Synergetic impact of MgO on PMMA-ZrO2 hybrid composites: Evaluation of structural, morphological and improved mechanical behavior for dental applications.

This work aims to demonstrate the effect of ZrO2 and MgO inclusion into the Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). To fabricate novel hybrid composites via heat cure method, various composites (PZM2, PZM4 and PZM6) were synthesized in the system [(95-x) PMMA + 5 ZrO2 + x MgO] (x = 2, 4, and 6) respectively. Density of the prepared composites were determined and varying between 1.035-1.152 g/cm3. X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) followed by EDAX and mechanical testing were performed to evaluate the fabricated composite properties. Moreover, to explore the structure of the fabricated composites the 13 C CP-MAS SSNMR and 1 H-13 C Phase-Modulated Lee Goldberg (PMLG) HETCOR Spectrum were recorded which clarify chemical shifting and motional dynamics of the composites. Mechanical tests were performed by UTM and the obtained parameters such as compressive strength, Young's modulus, fracture toughness, brittleness coefficient, flexural strength and flexural modulus are found to be in the range of 91-100 MPa, 0.48-0.51 GPa, 9.122-9.705 MPa.m1/2, 0.66-0.815, 51.03-42.78 MPa and 499-663 MPa respectively. Some more mechanical parameters such as proportional limit, elastic limit, failure strength, modulus of resilience and modulus of toughness were also calculated. Furthermore, tribological properties were also determined and the coefficient of friction (COF) was decreased by 17.4 % and 38 % for composite PZM6 at 20 N and 40 N as compared to the composite PZM2 and the lowest wear volume of 1.55 mm3 was observed for PZM2, whereas the maximum volume loss of 5.64 mm3 is observed for composite PZM6. To check out the biocompatibility, cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of the fabricated composites the Trypan-blue assay was also performed for PZM2 and PZM6 composites. Dissection on the gut of larvae was also performed on the both composites followed by DAPI and DCFH-DA staining. Therefore, these synthesized samples can be used for the fabrication of denture materials.

Fabrication of Novel 3-D Nanocomposites of HAp-TiC-h-BN-ZrO2: Enhanced Mechanical Performances and In Vivo Toxicity Study for Biomedical Applications.

Due to excellent biocompatibility, bioactivities, and osteoconductivity, hydroxyapatite (HAp) is considered as one of the most suitable biomaterials for numerous biomedical applications. Herein, HAp was fabricated using a bottom-up approach, i.e., a wet chemical method, and its composites with TiC, h-BN, and ZrO2 were fabricated by a solid-state reaction method with enhanced mechanical and biological performances. Structural, surface morphology, and mechanical behavior of the fabricated composites were characterized using various characterization techniques. Furthermore, transmission electron microscopy study revealed a randomly oriented rod-like morphology, with the length and width of these nanorods ranging from 78 to 122 and from 9 to 13 nm. Moreover, the mechanical characterizations of the composite HZBT4 (80HAp-10TiC-5h-BN-5ZrO2) reveal a very high compressive strength (246 MPa), which is comparable to that of the steel (250 MPa), fracture toughness (14.78 MPa m1/2), and Young's modulus (1.02 GPa). In order to check the biocompatibility of the composites, numerous biological tests were also performed on different body organs of healthy adult Sprague-Dawley rats. This study suggests that the composite HZBT4 could not reveal any significant influence on the hematological, serum biochemical, and histopathological parameters. Hence, the fabricated composite can be used for several biological applications, such as bone implants, bone grafting, and bone regeneration.

Fabrication, structural, and enhanced mechanical behavior of MgO substituted PMMA composites for dental applications.

The most common denture material used for dentistry is poly-methyl-methacrylate (PMMA). Usually, the polymeric PMMA material has numerous biological, mechanical and cost-effective shortcomings. Hence, to resolve such types of drawbacks, attempts have been made to investigate fillers of the PMMA like alumina (Al2O3), silica (SiO2), zirconia (ZrO2) etc. For the enhancement of the PMMA properties a suitable additive is required for its orthopedic applications. Herein, the main motive of this study was to synthesize a magnesium oxide (MgO) reinforced polymer-based hybrid nano-composites by using heat cure method with superior optical, biological and mechanical characteristics. For the structural and vibrational studies of the composites, XRD and FT-IR were carried out. Herein, the percentage of crystallinity for all the fabricated composites were also calculated and found to be 14.79-30.31. Various physical and optical parameters such as density, band gap, Urbach energy, cutoff energy, cutoff wavelength, steepness parameter, electron-phonon interaction, refractive index, and optical dielectric constant were also studied and their values are found to be in the range of 1.21-1.394 g/cm3, 5.44-5.48 eV, 0.167-0.027 eV, 5.68 eV, 218 nm, 0.156-0.962, 4.273-0.693, 1.937-1.932, and 3.752-3.731 respectively. To evaluate the mechanical properties like compressive strength, flexural strength, and fracture toughness of the composites a Universal Testing Machine (UTM) was used and their values were 60.3 and 101 MPa, 78 and 40.3 MPa, 5.85 and 9.8 MPa-m1/2 respectively. Tribological tests of the composites were also carried out. In order to check the toxicity, MTT assay was also carried out for the PM0 and PM15 [(x)MgO + (100 - x) (C5O2H8)n] (x = 0 and 15) composites. This study provides a comprehensive insight into the structural, physical, optical, and biological features of the fabricated PMMA-MgO composites, highlighting the potential of the PM15 composite with its enhanced density, mechanical strength, and excellent biocompatibility for denture applications.

Synergetic effects of boron nitride with waste zirconia: Evaluation of instantaneous fingerprint detection and mechanical properties for biomedical applications.

Herein, present study mainly focuses on the synthesis and characterizations of boron nitride reinforced waste zirconia (wZrO2) with different concentrations. Composites were prepared via a scalable solid-state reaction method. Various physical parameters such as density, ionic concentration, polaron radius, and field strength were evaluated. XRD results reveal crystalline nature with a major phase of tetragonal zirconia and as boron nitride is reinforced, the tetragonal transforms into a monoclinic zirconia. Interconnected spherical grains and nanosheets were observed using FESEM. Mechanical characterizations revealed the highest compressive strength of 266 MPa. The latent fingerprints were visualized using a composite on different surfaces, implementing the powder dusting and solution techniques. MTT assay was performed and revealed good biocompatible nature. These results reveal that composite is suitable for fabrication of bioceramics with acceptable mechanical and biological performances. The composite can also be utilized for latent fingerprint detection in forensic science.

Recent Advances in Additive Manufacturing, Applications and Challenges for Dentistry: A Review.

Technological advancement in the field of dentistry has to be proven in new avenues for professionals as well as laboratory programmers. An advanced type of technology is emerging based on digitalization, as a computerized three-dimensional (3-D) model, additive manufacturing also called 3-D printing, allows formation of block pieces by adding material layer-by-layer. The additive manufacturing (AM) approach has offered extreme progress in the broad choice of distinct zones, permitting the production of fragments of all possible varieties of substances such as metal, polymer, ceramic, and composites. The significant goal of current the article is to recapitulate the recent scenarios including the imminent perspective of AM techniques and challenges in dentistry. Moreover, this article reviews the recent developments of 3-D printing advancements along with the advantages and disadvantages. Herein, various AM technologies comprising vat photopolymerization (VPP), material jetting, material extrusion, selective laser sintering (SLS), selective laser melting (SLM), and direct metal laser sintering (DMLS) technologies based powder bed fusion technologies/direct energy deposition/sheet lamination centered on binder jetting technologies were discussed in detail. This paper attempts to provide a balanced view by emphasizing the economic, scientific, and technical challenges and presenting an overview of methods to discuss the similarities based on the authors' continuing research and development.

Synthesis of a porous SiO2-H3BO3-V2O5-P2O5 glassy composite: structural and surface morphological behaviour for CO2 gas sensing applications.

The present work mainly focuses on the fabrication of a porous glass 40SiO2-35H3BO3-19V2O5-6P2O5 via a melt-quenching technique. The structural, morphological, and sensing behaviour of the glass sample was investigated successfully. The calculated density and molar volume of the fabricated glass are 2.4813 ± 0.124 g cm-3 and 35.7660 ± 1.708 cm3 mol-1. XRD, SEM and TEM analyses confirmed the amorphous nature of the glass. FTIR results revealed the O-H bond formations, which indicate that the presence of water molecules is probably due to the porous nature of the glass. Further, BET analysis confirmed the mesoporous nature of the glass sample with a mean pore diameter of 7 nm. The sensing response of the synthesized glass at 1000 ppm concentration of CO2 was found to be 3.05 with a response time 22.6 s and recovery time 25.8 s. Hence, this porous glass can be easily synthesized, is affordable, and was found to be useful for CO2 gas sensing applications.