable - 5.5% (р=0.19), compared to the indicators in animals of the control group. The study showed that a slight degree of general dehydration of the body causes ultrastructural changes in the thymus and is accompanied by a cell-mediated response of the central link of immunogenesis and results in morphological changes in the thymus, which are atrophic in nature with a typical pattern of remodeling of the organ's microstructure, which corresponds to cellular aging and the associated sign of accelerated involution. CONCLUSION: Conclusions: General dehydration of a mild degree in the experiment is accompanied by a cell-mediated response of the central link of immunogenesis and results in morphological changes in the thymus, which are atrophic in nature with a typical pattern of remodeling of the organ's microstructure, which corresponds to cellular aging and the associated sign of accelerated involution.

Accessory head of the semitendinosus muscle: an unusual variation.

BACKGROUND: Various studies regarding the morphology of the muscles of the hamstring compartment have exhibited anatomical variations in terms of origin or insertion points. However, variation of the semitendinosus muscle is uncommon. In this case we report an accessory head of the semitendinosus muscle. MATERIALS AND METHODS: During routine dissection for medical teaching purposes, a unilateral morphological variant of the semitendinosus muscle was noted on the left side in an 82-year-old female. RESULTS: The accessory head of the semitendinosus muscle originated lateral to the midpoint of the semitendinosus muscle. Fibres of the accessory head originated from the medial border of the long head of biceps femoris as well as the midpoint of the semitendinosus. The accessory head had a common insertion point with the semitendinosus muscle. CONCLUSIONS: This case report adds to the existing body of knowledge about the semitendinosus muscle, which is of anatomical and clinical value. Knowledge of the anatomical variants is essential for anatomists and clinicians and may avoid misinterpretation during diagnostic procedures.

Ultramicroscopic changes of rats parathyroid glands and thymus after single administration of cyclophosphamide at the different periods of observation.

OBJECTIVE: Introduction: Cyclophosphamide has wide spectrum usage as first-line drug in cancer chemotherapy that is why a detailed study of its effect on individual cell populations is of great interest for science and practice. The interaction of the nervous, immune and endocrine systems plays essential role in the homeostasis maintaining. The aim: This study aimed to investigate the ultramicroscopic changes that occur in the parathyroid glands and thymus of male rats after cyclophosphamide administration. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Materials and methods: Twenty-four WAG matured male rats were divided randomly into two groups. The first group served as control and was provided 0.9% soluble sodium chloride. The second group received cyclophosphamide in a dosage 200 mg/kg of body weight of animal by intramuscular single injection. All animals were sacrificed on the 7th and 30th day after injection. Parathyroid gland and thymus specimens were dissected out and processed for electron microscopy. RESULTS: Results: The results showed that cyclophosphamide exposure caused marked ultramicroscopic changes in rats parathyroid glands and thymus. On the 7th day after immunosuppression, the nuclei of parathyrocytes have deep wavy invaginations, amount of the organelles that participate in the protein synthesis is reduced to a minimum in the cytoplasm of the chief cells. Characteristic feature is the appearance of numerous plasma cells and active macrophages in thymus. There is a tendency to normalization of the parathyroid structure on the 30th day after administration of cyclophosphamide and reduction of mitotic activity of lymphocytes in thymus, which points to the development of involution process. CONCLUSION: Conclusions: This data can be successfully extrapolated from experimental animals to humans.