A comparison of different proportions of a ketamine-propofol mixture administered in a single injection for patients undergoing colonoscopy.

INTRODUCTION: In this study, we aimed to determine the appropriate proportion of ketamine-propofol (ketofol), which was prepared in two different proportions for colonoscopy procedures. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This is a prospective and randomized trial. Group 1 was administered a mixture of 100 mg ketamine and 200 mg propofol. Group 2 was administered 50 mg ketamine and 200 mg propofol. Additional doses of 0.5 mg/kg bolus propofol without ketamine were administered to both groups to stabilize the bispectral index at 70-80 and with a Ramsey sedation score of 3-4. The pulse rate, mean arterial pressure (MAP), peripheral oxygen saturation values, colonoscopy period, adverse events, recovery time, discharge time, additional propofol doses, total propofol doses, colonoscopist and patient satisfaction were recorded. RESULTS: In group 2, the 1 min MAP mean was significantly lower than the initial, 10, 15 and 20 min MAP means (p = 0.014, p = 0.002). The 20 min PR mean of group 2 was statistically significantly higher than group 1 (p = 0.045). The 15 min PR mean of group 2 was significantly lower than the initial and the 1 min PR means (p = 0.023, p = 0.006). The total propofol dose mean of group 2 was significantly higher than group 1 (p = 0.0001). The presence of adverse events in group 2 was significantly lower than that in group 1 (p = 0.0001). The mean colonoscopist satisfaction in group 2 was significantly lower than that in group 1 (p = 0.047). CONCLUSIONS: In colonoscopy, a ketofol mixture prepared in the proportion 1 : 2 provides appropriate hemodynamic conditions and sufficient sedation.

Cardiac condition during cooling and rewarming periods of therapeutic hypothermia after cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

BACKGROUND: Hypothermia has been used in cardiac surgery for many years for neuroprotection. Mild hypothermia (MH) [body temperature (BT) kept at 32-35°C] has been shown to reduce both mortality and poor neurological outcome in patients after cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). This study investigated whether patients who were expected to benefit neurologically from therapeutic hypothermia (TH) also had improved cardiac function. METHODS: The study included 30 patients who developed in-hospital cardiac arrest between September 17, 2012, and September 20, 2013, and had return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) following successful CPR. Patient BTs were cooled to 33°C using intravascular heat change. Basal BT, systolic artery pressure (SAP), diastolic artery pressure (DAP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate, central venous pressure, cardiac output (CO), cardiac index (CI), global end-diastolic volume index (GEDI), extravascular lung water index (ELWI), and systemic vascular resistance index (SVRI) were measured at 36°C, 35°C, 34°C and 33°C during cooling. BT was held at 33°C for 24 hours prior to rewarming. Rewarming was conducted 0.25°C/h. During rewarming, measurements were repeated at 33°C, 34°C, 35°C and 36°C. A final measurement was performed once patients spontaneously returned to basal BT. We compared cooling and rewarming cardiac measurements at the same BTs. RESULTS: SAP values during rewarming (34°C, 35°C and 36°C) were lower than during cooling (P < 0.05). DAP values during rewarming (basal temperature, 34°C, 35°C and 36°C) were lower than during cooling. MAP values during rewarming (34°C, 35°C and 36°C) were lower than during cooling (P < 0.05). CO and CI values were higher during rewarming than during cooling. GEDI and ELWI did not differ during cooling and rewarming. SVRI values during rewarming (34°C, 35°C, 36°C and basal temperature) were lower than during cooling (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge, this is the first study comparing cardiac function at the same BTs during cooling and rewarming. In patients experiencing ROSC following CPR, TH may improve cardiac function and promote favorable neurological outcomes.

Can Supreme™ laryngeal mask airway be an alternative to endotracheal intubation in laparoscopic surgery?

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: In laparoscopic surgical procedures, experts recommend tracheal intubation for airway management. Laryngeal mask airway (LMA) can be a good alternative to intubation. In this case series, we aimed to examine the use of the Supreme™ LMA (SLMA) in laparoscopic surgical practice. METHODS: We planned the study for sixty patients between the ages of 18 and 60, who would undergo laparoscopic surgery. We recorded one, 15, 30, 45, and 60-minute peripheral O2 saturation (SpO2) and end-tidal carbon dioxide (EtCO2) values, heart rate and mean arterial blood pressure (MAP). We observed the duration of SLMA insertion, the rate of gastric tube applicability, whether nausea, vomiting, and coughing developed, and whether there was postoperative 1-hour sore throat. RESULTS: The initial EtCO2 mean was lower than the EtCO2 means of 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes (p < 0.0001) and the 15-minute EtCO2 mean was lower than other measured EtCO2 means. We observed the initial heart rate mean to be higher than the ones following the SLMA insertion, prior to the SLMA removal, and after the SLMA removal. The heart rate mean after the SLMA insertion was remarkably lower than the heart rate mean prior to the SLMA removal (p=0.013). The MAP after the SLMA insertion was lower than the initial MAP means, as well as the MAP averages prior to after the removal of SLMA (p=0.0001). CONCLUSION: SLMA can be a suitable alternative to intubation in laparoscopic surgical procedures in a group of selected patients.

A mascara laringea supremeTM pode ser uma opcao para a intubacao endotraqueal em cirurgia laparoscopica? / Can supremeTM laryngeal mask airway be an alternative to endotracheal intubation in laparoscopic surgery? / La mascarilla laringea supremeTM puede ser una opcion para la intubacion endotraqueal en la cirugia laparoscopica?

Justificativa e objetivo: especialistas recomendam a intubação traqueal para o manejo das vias aéreas em procedimentos cirúrgicos laparoscópicos. A máscara laríngea (ML) pode ser uma boa opção à intubação endotraqueal. Nesta série de casos, o nosso objetivo foi analisar o uso damáscara laríngea SupremeTM (MLS) na prática cirúrgica laparoscópica. Métodos: o estudo foi conduzido com 60 pacientes, entre 18 e 60 anos, submetidos à cirurgia laparoscópica. Os valores de saturação periférica de O2 (SpO2) e dióxido de carbono no fim da expiração (EtCO2) foram registrados nos minutos um, 15, 30, 45 e 60. A frequência cardíaca e a pressão arterial média (PAM) dos pacientes também foram registradas. Consideramos o tempo de inserção da MLS; a taxa de aplicabilidade da sonda gástrica; a ocorrência de náusea, vômito, tosse e dor de garganta uma hora após a cirurgia. Resultados: a média inicial de EtCO2 foi menor do que aos 15, 30, 45 e 60 minutos (p < 0,0001) e a média de EtCO2 aos 15 minutos foi menor do que nos outros tempos registrados. Observamos que a frequência cardíaca média inicial foi maior do que as subsequentes à inserção da MLS e as anteriores e posteriores à remoção da MLS. A frequência cardíaca média após a inserção da MLS foi acentuadamente menor do que a anterior à remoção da MLS (p = 0,013). A PAM após a inserção da MLS foi menor do que a inicial e também menor do que as anteriores à remoção da MLS (p = 0,0001). Conclusão: a MLS pode ser uma opção adequada para intubação em procedimentos cirúrgicos laparoscópicos em um grupo seleto de pacientes. .

Background and objectives: In laparoscopic surgical procedures, experts recommend tracheal intubation for airway management. Laryngeal mask airway (LMA) can be a good alternative to intubation. In this case series, we aimed to examine the use of the SupremeTM LMA (SLMA) in laparoscopic surgical practice. Methods: We planned the study for sixty patients between the ages of 18 and 60, who would undergo laparoscopic surgery. We recorded one, 15, 30, 45, and 60-minute peripheral O2 saturation (SpO2) and end-tidal carbon dioxide (EtCO2) values, heart rate and mean arterial blood pressure (MAP). We observed the duration of SLMA insertion, the rate of gastric tube applicability, whether nausea, vomiting, and coughing developed, and whether there was postoperative1-hour sore throat. Results: The initial EtCO2 mean was lower than the EtCO2 means of 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes (p < 0.0001) and the 15-minute EtCO2 mean was lower than other measured EtCO2 means. We observed the initial heart rate mean to be higher than the ones following the SLMA insertion, prior to the SLMA removal, and after the SLMA removal. The heart rate mean after the SLMA insertion was remarkably lower than the heart rate mean prior to the SLMA removal (p = 0.013).The MAP after the SLMA insertion was lower than the initial MAP means, as well as the MAP averages prior to after the removal of SLMA (p = 0.0001). Conclusion: SLMA can be a suitable alternative to intubation in laparoscopic surgical procedures in a group of selected patients. .

Justificativa y objetivo: expertos recomiendan la intubación traqueal para el manejo de las vías aéreas en procedimientos quirúrgicos laparoscópicos. La mascarilla laríngea (ML) puede ser una buena opción a la intubación endotraqueal. En esta serie de casos, nuestro objetivo fue analizar el uso de la mascarilla laríngea SupremeTM (MLS) en la práctica quirúrgica laparoscópica. Métodos: el estudio fue llevado a cabo con la participación de 60 pacientes de entre 18 y 60 anos, sometidos a la cirugía laparoscópica. Los valores de saturación periférica de O2 (SpO2) y de dióxido de carbono al final de la espiración (EtCO2), fueron registrados en los minutos 1, 15, 30, 45 y 60. La frecuencia cardíaca y la presión arterial promedio (PAP) de los pacientes también fueron registradas. Consideramos el tiempo de inserción de la MLS; así como la tasa de aplicabilidad de la sonda gástrica, el aparecimiento de nóusea, vómito, tos y dolor de garganta una hora después de la operación. Resultados: el promedio inicial de EtCO2 fue menor que a los 15, 30, 45 y 60 minutos (p < 0,0001) y el promedio de EtCO2 a los 15 minutos fue menor que en los otros tiempos registrados. Observamos que la frecuencia cardíaca promedio inicial fue mayor que las posteriores a la inserción de la MLS y a las anteriores, y posteriores a la retirada de la MLS. La frecuencia cardíaca promedio después de la inserción de la MLS fue acentuadamente menor que la anterior a la retirada de la MLS (p = 0,013). La PAP después de la inserción de la MLS fue menor que la inicial y también menor que las anteriores a la retirada de la MLS (p = 0,0001). Conclusiones: la MLS puede ser una opción adecuada para la intubación en los procedimientos quirúrgicos laparoscópicos en ...

Comparação de via aérea por máscara laríngea Supreme e via aérea por máscara laríngea ProSeal para trauma laringofaríngeo e morbidade pós-operatória em crianças / Comparison of laryngeal mask airway supreme and laryngeal mask airway proseal for laryngopharyngeal trauma and postoperative morbidity in children / Comparación de vía aérea por mascarilla laríngea Supreme y vía aírea por mascarilla laríngea ProSeal para el trauma laringofaríngeo y la morbilidad postoperatoria en niños

EXPERIÊNCIA E OBJETIVOS: A via aérea por máscara laríngea (LMA), que tem sido utilizada frequentemente no tratamento das vias aéreas, pode causar lesão e morbidade na área laringofaríngea. Nesse estudo, comparamos as alterações macroscópicas nas estruturas laringofaríngeas e a morbidade laringofaríngea pós-operatória pelo uso da LMA Supreme® versus LMA ProSeal® em crianças. MÉTODOS: Dividimos os pacientes em dois grupos. Inserimos LMA ProSeal #3 no primeiro grupo e LMA Supreme #3 no segundo grupo. Antes da inserção da LMA e em seguida à sua remoção, fizemos laringoscopia direta nos pacientes. Comparamos entre os dois grupos: hiperemia, lesão de mucosa e as manchas de sangue por ocasião da remoção da LMA, e também o tempo de inserção, percentual de sucesso na inserção do tubo gástrico na primeira tentativa, náusea, vômito e dor de garganta. RESULTADOS: Não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre os dois grupos para tempo médio de operação, gênero, idade, peso, percentual de sucesso na inserção do tubo gástrico na primeira tentativa, náusea, vômito, dor de garganta e lesão de mucosa. O tempo médio de inserção para o grupo LMA ProSeal foi significativamente maior versus grupo LMA Supreme (p = 0,0001). O índice de manchas de sangue na remoção da LMA foi significativamente mais alto no grupo LMA ProSeal versus LMA Supreme (p = 0,034). Os pacientes que apresentaram manchas de sangue por ocasião da remoção da LMA exibiram hiperemia e lesão de mucosa significativamente mais expressivas versus pacientes com LMA limpa (p = 0,0001, p = 0,020). CONCLUSÃO: Em crianças, a inserção da LMA Supreme é mais rápida e fácil do que a inserção da LMA ProSeal; e, em comparação com LMA ProSeal, causa menos lesão laringofaríngea.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Laryngeal mask airway (LMA), which has been used frequently in airway management, can cause laryngopharyngeal injury and morbidity. In this trial, we compare the macroscopic changes on laryngopharyngeal structures and the postoperative laryngopharyngeal morbidity by using LMA supreme with LMA proseal in children. METHODS: We divided patients into two groups. We inserted size three LMA proseal into the first group and size three LMA supreme into the second group. Before LMA insertion and after LMA removal, we performed direct laryngoscopy on the patients. We compared hyperemia, mucosal injury and blood staining on LMA removal, as well as insertion time, rate of success in gastric tube insertion on the first attempt, nausea, vomiting, and sore throat between the two groups. RESULTS: We recorded no significant differences between the two groups for mean operation time, sex, age, weight, rate of success in gastric tube insertion on first attempt, nausea, vomiting, sore throat and mucosal injury. Mean insertion time for the LMA proseal group was significantly longer than the LMA supreme group (p = 0.0001). The ratio of blood staining on LMA removal was significantly higher in the LMA proseal group than the LMA supreme group (p = 0.034). The patients with blood staining on LMA removal exhibited significantly more mucosal hyperemia and injury than the patients with clear LMA (p = 0.0001, p = 0.020). CONCLUSION: LMA supreme insertion is faster and easier than LMA proseal and causes less laryngopharyngeal injury than LMA proseal in children.

EXPERIENCIA Y OBJETIVOS: La vía aérea por mascarilla laríngea (LMA), que ha sido utilizada a menudo en el tratamiento de las vías aéreas, puede causar lesión y morbilidad en el área laringofaríngea. En ese estudio, comparamos las alteraciones macroscópicas en las estructuras laringofaríngeas y la morbilidad laringofaríngea postoperatoria por el uso de la LMA Supreme® versus LMA ProSeal® en niños. MÉTODOS: Dividimos los pacientes en dos grupos. Insertamos LMA ProSeal #3 en el primer grupo y LMA Supreme #3 en el segundo grupo. Antes de la inserción de la LMA e inmediatamente después de su retirada, hicimos una laringoscopia directa en los pacientes. Comparamos entre los dos grupos: hiperemia, lesión de mucosa y las manchas de sangre en razón de la retirada de la LMA, y también el tiempo de inserción, porcentaje de éxito en la inserción del tubo gástrico en el primer intento, náusea, vómito y dolor de garganta. RESULTADOS: No fueron observadas diferencias significativas entre los dos grupos para tiempo promedio de operación, sexo, edad, peso, porcentaje de éxito en la inserción del tubo gástrico en el primer intento, náusea, vómito, dolor de garganta y lesión de mucosa. El tiempo promedio de inserción para el grupo LMA ProSeal fue significativamente mayor versus grupo LMA Supreme (p = 0,0001). El índice de manchas de sangre en la retirada de la LMA fue significativamente más alto en el grupo LMA ProSeal versus LMA Supreme (p = 0,034). Los pacientes que tenían manchas de sangre en razón de la retirada de la LMA tenían hiperemia y una lesión de la mucosa significativamente más expresivas versus pacientes con LMA limpia (p = 0,0001, p = 0,020). CONCLUSIONES: En los niños, la inserción de la LMA Supreme es más rápida y fácil que la inserción de la LMA ProSeal; y en comparación con LMA ProSeal, causa menos lesión laringofaríngea.

Avaliação da memória sob anestesia venosa total / The assessment of memory under total intravenous anesthesia / Evaluación de la memoria bajo anestesia venosa total

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Neste estudo, objetivamos avaliar a memória implícita e explícita em pacientes submetidos à cirurgia abdominal sob anestesia venosa total (AVT) com propofol e remifentanil, na qual o nível de anestesia foi controlado pelo monitoramento do índice bispectral (BIS). MÉTODO: Anestesia venosa total foi administrada a 60 pacientes adultos para obter níveis de BIS de 40-60. Os pacientes foram randomicamente divididos em três grupos, de acordo com as gravações que ouviram. Os pacientes do grupo categoria (CT) ouviram uma fita gravada contendo cinco nomes de animais. Os pacientes do grupo recordar palavras (RP) ouviram uma fita gravada contendo cinco palavras de frequência média na língua turca, depois de adaptadas. Os pacientes do grupo controle (GC) ouviram os sons do mar até o fim da cirurgia. Duas horas após a cirurgia, os testes foram administrados a cada paciente na sala de recuperação para avaliar a memória. RESULTADOS: Houve uma diferença entre os escores dos grupos CT e GC no Miniexame do Estado Mental (MMSE); todos os escores foram > 20. Os resultados dos testes de categoria e recordar palavras, aplicados para avaliar a memória implícita, não foram estatisticamente diferentes entre os grupos. Não houve evidência de memória implícita em nenhum dos pacientes. Um paciente lembrou-se de ouvir "o som de água" como uma prova de memória explícita. Onze pacientes declararam não ter sonhado. CONCLUSÕES: Apesar de não termos encontrado nenhuma evidência de memória implícita sob anestesia adequada com AVT, um paciente apresentou memória explícita. Embora a profundidade adequada da anestesia fornecida pelo monitoramento do BIS corrobore nossos resultados para a memória implícita, ela não explica os resultados para a memória explícita.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: In this study, we aimed to assess implicit and explicit memory in patients who had abdominal surgery under total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) with propofol and remifentanil, in which anesthesia level was controlled by bispectral index (BIS) monitoring. METHOD: Total intravenous anesthesia was administered to 60 adult patients, to obtain BIS levels of 40-60. Patients were randomly allocated to three groups according to tapes they listened to. Patients in the category group (CT) listened to a tape containing five animal names. Patients in the word recognition group (WM) listened to a tape containing five intermediate-frequency words, adapted into Turkish. Patients in the control group (CG) listened to sea sounds until the end of surgery. Two hours after surgery, tests were administered to each patient in the recovery room to assess memory. RESULTS: There was a difference between the CT and CG groups in their Mini-Mental State Examination scores, all values were > 20. The results of the category and word recognition tests that were applied to assess implicit memory were not statistically different among the groups. There was no evidence of implicit memory in any of the patients. One patient remembered hearing 'the sound of water' as a proof of explicit memory. Eleven patients said they had dreamt. CONCLUSIONS: Although no evidence of implicit memory under adequate anesthesia with TIVA was found, one patient showed explicit memory. Although adequate depth of anesthesia provided by BIS monitoring supports our implicit memory results, it does not explain the explicit memory results.

JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: En este estudio evaluamos la memoria implícita y explícita en pacientes sometidos a la cirugía abdominal bajo anestesia venosa total (AVT), con propofol y remifentanilo, en la cual el nivel de anestesia fue controlado por el monitoreo del índice bispectral (BIS). MÉTODO: Anestesia venosa total que fue administrada a 60 pacientes adultos para obtener niveles de BIS de 40-60. Los pacientes fueron aleatoriamente divididos en tres grupos de acuerdo con las grabaciones que oyeron. Los pacientes del grupo categoría (CT) oyeron una cinta grabada que contenía cinco nombres de animales. Los pacientes del grupo recordar palabras (RP), escucharon una cinta grabada que contenía cinco palabras de frecuencia media en lengua turca, después de haber sido adaptadas. Los pacientes del grupo control (GC) oyeron los sonidos del mar hasta el final de la cirugía. Dos horas después de la cirugía, los test fueron administrados a cada paciente en la sala de recuperación para evaluar la memoria. RESULTADOS: Hubo una diferencia entre las puntuaciones de los grupos CT y GC en el Mini Examen del Estado Mental (MMSE) y todas las puntuaciones fueron > 20. Los resultados de los test de categoría y recordar palabras aplicados para evaluar la memoria implícita no fueron estadísticamente diferentes entre los grupos. No hubo evidencia de memoria implícita en ninguno de los pacientes. Un paciente recordó escuchar "el sonido del agua" como una prueba de memoria explícita. Once pacientes dijeron que no habían soñado. CONCLUSIONES: A pesar de no haber encontrado ninguna evidencia de memoria implícita bajo anestesia adecuada con AVT, un paciente tuvo memoria explícita. Aunque la profundidad adecuada de la anestesia suministrada por el monitoreo del BIS corrobore nuestros resultados para la memoria implícita, ella no explica los resultados para la memoria explícita.

Comparison of laryngeal mask airway supreme and laryngeal mask airway proseal for laryngopharyngeal trauma and postoperative morbidity in children.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Laryngeal mask airway (LMA), which has been used frequently in airway management, can cause laryngopharyngeal injury and morbidity. In this trial, we compare the macroscopic changes on laryngopharyngeal structures and the postoperative laryngopharyngeal morbidity by using LMA supreme with LMA proseal in children. METHODS: We divided patients into two groups. We inserted size three LMA proseal into the first group and size three LMA supreme into the second group. Before LMA insertion and after LMA removal, we performed direct laryngoscopy on the patients. We compared hyperemia, mucosal injury and blood staining on LMA removal, as well as insertion time, rate of success in gastric tube insertion on the first attempt, nausea, vomiting, and sore throat between the two groups. RESULTS: We recorded no significant differences between the two groups for mean operation time, sex, age, weight, rate of success in gastric tube insertion on first attempt, nausea, vomiting, sore throat and mucosal injury. Mean insertion time for the LMA proseal group was significantly longer than the LMA supreme group (p = 0.0001). The ratio of blood staining on LMA removal was significantly higher in the LMA proseal group than the LMA supreme group (p = 0.034). The patients with blood staining on LMA removal exhibited significantly more mucosal hyperemia and injury than the patients with clear LMA (p = 0.0001, p = 0.020). CONCLUSION: LMA supreme insertion is faster and easier than LMA proseal and causes less laryngopharyngeal injury than LMA proseal in children.

Glutamine supplemented parenteral nutrition to prevent ventilator-associated pneumonia in the intensive care unit.

OBJECTIVE: Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a form of nosocomial pneumonia that increases patient morbidity and mortality, length of hospital stay, and healthcare costs. Glutamine preserves the intestinal mucosal structure, increases immune function, and reduces harmful changes in gut permeability in patients receiving total parenteral nutrition (TPN). We hypothesized that TPN supplemented by glutamine might prevent the development of VAP in patients on mechanical ventilator support in the intensive care unit (ICU). MATERIAL AND METHODS: With the approval of the ethics committee and informed consent from relatives, 60 patients who were followed in the ICU with mechanical ventilator support were included in our study. Patients were divided into three groups. The first group received enteral nutrition (n=20), and the second was prescribed TPN (n=20) while the third group was given glutamine-supplemented TPN (n=20). C-reactive protein (CRP), sedimentation rate, body temperature, development of purulent secretions, increase in the amount of secretions, changes in the characteristics of secretions and an increase in requirement of deep tracheal aspiration were monitored for seven days by daily examination and radiographs. RESULTS: No statistically significant difference was found among groups in terms of development of VAP (p=0.622). CONCLUSION: Although VAP developed at a lower rate in the glutamine-supplemented TPN group, no statistically significant difference was found among any of the groups. Glutamine-supplemented TPN may have no superiority over unsupplemented enteral and TPN in preventing VAP.