Soil and climate differently impact NDVI patterns according to the season and the stand type.

Several studies use satellite-based normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) to monitor the impact of climate change on vegetation covers. Good understanding of the drivers of NDVI patterns is hindered by the difficulties in disentangling the effects of environmental factors from anthropogenic changes, by the limited number of environmental predictors studied, and by the diversity of responses according to periods and land covers. This study aims to improve our understanding of the different environmental drivers of NDVI spatial variations for different stand type characteristics of mountain and Mediterranean biomes. Using NDVI values extracted from MODIS Terra time series, we calculated Spring Greenness (SG) and annual Relative Greenness (RGRE) to depict spring and summer vegetation activity, respectively, in a contrasted area of 10,255 km2 located in the south of France. We modeled SG and RGRE at different scales, using 20 environmental predictors characterizing available energy, water supply, and nutrient supply calculated for different periods of the year. In spring, high minimum temperatures, good nitrogen availability, and acidic or neutral pH turned out to be determining for greenness, particularly for stand types located in altitude. In summer, an important soil water reserve and low temperatures promoted vegetation dynamics, particularly for stands located in areas with a Mediterranean climate. Our results show that NDVI dynamics was not only driven by climatic variability, and should not be studied using only mean temperature and rainfall. They highlight that different environmental factors act complementarily, and that soil parameters characterizing water stress and soil nutrition should be taken into account. While the factors limiting NDVI values varied according to the season and the position of the stands along the ecological gradients, we identified a global temperature and water-stress threshold when considering the whole vegetation.

[Monophasic Salmonella Typhimurium outbreak due to the consumption of roast pork meat]. / Brote de Salmonella Typhimurium monofásica asociada al consumo de carne asada de cerdo.

This report presents an outbreak of monophasic Salmonella enteric serovar Typhimurium fagotipe 4, 5, 12: i:-, in a motorcycle concentration in Valladolid. Information was collected to one hundred and twelve affected from seven Spanish Autonomous Communities. The epidemiological investigation associated the outbreak with the consumption of roast pork with sauce sandwiches sold at a street market in that event.

In vitro effect of calcium dobesilate on oxidative/inflammatory stress in human varicose veins.

AIM: To determine whether calcium dobesilate can act in chronic venous insufficiency by similar antioxidant, anti-inflammatory mechanisms as in diabetic retinopathy. METHODS: Calcium dobesilate was tested in vitro for its protective action against oxidative/inflammatory stress in human varicose veins. Varicose greater saphenous veins were obtained from 14 patients (11 men, 3 women) aged 53-65 years. Oxidative stress was induced exogenously in the vein segments, with the phenazine methosulphate (PMS)/NADH couple. Total antioxidant status (TAS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents were used as markers of oxidative stress. RESULTS: Calcium dobesilate significantly prevented oxidative disturbances in the micromolar range. PMS/NADH-dependent TAS decrease was fully prevented with IC(50) = 11.4 ± 2.3 µmol/L (n = 6 veins), whereas MDA increase was fully prevented with IC(50) = (102 ± -3) µmol/L (n = 6 veins). Calcium dobesilate acted quali- and quantitatively like rutin, the reference compound. Comparison with pharmacokinetic data suggests that calcium dobesilate can act at therapeutic concentrations. CONCLUSION: Calcium dobesilate protected human varicose veins against oxidative stress in vitro at levels that correspond to therapeutic concentrations. Further studies are required to investigate whether a similar action is found in varicose veins from patients orally treated with calcium dobesilate.

Omega-3 enriched egg production: the effect of α -linolenic ω -3 fatty acid sources on laying hen performance and yolk lipid content and fatty acid composition.

1. Diets high in total lipids, saturated fatty acids, trans fatty acids, and having high ω-6:ω-3 fatty acid ratios, have been shown to be related to increased instances of coronary heart disease, while diets high in ω-3 fatty acids have been shown to decrease the risk. 2. Feeding ω-3 fatty acid diets to laying hens has been shown to improve the quality of eggs produced in terms of saturation and ω-3 content. 3. A study was undertaken to determine if the ω-3 fatty acid source, when fed to hens, influences the amount transferred to eggs. 4. Flaxseed and flaxseed oil, along with chia seed and chia seed oil, were the two main sources of ω-3 fatty acid examined during the 84 d trial. 5. All α-linolenic enriched treatments yielded significantly higher ω-3 fatty acid contents per g of yolk and per yolk, than the non-α-linolenic enriched diets. Chia oil and chia seed yielded 54·5 and 63·5% more mg of ω-3 fatty acid per g of yolk for the 56 d test period, and 13·4 and 66·2% more for the 84 d test period, than flaxseed oil and flaxseed, respectively. 6. The differences in omega-3 content were significant, except for the chia oil compared with the flax oil, at the end of the trial. 7. This trial has shown that differences in conversion exist among ω-3 fatty acid sources, at least when fed to hens, and indicates that chia may hold a significant potential as a source of ω-3 fatty acid for enriching foods, thereby making these foods a healthier choice for consumers.

[Stereotactic radiation therapy]. / Radioterapia estereotáctica.

Stereotactic radiotherapy is a form of external radiotherapy that employs a system of three dimensional coordinates independent of the patient for the precise localisation of the lesion. It also has the characteristic that the radiation beams are conformed and precise, and converge on the lesion, making it possible to administer very high doses of radiotherapy without increasing the radiation to healthy adjacent organs or structures. When the procedure is carried out in one treatment session it is termed radiosurgery, and when administered over several sessions it is termed stereotactic radiotherapy. Special systems of fixing or immobilising the patient (guides or stereotactic frames) are required together with radiotherapy devices capable of generating conformed beams (lineal accelerator, gammaknife, cyberknife, tomotherapy, cyclotrons). Modern stereotactic radiotherapy employs intra-tumoural radio-opaque frames or CAT image systems included in the irradiation device, which make possible a precise localisation of mobile lesions in each treatment session. Besides, technological advances make it possible to coordinate the lesion's movements in breathing with the radiotherapy unit (gating and tracking) for maximum tightening of margins and excluding a greater volume of healthy tissue. Radiosurgery is mainly indicated in benign or malign cerebral lesions less than 3-4 centimetres (arteriovenous malformations, neurinomas, meningiomas, cerebral metastases) and stereotactic radiotherapy is basically administered in tumours of extracraneal localisation that require high conforming and precision, such as inoperable early lung cancer and hepatic metastasis.

Meat quality of Argentinean "Camperos" chicken enhanced in omega-3 and omega-9 fatty acids.

Five diets were assessed with the aim of increasing oleic fatty acid and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid content in 'campero' poultry meat and evaluating their influence on sensory attributes. Animals from treatment 1 (T1) were confined and fed with corn/soybean diet; in T2, animals were fed with a corn/soybean mix with free access to pasture; T3 diet had high oleic sunflower seeds (HOSS) and linseeds with access to pasture; T4 diet was similar to T2 with free access to chicory instead of pasture and T5 diet was similar to T3 with free access to chicory instead of pasture. Linseeds and HOSS supplementation significantly increased the fatty acids profile, regardless of forage supply. T3 MUFA content was significantly higher than in the other treatments. Due to the high presence of omega-3 PUFA in linseeds and HOSS treatments (T3 and T5), meat omega-6/omega-3 ratio decreased from 9 to 4. The presence of off-flavours was not influenced by diets but there was an interaction between portion and storage conditions. 'Poultry meat' aroma was only influenced by the storage conditions, being slight after 4 months of freezing, while presence of off-aromas was affected by diets. We conclude that it is possible to produce 'campero' poultry meat with enhanced omega-3 and omega-9 content and a low omega-6/omega-3 ratio using diets based on linseed and HOSS, without any important change in sensory properties.

[Multiple penetrating brain injuries caused by a nail gun: a case report]. / Heridas múltiples penetrantes intracraneales causadas por pistola de clavos: caso clínico.

Multiple and self-inflicted penetrating brain injuries (PBI) rare. PBI are rare. We report the case of multiple self-inflicted PBI in a 45 year old man caused by a nail gun. He was admitted to after shooting four nails into his head and one into his thorax. We review the literature on the topic and describe how this case was successfully managed in our hospital.

Linfoma cerebral primario: revisión bibliográfica y experiencia en el Hospital de Navarra en los últimos 5 años (2000-2004) / Primary CNS lymphoma: bibiographical review and experience at the Hospital of Navarre in the las 5 years (2000-2004)

El linfoma cerebral primario (PCNSL, “Primary CNS Lymphoma”) es un linfoma no Hodgkin agresivo que se origina en el sistema nervioso central sin evidencia de linfoma en otra localización en el momento del diagnóstico. Los linfomas cerebrales primarios son menos conocidos y caracterizados que sus homólogos los linfomas sistémicos, por tratarse de una entidad poco frecuente hasta hace unas décadas. Sin embargo, el gran ascenso de incidencia que está experimentando esta patología en las últimas tres décadas y que aún no ha sido explicado, hace necesario la existencia de más estudios para conocer mejor la etiopatogenia de esta entidad. Gracias a los nuevos regímenes de tratamiento, el pronóstico de esta patología ha mejorado significativamente en los últimos años. Sin embargo, el tratamiento del linfoma cerebral primario continúa planteando numerosas controversias en la actualidad, debido a su elevada neurotoxicidad en los pacientes mayores de 60 años, grupo de pacientes frecuentemente afectado por esta patología. Para resolver éstas y otras cuestiones se precisa ahondar en el estudio del linfoma cerebral primario y la realización de potentes ensayos clínicos

Primary cerebral lymphoma (Primary CNS Lymphoma, PCNSL) is an aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma that originates in the central nervous system without evidence of lymphoma in any other localization at the time of diagnosis. Primary cerebral lymphomas are less well-known and are characterized than their homologues the systemic lymphomas, as they are an entity whose frequency was scarce until a few decades ago. However, the great rise in incidence that this pathology has undergone over the last three decades, and which is still unexplained, makes more studies necessary to better understand the etiopathology of this entity. Thanks to the new systems of treatment, the prognosis of this pathology has improved significantly in recent years. Nonetheless, treatment of primary cerebral lymphoma continues to give rise to numerous controversies at present due to its high neurotoxicity in patients over 60 years of age, a group of patients frequently affected by this pathology. To resolve these and other questions it is necessary to deep in the study of primary cerebral lymphoma and to carry out high quality clinical trials

Cefalea cervicogénica. Tratamiento con estimulación eléctrica subcutánea periférica C1-C2-C3 / Cervicogenic headache. Treatment with peripheral C1-C2-C3 subcutaneous electrostimulation

Introducción: Presentamos siete pacientes con dolor cervicogénico (C1-C2-C3) de larga evolución, persitente, severo, no controlado, de diferentes etiologías, en los que se habían agotado otras posibilidades terapéuticas, tratados con una técnica de estimulación eléctrica extraespinal periférica occipital (C1-C2-C3), mediante implante quirúrgico de electrodo cérvico-occipital uni- o bilateral. Material y método: Se trata de siete pacientes, mujeres, edad media de 50,5 años, con los siguientes diagnósticos: en 3 pacientes cefalea cervicogénica (migraña transformada); otros dos casos se tratan de un síndrome de dolor regional complejo, uno localizado cervical tipo 2 post-siringomielia C2-D1 + malformación de Arnold Chiari + cirugía y en otro de hemicara/cuello/occipital y EESS izqda. postcirugía de carótida; un caso de neuralgia postherpética C1-C2-C3 izquierda; y otro caso de cefalea cervicogénica secundaria a artrosis. Resultados: En todos los casos se ha obtenido un buen resultado analgésico. En la mayoría de las pacientes ha desaparecido el dolor continuo, ha disminuido el número de crisis y su severidad. Se ha normalizado su actividad física, y tres pacientes se han reincorporado al trabajo. El descanso nocturno que era malo en todas ha pasado a ser normal. En dos pacientes se ha retirado el tratamiento farmacológico y en el resto se ha reducido de forma considerable. El tiempo medio de seguimiento es de 16 meses, el máximo en el primer caso es de 33. Las complicaciones han sido en dos ocasiones migración del electrodo, una ocurrió a los 7 días del implante definitivo y en otra paciente después de un año. Discusión: La neuromodulación mediada por la estimulación eléctrica invasiva ha demostrado su utilidad terapéutica a lo largo de los últimos años, en pacientes con dolor neuropático refractario e intratable. Los avances recientes en neuroestimulación han permitido ampliar sus posibilidades terapéuticas con la colocación de electrodos extraespinales para estimulación de nervios periféricos. Conclusiones: En todos nuestros pacientes la localización del dolor estaba referida, de forma predominante, en una distribución metamérica C1, C2, C3. En todos los casos la estimulación occipital ha proporcionado un resultado global muy bueno o bueno que se mantiene en el tiempo; desaparición del dolor continuo, disminución de la frecuencia y severidad de las crisis, mejoría funcional, descanso nocturno, actividad de la vida diaria y disminución del tratamiento farmacológico (AU)

Introduction: We present seven patients with long-term, persistent, severe and non-controlled cervicogenic pain (C1-C2-C3) of diverse etiologies and refractory to other therapeutic options, that were treated with occipital peripheral extramedullary electrostimulation (C1-C2-C3) through surgical implantation of a uni- or bilateral cervico-occipital electrode. Material and method: Seven female patients with an average age of 50.5 years had the following diagnoses: cervicogenic headache (transformed migraine) in 3 patients; complex regional pain syndrome in 2 patients, one of them being a type 2 with cervical location secondary to syringomyelia C2-D1 + Arnold Chiari malformation + surgery and the other one with hemiface/neck/occipital location and left EESS secondary to carotid surgery; left postherpetic neuralgia at C1-C2-C3 in 1 patient and cervicogenic headache secondary to osteoarthritis in 1 patient. Results: Satisfactory analgesic result was provided in all the cases. In most patients, continuous pain disappeared and the number and severity of crises decreased. Physical activity returned to normal levels and three patients returned to work. Night rest had been poor in all of them, but returned to normal. Drug therapy was discontinued in two patients and significantly reduced in the remainder. Mean follow-up time was 16 months, with a maximum of 33 in the first case. Electrode displacement was a complication in two cases, one after 7 days of the final implant and the other after one year. Discussion: Neuromodulation mediated by invasive electrostimulation has shown its therapeutic use over the past years in patients with refractory and nontratable neuropathic pain. Recent advances in neurostimulation have provided new therapeutic options with the implantation of extramedullary electrodes for the stimulation of peripheral nerves. Conclusions: In all of our patients, pain location showed preferably a metameric distribution C1, C2 and C3. In all cases, occipital stimulation provided a very satisfactory or good result that was maintained over time, with relief of continuous pain, decreased frequency and severity of pain crises, functional improvement of night rest, normalization of daily life activity and reduced need of pharmacological treatment (AU)

[Primary CNS Lymphoma: bibliographical review and experience at the Hospital of Navarre in the last 5 years (2000-2004)]. / Linfoma cerebral primario: revisión bibliográfica y experiencia en el Hospital de Navarra en los últimos 5 años (2000-2004).

Primary cerebral lymphoma (Primary CNS Lymphoma, PCNSL) is an aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma that originates in the central nervous system without evidence of lymphoma in any other localization at the time of diagnosis. Primary cerebral lymphomas are less well-known and are characterized than their homologues the systemic lymphomas, as they are an entity whose frequency was scarce until a few decades ago. However, the great rise in incidence that this pathology has undergone over the last three decades, and which is still unexplained, makes more studies necessary to better understand the etiopathology of this entity. Thanks to the new systems of treatment, the prognosis of this pathology has improved significantly in recent years. Nonetheless, treatment of primary cerebral lymphoma continues to give rise to numerous controversies at present due to its high neurotoxicity in patients over 60 years of age, a group of patients frequently affected by this pathology. To resolve these and other questions it is necessary to deep in the study of primary cerebral lymphoma and to carry out high quality clinical trials.

Nutritional evaluation of dried tomato seeds.

Two samples of tomato seeds, a by-product of the tomato canning industry were evaluated to determine proximate analysis, amino acid content, and digestibility, TMEn, and protein efficiency ratio. Tomato seeds were also used to replace corn and soybean meal (SBM) in a chick diet on an equal true amino acid digestibility and TMEn basis. Tomato seeds were found to contain 8.5% moisture, 25% CP, 20.0% fat, 3.1% ash, 35.1% total dietary fiber, 0.12% Ca, 0.58% P, and 3,204 kcal/kg of TMEn. The total amounts of methionine, cystine, and lysine in the tomato seeds were 0.39, 0.40, and 1.34%, respectively, and their true digestibility coefficients, determined in cecectomized roosters, were 75, 70, and 54%, respectively. The protein efficiency ratio (weight gain per unit of protein intake) value when fed to chicks at 9% CP was 2.5 compared to 3.6 for SBM (P < or = 0.05). When corn-SBM diets were formulated on an equal true amino acid digestibility and TMEn basis, up to 15% tomato seeds could replace corn and SBM without any adverse affects on chick weight gain, feed intake, or gain:feed ratio from 8 to 21 d posthatch. Tomato seeds at any level in the diet did not significantly affect skin pigmentation. Although the protein quality of tomato seeds may not be as high as SBM, tomato seeds do contain substantial amounts of digestible amino acids and TMEn. When formulating diets on a true digestible amino acid and TMEn basis, tomato seeds can be supplemented into chick rations at up to 15% without any adverse affects on growth performance.

Síndrome de dolor regional complejo: factores etiológicos, clínicos, radiológicos y escintigráficos / Complex regional pain syndrome: etiological, clinical, radiological and scintigraphic factors

Introducción: El síndrome de dolor regional complejo (SDRC) corresponde a un conjunto de manifestaciones clínicas variadas que se caracterizan por dolor, impotencia funcional, trastornos vaso-sudomotores y alteraciones tróficas. El diagnóstico definitivo es sencillo de realizar en las formas completas, pero puede plantear, en algunos casos incompletos y atípicos, grandes dificultades. Debe ser primeramente clínico y confirmarse por las exploraciones complementarias. Con este estudio pretendemos determinar el valor de los datos clínicos, radiológicos y escintigráficos en el diagnóstico del SDRC. Material y método: Realizado en 82 pacientes (34 varones y 48 hembras), edad media de 48,9ñ14,7 años, que presentaban un SDRC de diferentes localizaciones con tiempo medio de evolución de la enfermedad de 742 días (rango 15-12.240).Estudiamos los datos clínicos del cuadro doloroso, el estado de la función articular, la presencia o no de trastorno vasomotor y alteraciones tróficas. Se realizó un estudio radiológico comparativo en la localización del proceso y en articulaciones proximal y distal y una exploración escintigráfica en fases de pool vascular regional y ósea. Resultados: Dolor continuo lo presentaron el 78 por ciento de los pacientes, disfunción vasomotora el 97,5 por ciento, alteraciones del trofismo el 51,8 por ciento y función articular limitada el 91,4 por ciento. El estudio radiológico fue patológico en el 70,5 por ciento de los casos y el estudio escintigráfico en el 40,9 por ciento de los casos en fase de pool vascular y en el 50 por ciento en la ósea. Encontramos situaciones radiológicas patológicas en fases tardías (medias de 768 días) y patología escintigráfica relacionada, significativamente, con tiempos cortos de evolución de la enfermedad. Conclusiones: Confirmamos el indiscutible valor de los datos clínicos en el diagnóstico del SDRC. La radiología simple comparativa, representa una exploración diagnóstica incruenta, complementaria y tardía. Demuestra la afectación ósea en las fases avanzadas de la enfermedad. El estudio escintigráfico en las fases de pool vascular y ósea, como método habitual diagnóstico, ha resultado ser demostrativo en los estadios precoces .Ambas exploraciones ayudan a confirmar el diagnóstico, determinar la extensión y controlar la evolución de la enfermedad (AU)

Taponamiento pericárdico como primera manifestación de la enfermedad de Hashimoto / Pericardial tamponade as the first manifestation of Hashimoto disease

No disponible

Absceso epidural espinal. Presentación de un caso clínico / Spinal Epidural Abscess. A Clinical Case

No disponible

Comparative study of the clinical efficacy of two different coumarin dosages in the management of arm lymphedema after treatment for breast cancer.

In a randomized, double-blind, parallel group study, we compared the clinical efficacy of coumarin 90 mg/day (Group A) with 135 mg/day (Group B) in 77 women (age 35-65 years) with lymphedema of the upper limb secondary to surgery and irradiation for treatment of breast cancer. During 12 months of coumarin therapy, the arm volume of lymphedema and a clinical score (degree of arm edema, heaviness, hardness, and neuralgia/dysesthesia) were determined. In both groups, the volume of arm lymphedema decreased (14.9% in Group A and 13.2% in Group B) (N.S.), the overall clinical score improved (12.9 +/- 4.3 to 5.7 +/- 3.5 in Group A and from 11.7 +/- 3.7 to 4.7 +/- 3.9 in Group B) (N.S.), and the overall efficacy of coumarin was similarly good or excellent (71.9% in Group A and 68.6% in Group B) (N.S.). Only mild to moderate side effects of drug therapy were recorded. Coumarin prevents a spontaneous trend toward an increase in arm lymphedema after treatment of breast cancer, decreases the severity of local symptoms, and overall improves the quality of life. No difference was found between the apparent benefits of coumarin at 90 mg/day compared with 135 mg/day.

Hemorheological profile in chronic venous insufficiency after surgery.

In recent years, there have been rheological abnormalities reported in chronic venous insufficiency (CVI), mainly an increase of erythrocyte aggregability (EA), which probably take part in the pathophysiology of the disease. The aim of this study was to analyze the hemorheological profile after stripping in 45 patients suffering from CVI. Follow-up included laboratory tests on the 7th, 60th and 180th day after surgery. EA was assessed with a photometric aggregometer (MA1, Myrenne) in stasis and low shear (3 s(-1)). The results show an increase of EA on the 7th day after surgery (p<0.001). Two and 6 months later, EA values returned to those found prior to surgery. The plasma fibrinogen level changes in a way parallel to EA. The association between rheological disturbances and thrombogenesis is well known, so the hyperaggregability found supports the antithrombotic prophylaxis in the early postsurgical period. On the other hand, the hemorheological abnormalities persist after stripping, so postsurgical treatment to inhibit EA may be beneficial.