Évaluation de l'hygiène buccodentaire des patients consultant le service d'odontostomatologie du centre de santé de référence de Ouelessebougou au Mali / Assessment of the oral hygiene of the patients consulting the odonto-stomatology service of the reference health center of 0uelessebougou in Mali

INTRODUCTION: La santé bucco-dentaire fait partie intégrante de la santé générale et du bien-être de tous les individus selon l'OMS. L'objectif de cette étude était d'évaluer l'état buccodentaire des patients vus en consultation dans le service d'Odontostomatologie du Centre de Santé de Référence de Ouelessebougou au MALI. MÉTHODOLOGIE: Il s'agissait d'une étude prospective, transversale de type descriptif d' une période de 3 mois allant du 01 Août au 30 octobre 2018.L'étude portait sur tous les patients venus en première consultation dans le service. RÉSULTATS: Dans cette étude, le sexe masculin représentait 52% des cas avec un sex ratio de 1,08 %. La tranche d'âge la plus représentée était celle de 16 à 30 ans avec 53,25 %. La moyenne d'âge était de 30 ans. Parmi les pathologies bucco-dentaires, la carie dentaire était la plus représentée avec 94,14 % suivie des affections parodontales avec 71,82%. Cette étude a montré que 79 % des patients se brossaient les dents. Parmi les 122 patients qui se brossaient, 41,80% se brossaient 1 fois par jour, et 45,80% se brossaient 2 fois par jour. La méthode horizontale traumatisante était la plus présentée avec 78,68 %. Selon cette étude, 91% des patients avaient besoin d'enseignement de l'Hygiène Bucco-dentaire. CONCLUSION: Devant cette situation, une nouvelle orientation de la politique de santé bucco-dentaire basée sur l'odontologie préventive s'impose afin d'améliorer la santé et la qualité de vie des populations

INTRODUCTION: Oral health is an integral part of the overall health and well-being of all people according to the WHO. The objective of this study was to evaluate the oral status of patients seen in consultation in the Odonto-stomatology Department of the Ouelessebougou Reference Health Center in MALI. METHODOLOGY: This was a prospective, cross-sectional descriptive study of a 3-month period from August 1st to October 30th, 2018. The study included all the patients who had come for first consultation in the department. RESULTS: In this study, males accounted for 52% of cases with a sex ratio of 1.08%. The most represented age group was 16 to 30 years old with 53.25%. The average age was 30 years old. Among dental pathologies, tooth decay was the most represented with 94.14% followed by periodontal disease with 71.82%. This study showed that 79% of patients brushed their teeth. Of the 122 patients who brushed, 41.80% brushed once a day, and 45.80% brushed twice a day. The traumatic horizontal method was the most presented with 78.68%. According to this study, 91% of patients needed oral hygiene education. CONCLUSION: Given this situation, a new orientation of oral health policy based on preventive dentistry is needed to improve the health and quality of life of populations

Prevalence and associated factors of pain in the Swiss spinal cord injury population.

STUDY DESIGN: Population-based, cross-sectional. OBJECTIVES: To determine pain prevalence and identify factors associated with chronic pain in individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) living in Switzerland. SETTING: Swiss SCI Cohort Study (SwiSCI). METHODS: Pain characteristics were assessed using an adapted version of the International SCI Pain Basic Data Set, adding one item of the SCI Secondary Conditions Scale to address chronic pain. Pain prevalence was calculated using stratification over demographic, SCI-related and socioeconomic characteristics; odds ratios (adjusted for non-response) for determinants of severity of chronic pain were calculated using stereotype logistic regressions. RESULTS: Pain (in the past week) was reported by 68.9% and chronic pain by 73.5% (significant 36.9%) of all participants (N=1549; 28% female). Most frequently reported pain type was musculoskeletal (71.1%). Back/spine was the most frequently reported pain location (54.6%). Contrasting the 'significant' to the 'none/mild' category of chronic pain, adjusted odds ratios were 1.54 (95% CI: 1.18-2.01; P<0.01) for women (vs men); 6.64 (95% CI: 3.37-11.67; P<0.001) for the oldest age group 61+ (vs youngest (16-30)); 3.41 (95% CI: 2.07-5.62; P<0.001) in individuals reporting severe financial hardship (vs no financial hardship). Individuals reporting specific SCI-related health conditions were 1.41-2.92 (P<0.05) times more likely to report chronic pain as 'significant' rather than 'none/mild' compared with those without the respective condition. CONCLUSIONS: Pain is highly prevalent in individuals with SCI living in Switzerland. Considered at risk for chronic pain are women, older individuals and individuals with financial hardship and specific secondary health conditions. Longitudinal studies are necessary to identify predictors for the development of pain and its chronification.

Trends in health surveillance and joint service delivery for pastoralists in West and Central Africa.

In most sub-Saharan African countries, pastoralism represents an important economic resource and contributes significantly to national growth; however, challenges remain, particularly in providing social services to pastoralists (especially health and education) and in avoiding conflict with local sedentary communities and local authorities. All of this takes place while pastoralists try to maintain their mobile lifestyle within a rapidly changing ecosystem. Transdisciplinary approaches, such as 'One Health', which covers both human and animal health, have proven effective in delivering services and reaching mobile pastoralists in remote areas. The pastoralist way of life could be described as being linked to both their livestock and their environment, which makes social science an important element when researching the delivery and adaptation of social services to pastoralists. Early or pre-diagnostic detection of emerging and endemic infectious disease remains a vital aspect of health surveillance targeted at preventing further transmission and spread. Community-based syndromic surveillance, coupled with visual mobile phone technology, adapted to the high levels of illiteracy among nomads, could offer an alternative to existing health surveillance systems. Such an approach could contribute to accelerated reporting, which could in turn lead to targeted intervention among mobile pastoralists in sub-Saharan Africa. Although considerable efforts have been made towards integrating mobile pastoralists into social services, obstacles remain to the adoption of a clear, specific and sustainable policy on pastoralism in sub-Saharan Africa.

Bien que le pastoralisme constitue une ressource économique majeure dans la plupart des pays d'Afrique subsaharienne et qu'il contribue significativement à la croissance des économies nationales, il se heurte encore à de nombreuses difficultés liées notamment à l'accès aux services sociaux, en particulier dans les domaines de la santé et de l'éducation, et à la prévention des conflits avec les communautés sédentaires et les autorités locales. Ce constat intervient à un moment où les pasteurs eux-mêmes essayent de préserver leur mode de vie nomade au sein d'un écosystème soumis à de rapides transformations. Les approches transdisciplinaires, en particulier celles relevant du concept « Une seule santé ¼ qui recouvre à la fois la santé humaine et la santé animale ont fait leurs preuves pour améliorer la fourniture de services et la couverture des pasteurs nomades dans les régions éloignées. Le mode de vie des pasteurs pouvant se définir comme entretenant à la fois des relations avec le bétail et avec leur environnement, les sciences sociales ont un rôle important à jouer pour étudier les modalités de fourniture de services sociaux et leur adaptation aux communautés pastorales. La capacité de procéder à la détection précoce (pré-diagnostic) des maladies émergentes ou endémiques demeure un aspect crucial de la surveillance sanitaire visant à prévenir les risques de transmission et de propagation. L'exercice d'une surveillance syndromique par les communautés, en recourant aux technologies de l'imagerie transmise par téléphonie mobile selon des modalités adaptées à cette population majoritairement illettrée constitue une alternative prometteuse aux systèmes actuels de surveillance sanitaire. Une telle approche permettrait d'accélérer le rythme des notifications et donc de cibler les interventions à destination des pasteurs nomades en Afrique subsaharienne. Bien que des efforts considérables aient été déployés pour faire bénéficier les pasteurs nomades des services sociaux, nombre d'obstacles s'opposent encore à la mise en place d'une politique claire, spécifique et durable en faveur du pastoralisme en Afrique subsaharienne.

Aunque en la mayoría de los países del África subsahariana el pastoreo constituye un importante recurso económico y contribuye sensiblemente al crecimiento nacional, quedan aún problemas por resolver, sobre todo a la hora de prestar servicios sociales a las comunidades de pastores, en particular de salud y educación, y de evitar situaciones de conflicto con las comunidades sedentarias y administraciones locales. Todo ello sucede mientras las sociedades pastorales tratan de preservar su modo de vida nómada dentro de un ecosistema sujeto a rápidas transformaciones. Se ha comprobado que los planteamientos transdisciplinares, como el de «Una sola salud¼, que abarca a la vez la salud humana y la sanidad animal, resultan eficaces para prestar servicios y llegar a las comunidades de pastores nómadas de zonas aisladas. Cabría describir el pastoreo como un modo de vida vinculado a la vez al ganado y al medio natural, lo que hace de las ciencias sociales un elemento importante a la hora de investigar la prestación y adaptación de servicios sociales a estas poblaciones. La detección pronta o previa al diagnóstico de enfermedades infecciosas emergentes o endémicas sigue siendo un aspecto central de la vigilancia sanitaria, destinado a impedir que el agente pueda transmitirse o propagarse. La vigilancia sindrómica a escala comunitaria, combinada con la tecnología de la telefonía móvil visual, perfectamente adaptada a los elevados niveles de analfabetismo existentes entre los nómadas, podría ofrecer una alternativa a los sistemas vigentes de vigilancia sanitaria. Semejante método podría ayudar a comunicar con mayor presteza episodios sanitarios, lo que a su vez podría traducirse en intervenciones específicas entre los pastores nómadas del África subsahariana. Aunque se han hecho considerables esfuerzos para integrar en los servicios sociales a las comunidades pastorales móviles, subsisten obstáculos que dificultan la adopción en el África subsahariana de una política clara, específica y sostenible con respecto al pastoreo.

Human and animal health surveys among pastoralists.

Valid human and livestock health surveys, including longitudinal follow-up, are feasible among mobile pastoralists and provide fundamental information to agencies for interventions that are responsive to realities and effective in addressing the needs of pastoralists. However, pastoralists are often excluded from studies, surveillance systems and health programmes. The occurrence of preventable and treatable diseases such as perinatal tetanus, measles and tuberculosis are indicative of limited access to health providers and information. It is difficult for health services to include effective outreach with their available financial and human resources. One consequence is that maternal mortality rates among pastoralists are unacceptably high. Environmental determinants such as the quality of water and the pasture ecosystems further influence the morbidity of pastoralists. In the Sahel, the nutritional status of pastoralist children is seasonally better than that of settled children; but pastoralist women tend to have higher acute malnutrition rates. Pastoralist women are more vulnerable than men to exclusion from health services for different context-specific reasons. Evidence-based control measures can be assessed in cluster surveys with simultaneous assessments of health among people and livestock, where data on costs of disease and interventions are also collected. These provide important arguments for governmental and non-governmental agencies for intervention development. New, integrated One Health surveillance systems making use of mobile technology and taking into account local concepts and the experiences and priorities of pastoralist communities, combined with sound field data, are essential to develop and provide adapted human and animal health services that are inclusive for mobile pastoralist communities and allow them to maintain their mobile way of life.

Il est possible de réaliser auprès des populations de pasteurs nomades des enquêtes sérieuses sur la santé des personnes et des troupeaux assorties d'études de suivi longitudinales, et de fournir ainsi aux organisations pertinentes des informations fondamentales pour la conception d'interventions adaptées à la situation réelle des pasteurs et répondant à leurs besoins. Or, les populations pastorales sont fréquemment exclues des études, des systèmes de surveillance et des programmes sanitaires. L'incidence de maladies évitables et traitables, par exemple le tétanos néonatal, la rougeole et la tuberculose dénote un accès limité à l'information et aux prestations de santé. Avec les ressources financières et humaines dont ils disposent, les services de santé ne parviennent pas à assurer une couverture efficace de ces populations. L'une des conséquences de cet état de fait est le taux de mortalité maternelle intolérablement élevé enregistré dans les communautés pastorales. Certains déterminants environnementaux comme la qualité de l'eau et les écosystèmes des prairies affectent également l'état de santé des pasteurs. Au Sahel, les enfants des communautés pastorales ont un meilleur statut nutritionnel saisonnier que les enfants sédentaires ; en revanche, chez les femmes de ces communautés la malnutrition aiguë est plus fréquente. En outre, les femmes sont plus en risque que les hommes d'être exclues des services de santé, pour différentes raisons déterminées par le contexte. Des évaluations factuelles des mesures de prophylaxie peuvent être réalisées au moyen d'enquêtes agrégatives comprenant l'évaluation simultanée de l'état sanitaire des personnes et des troupeaux, ce qui permet également de réunir des informations sur les coûts des maladies et des interventions sanitaires. Ces informations sont importantes pour étayer l'argumentaire des organisations tant gouvernementales que non gouvernementales en faveur d'un renforcement des interventions. Il est essentiel de faire appel aux nouveaux systèmes de surveillance intégrés « Une seule santé ¼, en utilisant les technologies mobiles, en prenant en compte les concepts locaux ainsi que l'expérience et les priorités des communautés pastorales et en les complétant par des informations solides recueillies sur le terrain, afin de concevoir et d'assurer des prestations de santé humaine et animale adaptées et inclusives, destinées aux communautés pastorales nomades et leur permettant de conserver leur mode de vie nomade.

La realización de estudios válidos de salud humana y animal, con seguimiento longitudinal de cohortes, no solo es un procedimiento factible entre los pastores nómadas, sino que además proporciona información básica a los organismos encargados de realizar intervenciones que se ajusten a la realidad sobre el terreno y respondan eficazmente a las necesidades de las sociedades pastorales. Estas, sin embargo, quedan con frecuencia excluidas de estudios, sistemas de vigilancia y programas sanitarios. La aparición de enfermedades que se pueden prevenir y tratar, como el tétanos perinatal, el sarampión o la tuberculosis, es indicativa de un acceso deficiente a los proveedores de asistencia sanitaria y a la información sobre cuestiones de salud. Con los recursos humanos y económicos de que disponen, a los servicios de salud les resulta difícil instaurar mecanismos para llegar eficazmente a esas poblaciones, lo que, entre otras consecuencias, se traduce en tasas de mortalidad materna inaceptablemente altas en las sociedades pastorales. En la morbilidad de esas poblaciones también influyen determinantes ambientales como la calidad del agua o los ecosistemas de pradera. En el Sahel, el estado de nutrición de los niños de las comunidades de pastores es mejor, según las estaciones, que el de los niños sedentarizados. Las mujeres de las sociedades pastorales, sin embargo, tienden a presentar índices más elevados de malnutrición aguda, y por diferentes razones ligadas al contexto, están más expuestas que los hombres a verse privadas de servicios de salud. Las medidas de control basadas en datos empíricos pueden ser evaluadas mediante estudios por conglomerados con valoración simultánea del estado de salud de las personas y el ganado, en los que también se obtienen datos sobre el costo de las enfermedades y las intervenciones sanitarias, datos que ofrecen a los organismos oficiales o no gubernamentales poderosos argumentos a la hora de definir intervenciones. Para concebir y dispensar servicios adaptados de salud humana y animal, que sin dejar de lado a las comunidades de pastores nómadas a la vez les permitan mantener su modo de vida itinerante, es esencial poner en solfa nuevos sistemas integrados de vigilancia, que se ajusten a los principios de «Una sola salud¼, aprovechen las tecnologías móviles y tengan en cuenta los conceptos y experiencias locales y las prioridades de las comunidades de pastores, combinándolos con la obtención de datos sólidos sobre el terreno.

Competence for transcranial color-coded Duplex sonography is rapidly acquired.

BACKGROUND: Transcranial color-coded Duplex sonography (TCCD) is a non-invasive bedside tool with broad diagnostic potential in the intensive care setting. Implementation of TCCD requires repeated reliable measurements of flow velocities despite data acquisition by multiple operators with varying experience. Thus the learning curve of TCCD and agreement of measurements between experienced and inexperienced operators is of great interest and unstudied so far. METHODS: Six untrained ICU-residents and 2 trained operators participated and performed TCCD examinations of the mean cerebral artery (MCA) in 10 volunteers. Measurements of the residents were compared to the according measurements of the trained operators. Operators were either actively supervised during their first five examinations or performed the examinations without supervision. RESULTS: A total of 480 measurements were obtained. Mean flow velocity (MFV) did not differ significantly between trained and untrained operators in the two groups (P=0.78 in not-supervised and P=0.82 in supervised group). We found a favorable learning curve in both groups (ICC 0.8, CI 95% 0.6-0.91- in not supervised and ICC 0.81 CI 95% 0.63-0.92 in supervised group). However, supervision helped trainees to acquire skills more rapidly and to perform more accurate measurements (ICC 0.77 (95% CI 0.39-0.94) to ICC 0.91 (95% CI 0.77-0.98) and ICC 0.66 (95% CI 0.11-0.91) to ICC 0.84 (95% CI 0.58-0.96), respectively. CONCLUSION: TCCD of the MCA in volunteers is an easy to learn tool with a favorable learning curve. A short-term learning program including initial supervised measurements yields reliable results in the hands of inexperienced operators.

Health of mobile pastoralists in the Sahel - assessment of 15 years of research and development.

In the Sahel, between Mauritania and Somalia including Northern Kenya, about 20-30 million people live as mobile pastoralists. The rhythm of their migration follows the seasons and the availability of resources such as water, pasture and salt. Despite their high exposure to zoonoses and problems caused by extreme climatic conditions, mobile pastoralists are virtually excluded from health services because the provision of social services adapted to their way of life is challenging. In cooperation with various partners in the region, the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute has been active in research and development in the Sahel for 15 years. Based on the perceived needs of mobile pastoralists and the necessities of development, interdisciplinary research has considerably contributed to better understanding of their situation and their problems. Close contact between humans and livestock necessitates close cooperation between human and animal health specialists. Such useful approaches should be continued and extended.

La santé des pasteurs mobiles au Sahel - Bilan de 15 années de recherches et développement.

Dans le Sahel, entre la Mauritanie et la Somalie incluant le Nord Kenya, environ 20 à 30 millions de personnes vivent en transhumance. Le rythme de leur migration suit l'évolution saisonnière du climat et la disponibilité des ressources, telle que l'eau, le pâturage et le sel. Malgré une exposition élevée à certaines maladies comme les zoonoses et les problèmes conditionnés liés au climat, les pasteurs mobiles sont parmi les populations quasiment exclues du système de santé, car la mise à disposition des services sociaux adaptés à un mode de vie mobile est difficile. Suivant l'objectif de recherche d'un meilleur accès aux soins des pasteurs mobiles, l'Institut Tropical et de Santé Publique Suisse, en partenariat avec plusieurs institutions dans la région, est actif au Sahel depuis 15 ans, aussi bien dans le domaine de la recherche, que celui des actions de développement. Basées sur une approche orientée vers les besoins des pasteurs mobiles pour leur développement, des recherches interdisciplinaires ont contribué à mieux comprendre la situation et les problèmes des éleveurs. En relation de la proximité entre l'homme et son bétail, une approche unissant la santé humaine et animale s'est avérée bonne et la valeur ajoutée d'une meilleure collaboration entre médecine humaine, animale et l'environnement a été démontrée. Ces approches utiles devraient être poursuivies et consolidées dans les recherches et le développement des actions futurs.

Retinol assessment among women and children in sahelian mobile pastoralists.

Micronutrient deficiencies are widespread in developing countries, particularly in remote communities such as mobile pastoralists. The nutritional and vitamin A status of this population is not well-documented in Chad. This study assessed serum retinol levels among women and children under five-year-old in nomadic and semi-nomadic pastoralist and rural-settled communities, who are similarly exposed to risk factors such as gastrointestinal parasitic infection, anaemia and emaciation. The novel method of portable fluorometry was used for the first time to measure ß-carotene and retinol levels in a pastoral nomadic area. Moderate level blood retinol deficiency (<0.7 µmol/L) was observed in 5% (CI 1-11) of nomadic, 29% (CI 13-45) of semi-nomadic and 22% (CI 8-35) of sedentary women. In children, 1% (CI 0.1-4), 17% (CI 9-25) and 28% (CI 18-39), respectively, had moderate level blood retinol deficiency. In nomadic communities, women and children had blood retinol levels close to normal. Deficiency of retinol was strongly linked with lifestyle (nomadic, semi-nomadic and settled) among women and lifestyle and age among children. The results support an ecological linkage between human retinol levels and livestock milk retinol. This study shows the feasibility of portable retinol and ß-carotene measurement in human blood as well as human and animal milk under remote field conditions, but the approach requires further validation.

Arterial lactate above 2 mM is associated with increased brain lactate and decreased brain glucose in patients with severe traumatic brain injury.

BACKGROUND: Lactate fuels cerebral energy-consuming processes and it is neuroprotective. The impact of arterial lactate on brain metabolism determined by microdialysis was investigated retrospectively in patients with severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). METHODS: Cerebral microdialysis (glucose, lactate), neuromonitoring (ICP, CPP, ptiO2, SjvO2) and blood gas data collected in 20 patients during pharmacologic coma were grouped within predefined arterial lactate clusters (<1, 1-2, >2 mM). Microdialysis samples were only taken from time points characterized by normoventilation (paCO2 34.5-42 mmHg), sufficient oxygenation (paO2 >75 mmHg) and hematocrit (≥24%) to exclude confounding influences. RESULTS: Elevated arterial lactate ≥2 mM was associated with significantly increased brain lactate which coincided with markedly decreased brain glucose despite significantly increased arterial glucose levels and sufficient cerebral perfusion indirectly determined by normal SjvO2 and ptiO2 values. At elevated arterial lactate levels signs of significantly increased cerebral lactate uptake coincided with markedly decreased cerebral glucose uptake. Infused lactate above 50 mM per 24 hours was associated with significantly decreased cerebral glucose. CONCLUSION: Increased arterial lactate levels were associated with increased cerebral lactate uptake and elevated brain lactate. At the same time brain glucose uptake and brain glucose were significantly reduced. It remains unclear whether arterial lactate is the driving force for the increased cerebral lactate levels or if the reduced glucose uptake also contributed to the increased cerebral lactate levels. Further studies are required to assess the impact of lactate infusion under clinical conditions.

Parasitic infections, anemia and malnutrition among rural settled and mobile pastoralist mothers and their children in Chad.

Malnutrition, resulting from various etiologies, is common in rural Chadian women and children. This cross-sectional study assessed the spectrum of parasitic infection and level of anemia and their effect on nutritional status in settled and mobile pastoral mothers and children near Lake Chad. Intestinal parasites were evaluated using direct fecal smears and the Kato-Katz technique. Malaria status was determined using Paracheck-Pf(®) rapid diagnostic test, and anemia was assessed with the Hemocue photometer. Nutritional status was evaluated using anthropometric parameters. At the end of the 2008 wet season, the prevalence of malnutrition was 36% [confidence interval (CI) 30-42] among women and 15% (CI 11-18) among children. The prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection was 75% (CI 68-83) among women and 60% (CI 53-66) among children. The predominant helminth species was Ascaris lumbricoides while Entamoeba histolytica/dispar was the most common protozoan. The hookworm prevalence was 14% (CI 8-20) in women and 18% (CI 13-23) in children. Malaria prevalence was low among women (1%, CI 0.5-2) and children (3% CI 2-5). No significant difference was observed in the prevalence of parasitic infection between the mobile pastoralist and rural sedentary populations. Thirty-four percent (CI 27-40) of nonpregnant women, 53% (CI 34-72) of pregnant women, and 27% (CI 23-32) of children were anemic. In subjects infected with Plasmodium, all women and 54% (CI 22-85) of children were anemic. Malnutrition was significantly associated with anemia in mothers and with selected intestinal parasites, anemia and age in their children.

[Nutritional status and dietary diversity in nomadic and sedentary rural women on the southeast bank of Lake Chad]. / Statut nutritionnel et diversité alimentaire chez les femmes nomades et sédentaires rurales de la rive sud-est du Lac Tchad.

Malnutrition and undernourishment are widespread in the Sahelian region of Africa. The purpose of this study was to assess nutritional status and associated risk factors among nomadic and sedentary rural women on the southeast bank of Lake Chad. It was a repeated cross-sectional study based on semi-structured interviews and anthropometric measurements. A total of 734 women including 398 nomads and 336 sedentaries were randomly selected. Only non-pregnant women were included for calculation of the body mass index. Results showed a higher prevalence of malnutrition among nomadic women than sedentary women during the dry season: 48% (95% CI: 42-53) versus 16.2% (95% CI: 12-20). Obesity was observed in 4% (95% CI: 2.4-7) of sedentary women versus 0% of nomadic women. These rates were similar during the wet season. Malnutrition rates differed significantly (p<0.01) between the two groups within each season but not between seasons within each group. The average household dietary diversity score (HDDS) determined on a scale of 12 was low in both nomadic and sedentary women: 4.5 (95% CI: 4.4-4.6) and 5.1 (95% CI: 5.0-5.3) respectively. Malnutrition was significantly correlated with HDDS, number of children and ethnic group.

[Burnout among mental health professionals: A Tunisian experience]. / Burnout en psychiatrie : une expérience tunisienne.

BACKGROUND: Burnout syndrome consists in physical as well as mental exhaustion observed in professionals whose work involves continuous contact with other people. Psychiatrists and psychiatry nursing staff are considered to be vulnerable to experiencing burnout. The purposes of this study aim to investigate the prevalence of burnout syndrome in practitioners, residents and nurses working in the psychiatric hospital of Tunisia. It also aims to investigate the relationship between burnout, depression, and a variety of personal variables, including age, gender, marital, parental and personal difficulties within this population. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted among the nursing staff (n=54), residents (n=41) and practitioners (n=11) in Razi hospital in Tunisia. The Maslach Burnout Inventory, the Beck depression inventory and a general questionnaire on demographic data were used. RESULTS: High levels of burnout were detected among nurses. This was true for the emotional tiredness sub-scale (mean score: 26.18); the depersonalization subscale (mean score: 10.20) and for the alteration of personal achievements (mean score: 32.94). High scores in emotional tiredness were correlated to depression (P=0.000; R=0.56) and to personal difficulties (P=0.021; R=0.31) in this group. Residents showed high scores in personal achievements (mean score: 32.56), and practitioners did not reach the cutoff scores on the Maslach Burnout Inventory. CONCLUSION: Our results are somewhat comparable to those of studies in other countries. Burnout syndrome was highly prevalent among nurses and residents. This study corroborates former results of a relation between depression and burnout. A strong relationship was found between personal difficulties and burnout, but seemed to be more specific to the nursing sample.

Insulin differentially influences brain glucose and lactate in traumatic brain injured patients.

BACKGROUND: Hypo- and hyperglycemia must be avoided to prevent additional brain damage following traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, the optimal blood glucose range requiring insulin remains unknown. Cerebral microdialysis is helpful in unmasking signs of metabolic impairment, thereby identifying deleterious blood glucose levels. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of prospectively collected cerebral microdialysis samples obtained from 20 non-diabetic patients with severe TBI treated at the trauma surgical intensive care unit at the University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland. RESULTS: The impact of different arterial blood glucose values and concomitant insulin administration on cerebral interstitial glucose and lactate levels was investigated. In addition, energetic impairment was determined by calculating lactate-to-glucose ratios. Insulin administration was associated with significantly reduced cerebral glucose concentrations and significantly increased lactate-to-glucose ratios with arterial blood glucose levels <5 mM. At arterial blood glucose levels >7 mM, insulin administration was associated with significantly increased interstitial glucose values, significantly decreased lactate concentrations, and markedly diminished lactate-to-glucose ratios. CONCLUSION: Insulin exerts differential effects that depend strongly on the underlying arterial blood glucose concentrations. To avoid energetic impairment, insulin should not be administered at arterial blood glucose levels <5 mM. However, at arterial blood glucose levels >7-8 mM, insulin administration appears to be encouraged to increase extracellular glucose concentrations and decrease energetic impairment reflected by reduced interstitial brain lactate and decreased lactate-to-glucose ratios. Nevertheless, frequent analysis is required to minimize the risk of inducing impaired brain metabolism.

[Seasonal variations in the nutritional status of nomad and sedentary children less than 5 years of age living in the Sahel in Chad]. / Evolution saisonnière du statut nutritionnel des enfants nomades et sédentaires de moins de cinq ans dans le Sahel au Tchad.

Malnutrition is widespread among rural and nomad populations in the Sahel. It is linked to socio-economic factors and exhibits significant seasonal variations. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of malnutrition and associated risk factors among children less than 5 years of age. A repeated cross-sectional study design based on interviews and anthropometric measurements was used. A total of 653 nomad children and 579 sedentary children ranging in age from 0 to 59 months were randomly selected in households/camps on the south-eastern shore of Lake Chad. Data were collected from the same number of children at the end of the dry season (May/June, 2007) and at the end of rainy season (October 2007). Findings showed significant interseasonal variation in the prevalence of global acute malnutrition (GAM) between the end of the dry season and end of the rainy season. The respective variations were 17.9% to 13.7% (p = 0.03) in nomad children and 16.5% to 10.6% (p = 0.004) in sedentary children. Backward stepwise multivariate analysis by logistic regression showed that GAM among children under 5 years of age was significantly correlated with the following risk factors: seasonal variation, child's age, mother's nutritional status, ethnic group, and place of residence (LRT=172 and p < 0.001 for the logistic regression model). These findings demonstrate the critical state of the nutritional situation in the Sahel and rural areas.

[Quality of life of patient with schizophrenia treated by conventional and atypical neuroleptics]. / Qualité de vie chez les patients atteints de schizophrènie traités par neuroleptiques classiques et atypiques.

BACKGROUND: the quality of life of patients suffering from schizophrenia was extensively studied but it seems that impact on quality of life of neuroleptics, particularly atypical antipsychotic treatment was not clearly elucidated. AIMS: In this study we have compared the impact on quality of life of atypical antipsychotic versus classic neuroleptics. METHODS: We have enrolled, prospectively, all patients with schizophrenia as confirmed by DSM-IV TR. These patients intakes antipsychotics for unless 6 months. We excluded patients with acute schizophrenia, mental deficiency and severe organic disease. Evaluation of clinical features is based on the PANSS scale (Positive And Negative Syndrome Scale). The quality of life is evaluated using the MOS-SF36 scale (Medical Outcomes Study 36-item Short Form). Extra pyramidal symptoms were evaluated by the Chouinard scale. RESULTS: We have enrolled 65 patients; 35 under classic neuroleptics and 30 under atypical antipsychotics. Clinical features were similar in the two groups. Patients with atypical antipsychotics were less hospitalized (2.4 +/- 3.2 vs. 4.5 +/- 4.2; p = 0.02) and needing less anti cholinergic treatment (26.6% vs. 88.6%; p < 0.0001). Adverse effects were more common with classic neuroleptics (Pakinsonism score: 6.1 +/- 7 vs. 10.8 +/- 8.6; P = 0.01); global clinical dyskinesia 1.22 +/- 0.8 vs. 1.90 +/- 1.7; p = 0.04; global clinical judgement of parkinsonism (2.41 +/- 2.1 vs. 3.72 +/- 2.4; p = 0.02). Quality of life was better in patients with atypical antipsychotics on the basis of vitality (76.7 +/- 27.8 vs. 62 +/- 29.6; p = 0.04) and social function (53.3 +/- 33 vs. 36.9 +/- 27.5; p = 0.03) we found a negative correlation between adverse effects and quality of life in patients with classic neuroleptics. CONCLUSION: Quality of life of patients suffering from schizophrenia with atypical antipsychotics is better than in those with classic neuroleptics and this may be due to the frequency of adverse effects particularly extra pyramidal symptoms.

[Health care services for nomadic people. Lessons learned from research and implementation activities in Chad]. / Quels types de services de santé pour les populations nomades? Apprentissages des activités de recherche et d'action au Tchad.

To overcome barriers of access to health care of nomadic people and to alleviate inequities in health, a transdisciplinary team has initiated research and intervention activities among three nomadic groups of Chad: Foulbé, Arabes and Gouranes. A regular and consistent communication among all actors involved (nomadic groups, researchers, planners and administrators of health and veterinary services, etc.) through repetitive meetings and workshops showed to be a crucial element for success. Differences between ethnic nomadic groups made it necessary to develop specific communication strategies adapted to each group. As to interventions to improve the vaccination coverage, mixed teams combining health and veterinary specialists were able to vaccinate an important number of children and women and showed to have a high potential in terms of organisational and logistic feasibility, acceptability as well as good cost-effectiveness. With regard to improving access to health care, Information--Education and Communication approaches adapted to the intervention context and linked to the provision of essential services and generic drugs showed to be crucial.

[An innovative approach combining human and animal vaccination campaigns in nomadic settings of Chad: experiences and costs]. / Approche novatrice des vaccinations en santé publique et en médecine vétérinaire chez les pasteurs nomades au Tchad: expériences et coûts.

The purpose of this report is to describe a network of public health care workers, veterinarians and nomadic pastoralists that was set up in Chad to increase vaccination coverage to nomadic children and women who had rarely been vaccinated before. The objectives of the project were to provide human vaccination in conjunction with existing veterinary services, to evaluate the feasibility and limitations of such campaigns, to determine what other services could be provided concurrently, and to estimate the savings for public health care cases in comparison with carrying out vaccination separately. In a series of 12 vaccination campaigns in the Chari-Baguirmi and Kanem districts, more than 2100 children, 2100 women and 52000 cattle were fully immunized. These results confirmed the feasibility of joint campaigns in nomadic settings and provided important experience for improving organization. Information-Education-Communication (IEC) campaigns adapted to the realities of the pastoral setting were an important factor in mobilizing nomadic pastoralists for attendance at vaccination clinics. The savings in logistics costs (i.e., personnel, transportation and cold chain costs excluding vaccine costs) was 15% in Gredaya where 3 out of 6 campaigns were carried out together with veterinarians and 4% in Chaddra/Am Dobak where only 1 out of 6 campaigns was carried out in conjunction with veterinarians. The cost per fully immunized child (FIC) was considerably higher in Chaddra/Am Dobak than Gredaya (EUR 29.2 vs. EUR 11.5). The joint vaccination campaign approach is innovative, appreciated by nomadic pastoralists and less expensive than separate vaccination. By using the mobility of veterinarians in remote zones far from health care facilities, vaccination can be provided to nomadic children and women in countries with limited resources.