Intraoperative and Early (90-Day) Postoperative Complications and Associated Variables with Multiligamentous Knee Reconstruction: 15-year Experience from a Single Academic Institution.

PURPOSE: We sought to determine the rate of intraoperative and early postoperative (90-day) complications of multiligamentous knee reconstruction surgeries, both medical and surgical, and associated variables from the 15-year experience of a single academic institution. METHODS: Patients treated at a single academic institution between 2005 and 2019 who underwent multiligament knee surgery were identified. Inclusion criteria included intervention with 2+ ligament reconstructions performed concurrently, and more than 90 days postoperative follow-up. Exclusion criteria included revision ligamentous knee surgery. Patient demographics, mechanism of injury, and associated injuries of patients with intraoperative and postoperative complications, time from injury to multiligamentous knee reconstruction, and surgical data, including tourniquet time, procedure time, and type of procedures performed were retrospectively recorded. RESULTS: 301 knees in 296 patients met the eligibility criteria. There were 11 intraoperative complications in 9 knees (rate of 3%) and 136 postoperative complications in 90 knees (rate of 30%). Shorter time from injury to date of surgery was associated with arthrofibrosis (P = .001) and superficial wound infections (P = .015). Concurrent head injuries were associated with less complications (P = .029). Procedural time >300 minutes was associated with intraoperative blood transfusions (P > .05), deep infections (P = .003) and arthrofibrosis (P = .012). Inside-out meniscal repair was associated with superficial and deep infections (P = .006 and .0004). Tibial-based posterolateral corner (PLC) reconstruction was associated with symptomatic hardware (P = .037) and arthrofibrosis (P = .019) in comparison with fibular-based PLC reconstruction. Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) reconstruction was associated with deep infections (P = .015), arthrofibrosis (P = .003), and postoperative blood transfusions (P = .018). CONCLUSION: Our 15-year data reveal there is a low intraoperative complication rate and high early postoperative complication rate with multiligamentous knee surgery. Surgeons should be wary of the increased intraoperative and postoperative complications associated with longer procedure times, inside-out meniscal repair, tibia-based PLC reconstruction, PCL reconstruction, and shorter time to surgery. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Case series: IV.

Two-Stage Revision Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Systematic Review of Bone Graft Options for Tunnel Augmentation.

BACKGROUND: No consensus is available regarding the optimal choice of bone graft material for bone tunnel augmentation in revision anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) surgery. PURPOSE: To compare the outcomes of different bone graft materials for staged revision ACL reconstruction. STUDY DESIGN: Systematic review. METHODS: A systematic review using PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines was performed. PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library were queried through use of the terms anterior cruciate ligament and revision to identify all studies reporting outcomes of bone tunnel grafting in 2-stage revision ACL reconstruction. Data extracted included indications for 2-stage surgery, surgical technique, graft material, time between surgeries, rehabilitation protocols, physical examination findings, patient-reported outcomes, and radiographic and histologic findings. RESULTS: The analysis included 7 studies with a total of 234 patients. The primary outcome in 2 studies was graft incorporation (mean follow-up, 8.8 months), whereas the other 5 studies reported clinical outcomes with follow-up mean ± SD of 4.2 ± 2.1 years. The indication for bone grafting and between-stage protocol varied among studies. Autograft was used in 4 studies: iliac crest bone autograft (ICBG, n = 3) and tibial bone autograft (TBA, n = 1). In 2 studies, the authors investigated the outcomes of allograft: allograft bone matrix (ABM) and allograft bone chips (AC). Finally, 1 study compared ICBG to a synthetic bone substitute. Radiographic evaluation of bone graft integration after the first stage was reported in 4 studies, with an average duration of 4.9 months. In 4 studies, the authors reported the time interval between first and second surgeries, with an average of 6.1 months for ICBG compared with 8.7 months for allogenic and synthetic grafts. Revision ACL graft failure rates were reported by 5 studies, including 1 study with ABM (6.1%), 1 study with AC (8.3%), 1 study with TBA (0%), and 2 studies with ICBG (0% and 2%). CONCLUSION: The indications for staged ACL reconstruction and the rehabilitation protocol between stages need to be clearly established. The available data indicate that autograft for bone tunnel grafting in 2-stage ACL revision may be associated with a lower risk of revision ACL reconstruction graft failure compared with allograft bone.

Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury at the Time of Anterior Tibial Spine Fracture in Young Patients: An Observational Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: Anterior tibial spine fractures (ATSF) in the skeletally immature parallel anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears in adult patients, yet these injuries are generally regarded as mutually exclusive. Biomechanical analysis suggests that intrinsic ACL damage occurs during ATSF, and long-term clinical studies demonstrate residual anteroposterior knee laxity following ATSF. We aim to describe prevalence, demographics, and characteristics of pediatric patients who sustained ATSF with concomitant ACL injury. METHODS: We included 129 patients with ATSF over a 16-year period. Age, sex, injury mechanism, ATSF type, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) evaluation, treatment modality, ACL injury, and concomitant meniscal/chondral injuries were analyzed. Concurrent ACL injury was confirmed either from MRI or intraoperatively. RESULTS: Nineteen percent (n=25) of ATSF patients had concomitant ACL injury, with ACL injury significantly more likely in type II or type III ATSF compared with type I ATSF (P=0.03). Patients with combined ATSF/ACL injury were significantly older (P=0.02) and more likely to be male (P=0.01). Mechanism of ATSF injury was not associated with ACL injury (P=0.83). Preoperative MRI had low sensitivity (0.09) for recognizing ACL injury at the time of ATSF relative to intraoperative assessment. Half of ATSF/ACL-injured patients had additional meniscal or chondral injury, with meniscal repair or debridement required in 37.5% of the type II ATSF/ACL injury. CONCLUSIONS: There are demographic characteristics, such as age (older) and sex (male), associated with a higher risk of concomitant ACL injury at the time of ATSF. Type II and type III ATSF patterns had a higher prevalence of ACL injury. MRI failed to correctly identify ACL injury at the time of ATSF. Concomitant ACL injury at the time of ATSF is highly prevalent in the skeletally immature, occurring in 19.4% of patients with ATSF. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV-case series.

Epidemiology of Anterior Tibial Spine Fractures in Young Patients: A Retrospective Cohort Study of 122 Cases.

BACKGROUND: Historically, bicycle accidents were described as the most common mechanism for pediatric anterior tibial spine fractures (ATSFs). There is a paucity of current literature examining the demographic factors associated with these injuries. The purpose of this cohort study was to characterize the epidemiology of ATSFs presenting to a single tertiary referral pediatric hospital. METHODS: A consecutive cohort of 122 pediatric patients with ATSFs between 1996 and 2014 were reviewed. Radiographic variables, classification of fractures (Meyers and McKeever type), age, sex, height, weight, body mass index, and mechanism of injury were retrieved. Categories of mechanism of injury included organized sports (football, soccer, basketball, lacrosse, wrestling, and gymnastics), bicycling, outdoor sports (skiing, skateboarding, and sledding), fall, motor vehicle collision/pedestrian versus motor vehicle, and trampoline. RESULTS: Organized sports-related injuries represented the most common cause of ATSFs (36%). Other common mechanisms of injury included bicycle accidents (25%), outdoor sports (18%), and falls (11%). There was a higher proportion of males (69%) compared with females (31%). Males (mean age, 11.6 y) were significantly older than females (mean age, 9.8 y) (P=0.004). Younger patients (aged 11.5 y and below) were more likely to have displaced fractures (type III), whereas type I and type II were more common in patients above 11.5 years (P=0.02). Patients with fracture type I were significantly taller than patients with fracture type III. No other variables were found to differ significantly according to fracture severity, including sex, weight, and body mass index. CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge, our study represents both the largest (n=122) and most up-to-date epidemiological ATSF study in pediatric patients. A higher rate of ATSF occurs due to organized sports rather than bicycling or motor vehicle collision. This 18-year data collection represents a change in the paradigm, and is likely multifactorial, including increased participation in youth sports and early sport specialization. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV-retrospective, cohort study.

No difference in outcomes in a matched cohort of operative versus nonoperatively treated displaced medial epicondyle fractures.

The purpose of our study was to compare the treatment outcomes and complications between operatively and nonoperatively treated displaced medial epicondyle fractures. Pediatric patients treated for an acute, displaced medial epicondyle fracture between 2005 and 2015 were retrospectively reviewed. A total of 22 operative participants were matched to 22 nonoperative participants, with an average displacement of 9.7 mm in both groups. There was no statistical difference in average length of immobilization, median time to full pronation/supination and flexion/extension, proportion of patients needing physical therapy, and complications. There were no statistical differences in outcomes between operative and nonoperatively treated, moderately displaced, pediatric medial epicondyle fractures. This suggests that operative and nonoperative interventions show equivalent outcomes for these injuries.

Neonatal Compartment Syndrome Treated Within the First 24 Hours of Life.

Neonatal compartment syndrome is rare. There are multiple proposed etiologies, including infection, vascular insult, and mechanical compression. Much like compartment syndrome in adults, delayed surgical intervention for neonatal compartment syndrome can have catastrophic results. The authors present a unique case of a neonate who presented with left forearm and hand swelling and skin ulceration after vaginal delivery. Findings from the evaluation for vascular injury, infection, and hypercoagulability were normal. The neonate was diagnosed with compartment syndrome and underwent decompressive fasciotomy of the forearm flexor and extensor compartments as well as hand intrinsic and thenar compartments within the first 24 hours of life. At 5 years old, the patient had progressive radial clubbing and a 41-mm limb length discrepancy due to growth arrest at the distal radial physis. A radial distraction osteogenesis was then performed. Postoperatively, the patient continues to improve her range of motion and strength through rehabilitation. [Orthopedics. 2018; 41(5):e731-e733.].

Delayed Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction in Young Patients With Previous Anterior Tibial Spine Fractures.

BACKGROUND: Avulsion fractures of the anterior tibial spine in young athletes are injuries similar to anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries in adults. Sparse data exist on the association between anterior tibial spine fractures (ATSFs) and later ligamentous laxity or injuries leading to ACL reconstruction. PURPOSE: To better delineate the incidence of delayed instability or ACL ruptures requiring delayed ACL reconstruction in young patients with prior fractures of the tibial eminence. STUDY DESIGN: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. METHODS: We identified 101 patients between January 1993 and January 2012 who sustained an ATSF and who met inclusion criteria for this study. All patients had been followed for at least 2 years after the initial injury and were included for analysis after completion of a questionnaire via direct contact, mail, and/or telephone. If patients underwent further surgical intervention and/or underwent later ACL reconstruction, clinical records and operative reports pertaining to these secondary interventions were obtained and reviewed. Differences between categorical variables were assessed using the Fisher exact test. The association between time to revision ACL surgery and fracture type was assessed by Kaplan-Meier plots. The association between need for revision ACL surgery and age, sex, and mechanism of surgery was assessed using logistic regression. RESULTS: Nineteen percent of all patients evaluated underwent delayed ACL reconstruction after a previous tibial spine fracture on the ipsilateral side. While there were a higher proportion of ACL reconstructions in type II fractures, there was not a statistically significant difference in the number of patients within each fracture group who went on to undergo later surgery (P = .29). Further, there was not a significant association between fracture type, sex, or mechanism of injury as it related to the progression to later ACL reconstruction. However, there was a significant association between age at the time of injury and progression to later ACL reconstruction (P = .02). For every year increase in age at the time of injury, the odds of going on to undergo delayed ACL reconstruction were greater by a factor of 1.3 (95% CI, 1.1-1.6). CONCLUSION: Although an ATSF is a relatively rare injury, our cohort of patients suggests that a subset of young patients with all types of tibial spine fractures will require later ACL reconstruction. There is a need to counsel patients that a delayed ACL rupture is a potential risk after an ATSF, especially as children approach skeletal maturity. Further patient follow-up and prospective studies are required.

Multiple tendon ruptures of unknown etiology.

UNLABELLED: Tendon ruptures are common findings in foot and ankle practice. The etiology of tendon ruptures tends to be multifactorial-usually due to a combination of trauma, effects of systemic diseases, adverse effects of medications, and obesity. We present an unusual case of right Achilles tendinitis, left Achilles tendon rupture, bilateral peroneus longus tendon rupture, and left peroneus brevis tendon rupture of unknown etiology. This case report highlights the need for research for other possible, lesser known etiologies of tendon pathology. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic, Level IV, Case Study.