Adjusting Atrial Size Parameters for Body Surface Area: Does it Affect the Association with Pulmonary Embolism-related Adverse Events?

PURPOSE: Small left atrial (LA) volume was recently reported to be one of the best predictors of acute pulmonary embolism (PE)-related adverse events (AE). There is currently no data available regarding the impact that body surface area (BSA)-indexing of atrial measurements has on the association with PE-related adverse events. Our aim is to assess the impact of indexing atrial measurements to BSA on the association between computed tomography (CT) atrial measurements and AE. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective study (IRB: 2015P000425). A database of hospitalized patients with acute PE diagnosed on CT pulmonary angiography (CTPA) between May 2007 and December 2014 was reviewed. Right and left atrial volume, largest axial area, and axial diameters were measured. Patients undergo both echocardiographies (from which the BSA was extracted) and CTPAs within 48 hours of the procedure. The patient's body weight was measured during each admission. LA measurements were correlated to AE (defined as the need for advanced therapy or PE-related mortality at 30 days) before and after indexing for BSA. The area under the ROC curve was calculated to determine the predictive value of the atrial measurements in predicting AE. RESULTS: The study included 490 acute PE patients; 62 (12.7%) had AE. There was a significant association of reduced BSA-indexed and non-indexed LA volume (both <0.001), area (<0.001 and 0.001, respectively), and short-axis diameters (both <0.001), and their respective RA/LA ratios (all <0.001) with AE. The AUC values were similar for BSA-indexed and non-indexed LA volume, diameters, and area with LA volume measurements being the best predictor of adverse outcomes (BSA-indexed AUC=0.68 and non-indexed AUC=0.66), followed by non-indexed LA short-axis diameter (indexed AUC=0.65, non-indexed AUC=0.64), and LA area (indexed AUC=0.64, non-indexed AUC=0.63). CONCLUSION: Adjusting for BSA does not substantially affect the predictive ability of atrial measurements on 30-day PE-related adverse events, and therefore, this adjustment is not necessary in clinical practice. While LA volume is the better predictor of AE, LA short-axis diameter has a similar predictive value and is more practical to perform clinically.

Evaluation of coronary disease among patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation: propensity score matching analysis.

BACKGROUND: Chronic coronary syndrome (CCS) is common among elderly patients with severe aortic stenosis undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI). Current guidelines recommend performance of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) of any > 70% proximal coronary lesions prior to TAVI. AIMS: To evaluate the outcomes of two diagnostic approaches for CCS clearance pre-TAVI and to determine the reduction in the need of invasive angiography (IA). METHODS: We investigated 2219 patients undergoing TAVI for severe aortic stenosis at two large centers with different pre-procedural strategies for CCS assessment: pre-TAVI computed tomography angiography (CTA) with selective invasive angiography according to CTA results or mandatory IA. We preformed propensity score matching analysis using a 1:1 ratio. The final study cohort included 870 matched patients. Peri-procedural complications were documented according to the VARC-2 criteria. Mortality rates were prospectively documented. RESULTS: Mean age of the study population was 82 ± 7, of whom 55% were female. Patients in the IA group had significantly higher rates of pre-TAVI PCI compared to the CTA group (39% vs. 22%, p < 0.001). Following TAVI, peri-procedural myocardial infarction (MI) rates were similar between the two groups (0.3% vs. 0.7%, p value = 0.41), but spontaneous MI were significantly lower among the IA group (0% vs. 1.3%, p value = 0.03). Kaplan-Meier's survival analysis found that the cumulative probability of 1-year morality was similar between the two groups (p value log rank = 0.65). Cox regression analysis did not find association between CCS clearance strategy and outcome. CONCLUSIONS: In elderly patients, CTA-driven approach for CCS evaluation pre-TAVI is a valid strategy with similar outcome as compared to invasive approach. CTA strategy significantly reduces invasive procedures rates without compromising patient's outcome.

Corin and Left Atrial Cardiomyopathy, Hypertension, Arrhythmia, and Fibrosis.

Two siblings presented with cardiomyopathy, hypertension, arrhythmia, and fibrosis of the left atrium. Each had a homozygous null variant in CORIN, the gene encoding atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)-converting enzyme. A plasma sample obtained from one of the siblings had no detectable levels of corin or N-terminal pro-ANP but had elevated levels of B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and one of the two protein markers of fibrosis that we tested. These and other findings support the hypothesis that BNP cannot fully compensate for a lack of activation of the ANP pathway and that corin is critical to normal ANP activity, left atrial function, and cardiovascular homeostasis.

Real-Life Diagnostic Performance of the Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis Guidelines: A Multicenter Cohort Study.

Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) is a heterogeneous interstitial lung disease (ILD) that may be difficult to confidently diagnose. Recently, the 2020 ATS/JRS/ALAT HP diagnostic guidelines were published, yet data validating their performance in real-life settings are scarce. We aimed to assess the diagnostic performance of the HP guidelines compared to the gold-standard multidisciplinary discussion (MDD). For this purpose, we included consecutive ILD patients that underwent diagnostic bronchoscopy between 2017 and 2020 in three large medical centers. Four diagnostic factors (antigen exposure history, chest computed tomography pattern, bronchoalveolar lavage lymphocyte count, and histology results) were used to assign guidelines-based HP diagnostic confidence levels for each patient. A sensitivity analysis was performed, with MDD diagnosis as the reference standard. Overall, 213 ILD patients were included, 45 (21%) with an MDD diagnosis of HP. The guidelines' moderate (≥70%) confidence threshold produced optimal performance with 73% sensitivity for HP, 89% specificity, and a J-index of 0.62. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) for a correct guidelines-based diagnosis was 0.86. The guidelines had better performance for non-fibrotic than fibrotic HP (AUC 0.92 vs. 0.82). All diagnostic factors, except bronchoalveolar lavage lymphocyte count, were independent predictors for MDD diagnosis of HP in a multivariate analysis. In conclusion, the HP guidelines exhibited a good diagnostic performance compared to MDD diagnosis in real-life setting.

Left atrium volume and ventricular volume ratio algorithm as indication of pulmonary hypertension etiology.

BACKGROUND: Pressure overload of the right heart (pulmonary hypertension [PH]) can be an acute or a chronic process with various pathophysiologic changes affecting the dimensions of the heart chambers. The automatic four-chamber volumetric analysis tool is now available to measure the volume of the cardiac chambers in patients undergoing a computed tomography pulmonary angiogram (CTPA). PURPOSE: To characterize the volumetric changes that occurred in response to increased systolic pulmonary arterial pressures (sPAP) in acute events, such as acute pulmonary embolism (APE), compared with other etiologies. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Consecutive patients who underwent CTPA and echocardiography within 24 h between 2011 and 2015 were included. Differences in cardiac chamber volumes were investigated in correlation to the patients' sPAP. RESULTS: The final cohort of 961 patients included 221 (23%) patients diagnosed with APE. The right (RV) to left (LV) ventricular volume ratio (VVR) was higher, while the left atrial (LA) volume index was smaller (P < 0.001) in the patients with APE. A decision tree for the prediction of APE showed that an RV to left VVR >2.8 was characteristic of APE, whereas an LA volume index >37.5 mL/m² was more compatible with PH due to other etiologies (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The combination of VVR and LA volume index may help in differentiating between APE and chronic PH. CTPA-based volumetric information may be used to help clarify the underlying etiology of the dyspnea.

The role of serum and urinary markers in predicting obstructing ureteral stones and reducing unjustified non-contrast computerized tomographic scans in emergency departments.

INTRODUCTION: The reported yield of non-contrast computed tomography (NCCT) in assessing flank pain and obstructive urolithiasis (OU) in emergency departments (EDs) is only ~ 50%. We investigated the potential capability of serum and urinary markers to predict OU and improve the yield of NCCT in EDs. METHODS: All consecutive ED patients with acute flank pain suggestive of OU and assessed by NCCT between December 2019 and February 2020 were enrolled. Serum white blood cells (WBC), C-reactive protein (CRP) and creatinine (Cr) levels, and urine dipstick results were analyzed for association with OU, and unjustified NCCT scan rates were calculated. RESULTS: NCCTs diagnosed OU in 108 of the 200 study patients (54%). The median WBC, CRP, and Cr values were 9,100/µL, 4.3 mg/L, and 1 mg/dL, respectively. Using ROC curves, WBC = 10,000/µL and Cr = 0.95 mg/dl were the most accurate thresholds to predict OU. Only WBC ≥ 10,000/µL (OR = 3.7, 95% CI 1.6-8.3, p = 0.002) and Cr ≥ 0.95 mg/dl (OR = 5, 95% CI 2.3-11, p < 0.001) were associated with OU. Positive predictive value and specificity for detecting OU among patients with combined WBC ≥ 10,000 and Cr ≥ 0.95 were 83% and 89%, respectively. Patients negative to the serum markers criteria underwent significantly more unjustified NCCTs (p = 0.03). The negative predictive value of the serum criteria for justified NCCT scanning was 81%. CONCLUSIONS: WBC and Cr may be valuable serum markers in predicting OU among patients presenting to EDs with acute flank pain. They may potentially reduce the number of unjustified NCCT scans in the ED setting.

Data From a One-Stop-Shop Comprehensive Cancer Screening Center.

PURPOSE: Cancer is the second leading cause of death globally. However, by implementing evidence-based prevention strategies, 30%-50% of cancers can be detected early with improved outcomes. At the integrated cancer prevention center (ICPC), we aimed to increase early detection by screening for multiple cancers during one visit. METHODS: Self-referred asymptomatic individuals, age 20-80 years, were included prospectively. Clinical, laboratory, and epidemiological data were obtained by multiple specialists, and further testing was obtained based on symptoms, family history, individual risk factors, and abnormalities identified during the visit. Follow-up recommendations and diagnoses were given as appropriate. RESULTS: Between January 1, 2006, and December 31, 2019, 8,618 men and 8,486 women, average age 47.11 ± 11.71 years, were screened. Of 259 cancers detected through the ICPC, 49 (19.8%) were stage 0, 113 (45.6%) stage I, 30 (12.1%) stage II, 25 (10.1%) stage III, and 31(12.5%) stage IV. Seventeen cancers were missed, six of which were within the scope of the ICPC. Compared with the Israeli registry, at the ICPC, less cancers were diagnosed at a metastatic stage for breast (none v 3.7%), lung (6.7% v 11.4%), colon (20.0% v 46.2%), prostate (5.6% v 10.5%), and cervical/uterine (none v 8.5%) cancers. When compared with the average stage of detection in the United States, detection was earlier for breast, lung, prostate, and female reproductive cancers. Patient satisfaction rate was 8.35 ± 1.85 (scale 1-10). CONCLUSION: We present a proof of concept study for a one-stop-shop approach to cancer screening in a multidisciplinary outpatient clinic. We successfully detected cancers at an early stage, which has the potential to reduce morbidity and mortality as well as offer substantial cost savings.[Media: see text].

Optimized definition of right ventricular dysfunction on computed tomography for risk stratification of pulmonary embolism.

OBJECTIVES: There is an ongoing discussion on the optimal right to left (RV/LV) diameter ratio threshold and the best definition of RV dysfunction on computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA) for risk assessment of pulmonary embolism (PE). METHODS: On routine diagnostic CTPA, volumetric and diameter measurements (axial and reconstructed views) of the ventricles and reflux of contrast medium into the inferior vena cava (IVC) and hepatic veins were assessed in consecutive PE patients enrolled in a prospective single-center registry. In-hospital adverse outcome was defined as PE-related death, cardiopulmonary resuscitation, mechanical ventilation or catecholamine administration. RESULTS: Of 609 patients (median age, 69 [IQR, 56-77] years; 47 % male) included in the analysis, 68 patients (11.2 %) had an adverse outcome and 35 (5.7 %) died. While neither a RV/LV volume ratio ≥1.0 nor RV/LV diameter ratios ≥1.0 were able to predict an adverse outcome, higher thresholds increased specificity. Further, neither volumetric measurements nor reconstruction of images provided superior prognostic information compared to RV/LV ratios measured in axial planes. The combination of an axial RV/LV diameter ratio ≥1.5 with substantial reflux of contrast medium was present in 134 patients (22 %) and associated with the best prognostic performance to predict an adverse outcome in unselected (OR 3.7 [95 % CI, 2.0-6.6]) and normotensive (OR 2.8 [95 % CI, 1.1-6.7]) patients. CONCLUSION: A new definition of RV dysfunction (axial RV/LV diameter ratio ≥1.5 and substantial reflux of contrast medium to the IVC and hepatic veins) allows an optimized CTPA-based prediction of PE-related adverse outcome.

Evaluation of hemodynamically significant pericardial effusion by analysis of cardiac chambers volume by computed tomography.

OBJECTIVE: Pericardial effusion may present clinically as pleuritic chest pain, dyspnea, or hemodynamic compromise and is a frequent finding in computerized tomographic pulmonary angiography (CTPA) exams. We hypothesized that CTPA-based analysis of the cardiac chamber volumes can be used to predict the hemodynamic significance of pericardial effusion (HsPE) as compared with echocardiography. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of consecutive patients who underwent CTPA and echocardiography between January 2009 and November 2017 that ruled-out acute pulmonary embolism was included. Differences in cardiac chamber volumes were investigated in correlation to echocardiographic evidence of HsPE. RESULTS: The final cohort included 208 patients, of whom 22 (11%) were diagnosed with HsPE. The HsPE patients had much smaller right cardiac chamber volumes (Median 78.8 ml (IQR 72.4-89.1)) than patients without HsPE (Median 115.1 ml (IQR 87.4-150). A decision tree for the prediction of HsPE showed multiple cutoff values. Right atrium (RA) volume had the best accuracy (area under the curve 0.851, 95% confidence interval 0.776-0.925, p < .001) for predicting the presence of HsPE. An RA volume ≤86 ml yielded a sensitivity of 95.5%, a specificity of 64%, and a NPV of 99.2% for the presence of HsPE. CONCLUSION: CTPA-based volumetric information with focus on the RA volume may help predict the presence of HsPE. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE: Pericardial effusion is a frequent finding in CTPA exams. Our study shows that CTPA-based volumetric information can predict the presence of HsPE with RA volume as the best indicator.

Querying the significance of patient position during computerized tomography on the reliability of pre-percutaneous nephrolithotomy planning.

BACKGROUND: Computerized tomography (CT) is considered indispensable in percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) planning. We aimed to define the reliability of pre-PCNL CT for planning renal access by assessing renal positional changes between supine and prone CTs. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: CT urographies (CTU) of 30 consecutive patients were reviewed for distances upper pole (UP)-diaphragm, UP-diaphragm attachment, renal pelvis (RP)-lateral body wall, RP- posterior body wall, and lower pole (LP)- anterior-superior iliac spine (ASIS). The posterior and lateral renal axes angles were also calculated. RESULTS: The most consistent overall movement in transition from prone to supine was backward rotation, as demonstrated by a decrease in distance UP-posterior body wall (p = 0.010) and increase in the posterior renal angle (p < 0.0001). This finding correlated with the patient's body mass index (BMI) (p = 0.029). The left kidney was more mobile than the right one, moving significantly for five of the measured parameters compared to the right kidney which moved significantly for only two parameters. The UP-diaphragm distance of the left kidney correlated with age (p = 0.014), the RP-lateral wall distance correlated with previous abdominal surgery (p = 0.006), and the RP-posterior wall distance with BMI (p = 0.017). On the right, the UP-diaphragm distance correlated with gender (p = 0.002) and the lateral renal rotation was smaller (p = 0.046). CONCLUSIONS: Kidneys present significant mobility between supine and prone positions. CT assessment should be performed in the position expected during surgery and should be interpreted with caution, while a real-time imaging modality should be used in the operating room.

Emergency department non-contrast computed tomography for suspicion of obstructive urolithiasis: Yield and consequences.

INTRODUCTION: We aimed to analyze patterns of referral, yield, and clinical implications of non-contrast computed tomography (NCCT) in the acute evaluation of flank pain suspected as obstructive urolithiasis (OU) in a high-volume emergency department (ED). METHODS: The study comprised 506 consecutive NCCTs performed in the ED over four months. Detection rates of OU, incidental, and alternative findings were calculated. Imaging signs suspicious for recent passage of stones were considered positive for OU, while renal stones without signs of obstruction were considered unrelated to the acute presentation. OU, other findings requiring hospitalization, and incidental findings warranting further workup were considered situations in which NCCTs were warranted. RESULTS: NCCTs confirmed an OU diagnosis in 162 (32%) patients and non-clinically significant nephrolithiasis in 125 (25%). They revealed other findings in 108 (21%) patients, including 42 (8%) with clinically significant incidental findings and 26 (5%) with alternative diagnoses requiring hospitalization. NCCTs were entirely negative in 111 (22%) patients. Corroboration of these outcomes, together with overlapping of OU, incidental, and alternative significant findings in some patients resulted in an overall justified NCCT request rate of 44%. CONCLUSIONS: The yield of NCCT performed in acute presentations of flank pain suspected as OU is relatively low, and over one-half of the scans are unwarranted. The pattern of requesting NCCT in the ED needs refinement to avoid abuse that may lead to radiation overexposure, psychological burden, physical harm, and financial overload.

Evidence for Left Atrial Volume Being an Indicator of Adverse Events in Patients With Acute Pulmonary Embolism: Retrospective Case-control Pilot Study.

PURPOSE: To assess the association between computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA) atrial measurements and both 30-day pulmonary embolism (PE)-related adverse events and mortality, and non-PE-related mortality, and to identify the best predictors of these outcomes by comparing atrial measurements and widely used clinical and imaging variables. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Retrospective single-center pilot study. Acute PE patients diagnosed on CTPA who also had a transthoracic echocardiogram, electrocardiogram, and troponin T were included. CTPA left atrial (LA) and right atrial (RA) volume and short-axis diameter were measured and compared between outcome groups, along with right ventricular/left ventricular diameter ratio, interventricular septal bowing, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion, electrocardiogram, and troponin T. RESULTS: A total of 350 patients. LA volume and diameter were associated with PE-related adverse events (P≤0.01). LA volume was the only atrial measurement associated with PE-related mortality (P=0.03), with no atrial measurements associated with non-PE-related mortality. Troponin was most associated with PE-related adverse events and mortality (both area under the curve [AUC]=0.77). On multivariate analysis, combination models did not greatly improve PE-related adverse events prediction compared with troponin alone. For PE-related mortality, the best models were the combination of troponin, age, and either LA volume (AUC=0.86) or diameter (AUC=0.87). CONCLUSION: Among patients with acute PE, CTPA LA volume is the only imaging parameter associated with PE-related mortality and is the best imaging predictor of this outcome. Reduced CTPA LA volume and diameter, along with increased RA/LA volume and diameter ratios, are significantly associated with 30-day PE-related adverse events, but not with non-PE-related mortality.

Correlation between CT-derived cardiac chamber volume, myocardial injury and mortality in acute pulmonary embolism.

INTRODUCTION: The release of troponin in patients with acute pulmonary embolism (PE) is assumed to be secondary to elevated intracardiac chamber pressure. Since right ventricular (RV) hypertrophy does not develop in the acute setting, pressure overload correlates with chamber dilatation, causing myocardial injury. The aim of the present study was to investigate correlations between cardiac chamber volume, troponin and subsequent early mortality in patients with acute PE and refine risk stratification. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients who underwent a computerized tomographic pulmonary angiogram (CTPA) and a troponin test within 24 h of the CTPA were included. Automated software calculated the volumes of the four cardiac chambers indexed to body surface area (BSA) and correlated them to troponin and early all-cause mortality. RESULTS: The final cohort consisted of 370 patients (56% females) with acute PE. RV volume and right to left ventricular volume ratio (VVR) were the most significant indicators for elevated troponin (receiving operating characteristic [ROC] 0.796, confidence interval [CI]: 0.749-0.843, p < 0.001, and ROC 0.802, CI: 0.753-0.851, p < 0.001, respectively). VVR cutoff values, which are predictive of elevated troponins, correlated with higher 30-day mortality (odds ratio = 3.1, CI 1.5-6.7, p = 0.003) for a VVR >3 compared to a VVR <2. CONCLUSION: Cardiac chamber volume correlates to elevated troponin in patients with acute PE. A higher VVR reflects an increased likelihood for myocardial ischemia, as well as an increased short-term mortality risk. These data are available seconds after CTPA performance and may contribute to refining patients' risk stratification.

High Prevalence of Right Ventricular/Left Ventricular Ratio ≥1 Among Patients Undergoing Computed Tomography Pulmonary Angiography.

AIM: Increased ratio between the right and left ventricular (RV/LV) diameters ≥1 is considered an important imaging marker for risk stratification among patients diagnosed with acute pulmonary embolism (PE). Our goal was to assess the prevalence of RV/LV≥1 among consecutive patients undergoing computed tomography pulmonary angiography, and to compare the prevalence of RV/LV≥1 between patients with and without PE. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of consecutive patients who underwent computed tomography pulmonary angiography due to clinical suspicion of PE between January 1, 2014 and December 31, 2014. The axial RV/LV diameters were measured. The prevalence of RV/LV ≥1 was compared between patients with and without PE and among PE patients, between those with central versus peripheral PE. RESULTS: The final cohort included 862 patients. A total of 142 (16.5%) had PE. RV/LV ≥1 was found in 553 (64.1%) of all patients, of them in 453 (63%) patients without PE and in 100 (70.4%) patients with PE (P=0.117). On multivariate analysis, PE was not significantly associated with RV/LV ≥1 (odds ratio [OR]: 1.4; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.9-2.1; P=0.102). There was no significant difference in the prevalence of RV/LV ≥1 among patients with central versus peripheral PE distribution (79.5% vs. 67%, P=0.101). Older age (OR: 1.03; 95% CI: 1.02-1.04; P<0.001) and male gender (OR: 1.51; 95% CI: 1.11-2.03; P=0.008), among all patients, were significantly associated with RV/LV diameter ≥1. CONCLUSION: As RV/LV ≥1 is highly prevalent (64.1%), without a significant difference between those with and without PE, an RV/LV ≥1 might not represent the cardiac response to the acute PE event, but rather the patient's baseline condition.

Prognostic value of right atrial dilation in patients with pulmonary embolism.

AIMS: Right atrial (RA) dilation and stretch provide prognostic information in patients with cardiovascular diseases. We investigated the prevalence, confounding factors and prognostic relevance of RA dilation in patients with pulmonary embolism (PE). METHODS: Overall, 609 PE patients were consecutively included in a prospective single-centre registry between September 2008 and August 2017. Volumetric measurements of heart chambers were performed on routine non-electrocardiographic-gated computed tomography and plasma concentrations of mid-regional pro-atrial natriuretic peptide (MR-proANP) measured on admission. An in-hospital adverse outcome was defined as PE-related death, cardiopulmonary resuscitation, mechanical ventilation or catecholamine administration. RESULTS: Patients with an adverse outcome (11.2%) had larger RA volumes (median 120 (interquartile range 84-152) versus 102 (78-134) mL; p=0.013), RA/left atrial (LA) volume ratios (1.7 (1.2-2.4) versus 1.3 (1.1-1.7); p<0.001) and MR-proANP levels (282 (157-481) versus 129 (64-238) pmol·L-1; p<0.001) compared to patients with a favourable outcome. Overall, 499 patients (81.9%) had a RA/LA volume ratio ≥1.0 and a calculated cut-off value of 1.8 (area under the curve 0.64, 95% CI 0.56-0.71) predicted an adverse outcome, both in unselected (OR 3.1, 95% CI 1.9-5.2) and normotensive patients (OR 2.7, 95% CI 1.3-5.6). MR-proANP ≥120 pmol·L-1 was identified as an independent predictor of an adverse outcome, both in unselected (OR 4.6, 95% CI 2.3-9.3) and normotensive patients (OR 5.1, 95% CI 1.5-17.6). CONCLUSIONS: RA dilation is a frequent finding in patients with PE. However, the prognostic performance of RA dilation appears inferior compared to established risk stratification markers. MR-proANP predicted an in-hospital adverse outcome, both in unselected and normotensive PE patients, integrating different prognostic relevant information from comorbidities.

Detection of severe pulmonary hypertension based on computed tomography pulmonary angiography.

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is often diagnosed late in the disease course. As many patients may undergo computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA) for exclusion of pulmonary embolism (PE), we aimed to create a model that can detect the existence of PH and grade its severity. Consecutive patients who underwent CTPA which was negative for PE, and echocardiography study within 24 h, were included. The CT parameters evaluated to assess PH were: the diameters of the main pulmonary artery (MPA), ascending aorta (AA), calculation of each heart chamber volume, and the severity of reflux of contrast material. Randomly, 70% of patients were included in the model creation group, and 30% were used to validate the model. The final study group included 740 patients, 268 male patients, median age 72 years. 374 patients (51%) had PH, of them 94 (13%) had severe PH on the echocardiography. Right atrium (RA) and Left atrium (LA) volume indices were the strongest parameter to indicate PH (area under the curve, AUC = 0.738 and 0.736, respectively), while Right ventricle (RV) and RA volume indices were the strongest parameter to identify severe PH (AUC = 0.735 and 0.715, respectively) with MPA diameter being the least influential indicator (AUC = 0.623). Using the patients age, gender, and multiple CTPA parameters, we created a model for predicting the existence of severe PH. After validation, the model demonstrated 91% sensitivity and a negative predictive value of 97%. Applying our models, CTPA can be used to identify severe PH immediately after the completion of CTPA exam.

Long-term implications of left atrial appendage thrombus identified incidentally by pre-procedural cardiac computed tomography angiography in patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve replacement.

AIMS: The prevalence and prognostic implications of left atrial appendage (LAA) thrombus (LAAT) in patients considered for transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) are incompletely defined. We, therefore, studied pre-procedural cardiac computed tomography angiography (CCTA) scans of TAVR candidates to determine the prevalence of LAAT and its association with late outcomes. METHODS AND RESULTS: Baseline clinical variables and CCTA findings from a prospective TAVR registry were analysed for the prevalence of pre-procedural LAAT and its impact on in-hospital outcomes and late mortality. LAAT was differentiated from LAA filling defects (LAAFD) reflecting stasis without clot. Patients (n = 561) with complete in-hospital and late mortality data were included in the study (median follow-up 31.6 months). LAAT and LAAFD were evidenced on pre-procedural CCTA in 24 (4.3%) and 26 (4.6%) patients, respectively. One hundred fourteen (20.3%) patients died during the study period. Though in-hospital adverse event rates (including stroke) did not differ among groups, mortality at long-term follow-up was higher among LAAT patients compared with those with or without LAAFD (58.3% vs. 11.5% vs. 19.0%, respectively; P < 0.003). By multivariable analysis, LAAT (but not LAAFD) was independently associated with all-cause mortality [hazard ratio (HR) = 3.33 (1.83-6.00), P < 0.001]. In patients with LAAT, oral anticoagulation at discharge was associated with lower mortality risk, independently of atrial fibrillation status. CONCLUSIONS: LAAT visualized by pre-procedural CCTA is an independent predictor of late mortality following TAVR, but not peri-procedural stroke. When reporting TAVR-CCTA, particular note should be made of LAA features and presence of LAAT which may have prognostic and management implications.