RESUMO
Oxyclozanide (OXY) is an anthelmintic widely used in the treatment of flatworm infection and fasciolosis. It also has antiadenovirus, antibiofilm, antifungal, and antibacterial activities. Various chemicals have been suggested as alternative chemicals in insect pest management. Here, the oxidative and genotoxic effects of OXY on 7th instars, pupae and adults of the model organism Galleria mellonella (Linnaeus) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) were examined. First-instar larvae were reared on 0.003, 0.03, 0.3, and 1.5 g OXY per 100 g artificial diets. Compared with all tested OXY concentrations and controls without OXY, dietary OXY led to increased antioxidant capacity and genotoxic effects. Concentrations of malondialdehyde, an oxidative stress marker, were significantly increased in adults of larvae reared on OXY-charged diets at 0.3 and 1.5 g/100 g compared to the adult control group. We also recorded a significant increase in the genotoxic test data (Tail length, Tail DNA %, Tail moment) at the same stages and concentrations. We recorded significant increases in glutathione-S-transferase, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase activities in larvae fed high OXY concentrations. SOD and catalase activities were also significantly increased at the concentration of 0.03 g/100 g of OXY in the pupal and adult stages. Cytochrome P450 monooxygenase activity was significantly increased at the highest concentration of OXY in the larval and pupal stages. Also, our regression analysis indicates a correlation between the markers of oxidative stress, antioxidant enzymes and comet parameters. These data indicate that OXY induces oxidative stress and antioxidative enzyme response.
RESUMO
Metal composites have been extensively used in various fields such as automotive industry, medicine and pharmacy. However, the high exposure of these chemicals may have an adverse effect on the living organisms. In this study, the effect of titanium aluminum carbide (Ti3AlC2) on the model organism Galleria mellonella was investigated. The change in the metabolic enzymes such as alanine transferase, aspartate transferase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, lactate dehydrogenase, amylase, creatine kinase, alkaline phosphatase in the hemolymph of G. mellonella which was exposed to Ti3AlC2 was determined. The contents of the bilirubin, albumin, uric acid and the total protein were also measured after the Ti3AlC2 exposure on the model organism. The results of our study clearly indicate that Ti3AlC2 has adverse effects on the model organism G. mellonella.
Assuntos
Mariposas , Titânio , Animais , Titânio/toxicidade , Transferases/farmacologia , LarvaRESUMO
Recently, there are many studies suggesting antibacterial, antifungal, and anthelmintic agents as alternative chemicals to insecticides. In this study, the oxidative and genotoxic effect of Piperazine, a clinically important hexahydropyrazine anthelmintic, on Galleria mellonella L. hemolymph tissue by adding artificial diet were investigated. Galleria mellonella larvae were reared until 7th larval stage in artificial diet containing 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, and 1 g piperazine per 100 g of diet. Using hemolymph collected from 7th-instar larvae, the amount of lipid peroxidation final product malondialdehyde (MDA), protein oxidation product protein carbonyl (PCO), and detoxification enzymes glutathione S-transferase (GST) and cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (cyt P450) activity, comet assay were measured. According to the results obtained, when the piperazine high concentrations tested with the control group were compared, statistically significant differences were found in MDA, PCO content, cyt P450, GST activity, and comet assay in the hemolymph of the insect. While MDA content was 0.01 ± 0.0021 nmol/mg protein in the control group, this amount increased approximately 2-fold at the highest concentration (0.0231 ± 0.0050 nmol/mg protein). On the other hand, when the control group and the highest piperazine concentration were compared in the GST and cyt P450 activity, it was determined that there was a statistically significant increase. We obtained similar results in comet assay and micronucleus formation data. This study showed that the tested piperazine concentrations caused significant changes in the detoxification capacity, oxidative stress, and genotoxic markers in the insect's hemolymph tissue.
Assuntos
Hemolinfa , Mariposas , Animais , Hemolinfa/metabolismo , Piperazina/metabolismo , Piperazina/farmacologia , Larva , Estresse Oxidativo , Dano ao DNARESUMO
In this study, the effects of dietary CuO nanoparticles (NPs) on metabolic enzyme activity, biochemical parameters, and total (THC) and differential hemocyte counts (DHC) were determined in Galleria mellonella larvae. Using concentrations of 10, 100, 1000 mg/L and the LC10 and LC30 levels of CuO NPs, we determined that the NPs negatively impacted metabolic enzyme activity and biochemical parameters in larval hemolymph. Compared with the control, the greatest increase in THC was observed in larvae fed on diets with 100 mg L-1 of CuO NPs. Plasmatocytes and granulocytes were among the most numerous hemocytes in all treatments. These results suggest that dietary CuO NPs effects the metabolic metabolism and immune system of G. mellonella and provide indirect information regarding the toxic effects of CuO NPs in mammalian immune system given similarities between mammalian blood cells and insect hemocytes.
Assuntos
Mariposas , Nanopartículas , Animais , Cobre/toxicidade , Hemócitos , Larva , Nanopartículas/toxicidade , ÓxidosRESUMO
Nanoparticles (NPs) are now being used in many industrial activities, such as mining, paint and glass industries. The frequent industrial use of NPs contributes to environmental pollution and may cause cellular and oxidative damage in native organisms. In this study, the toxic effects of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) were investigated using Galleria mellonella larvae as a model insect species. Alterations in cell damage indicators, such as alanine transferase, aspartate transferase, lactate dehydrogenase, non-enzymatic antioxidants and biochemical parameters, were determined in the hemolymph of G. mellonella larvae exposed to TiO2 NPs at different concentrations (5, 50, 250 and 1250 µg/mL) in their diets. TiO2 NPs caused concentration-dependent cellular damage in the hemolymph of G. mellonella larvae and increased the levels of the non-enzymatic antioxidants uric acid and bilirubin. In addition, total protein in hemolymph significantly decreased at the highest concentration (1250 µg/mL) of TiO2 NPs. Level of the urea increased at the highest concentration (1250 µg/mL) of TiO2 NPs, whereas the amount of glucose was not affected. These findings demonstrated that TiO2 NPs caused concentration-dependent toxic effects on G. mellonella larvae.
RESUMO
The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is a model species used for a wide range of studies. Contamination of Drosophila cultures with bacterial infection is common and is readily eradicated by antibiotics. Neomycin antibiotics can cause stress to D. melanogaster's larvae and imagoes, which may affect the interpretation of the results of research using culture from neomycin-based medium. In the present study, fluctuating asymmetry (FA), one of the important bioindicators of stress, was measured. Larvae and imagoes of a wild-type D. melanogaster strain were exposed to various concentrations of neomycin. The size of anal papillae and selected wing veins were measured using scanning electron and light microscopy, respectively. Next, the FA was checked. The values obtained for larval anal papillae appeared to be concentration-dependant; the FA indices increased with the concentration of neomycin. The wing FA presented a large but variable correlation, depending on the measured vein. However, the mean length of veins was the highest for the control group, with neomycin-exposed groups showing lower values. The research showed that neomycin may cause sublethal stress in D. melanogaster, which manifests in increased FA indices. This suggests that neomycin can cause physiological and developmental stress in insects, which should be taken into account when interpreting the results of studies using these model organisms.
RESUMO
Diet quality widely affects the survival, development, fecundity, longevity, and hatchability of insects. We used the greater wax moth Galleria mellonella (Linnaeus) to determine the effects of the antifungal, antibiotic terbinafine on some of its' biological parameters. The effects of terbinafine on malondialdehyde (MDA) and protein carbonyl (PCO) contents and the activity of the detoxification enzyme, glutathione S-transferase (GST), in the midgut of seventh-instar larvae of G. mellonella were also investigated. The insects were reared on an artificial diet containing terbinafine at concentrations of 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, and 1 g. The survival rates at all development stages of G. mellonella were significantly decreased at all terbinafine concentrations. The females from a control diet produced 82.9 ± 18.1 eggs; however, this number was significantly reduced to 51.4 ± 9.6 in females given a 0.1 g terbinafine diet. The highest concentration of terbinafine (1 g) completely inhibited egg laying. Terbinafine significantly increased MDA content and GST activity in the midgut tissue of seventh-instar larvae in a dose-dependent manner. Relative to controls, these low dietary concentrations of terbinafine significantly increased midgut PCO content; a 0.1 g terbinafine concentration raised PCO content from 155.19 ± 21.8 to 737.17 ± 36.4 nmol/mg protein. This study shows concentration-dependent effects on the biological traits of the greater wax moth G. mellonella, including the oxidative status and detoxification capacity of the midgut. Low terbinafine concentrations may be possible for use as an antifungal agent in insect-rearing diets.
Assuntos
Lepidópteros , Mariposas , Animais , Antifúngicos/farmacologia , Dieta , Feminino , Larva , TerbinafinaRESUMO
In recent times, several studies have been undertaken on the artificial mass-rearing of insects in which clinical antibacterial antibiotics, including gemifloxacin, which is a DNA gyrase and topoisomerases inhibitor, are amended into the diet to control microbial contamination and preserve diet. The findings of these studies have suggested the possibility that these antibiotics influence the biological traits of insects in relation to their oxidative effects. This study investigated the effects of gemifloxacin on Drosophila melanogaster (Meigen) survival rates, development times, and male-female adult longevity. And we also determined the effects of gemifloxacin on lipid peroxidation product, malondialdehyde, protein carbonyl levels, and glutathione S-transferase activity of fruit fly eggs. First instars were fed on artificial diets containing 150, 300, 600, and 900 mg/liter concentrations of gemifloxacin until adult emergence. Our results indicate that sublethal effects of gemifloxacin are likely to significantly impair adult fitness and life-history parameters in D. melanogaster, probably because of its oxidative effects.
Assuntos
Drosophila melanogaster , Gemifloxacina , Animais , Feminino , Longevidade , Masculino , Óvulo , Estresse OxidativoRESUMO
Understanding the effects of diet on metabolic events is crucial for biological control programs of parasitoid insects. As bioindicators of long-term physiological stress: survivorship of fifth instar larvae, pupation, adult survival, and developmental time for stages of endoparasitoid Pimpla turionellae L. (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) were investigated by rearing the parasitoid on the host, Galleria mellonella L. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) pupae were treated with neomycin. First instar larvae of G. mellonella were reared on artificial diets containing 0.005, 0.01, or 0.5 g neomycin (g/100 g of diet) until seventh instar larvae; the pupae from these larvae were used as a host for rearing P. turionellae. In the control group, the pupae from larvae reared on artificial diets without neomycin were used as a host. Survivorship of fifth instar, pupal, and adult stages of P. turionellae L. reared on G. mellonella pupae as a host fed with different concentrations of neomycin were significantly decreased in comparison to the control group. Approximately eighty percent of P. turionellae L. pupae were produced from control host pupae, while other neomycin concentrations significantly decreased the pupation of the parasitoid. Pimpla turionellae L. larvae reared on control host pupae reached fifth instar in about 9.6 ± 0.61 d, while the larvae reared from a host pupae exposed to the highest antibiotic concentration completed their development to the fifth instar in about 7.4 d. These results showed that neomycin, and possibly its metabolites, contaminated P. turionellae L. larvae from a host and affected larval stages of the parasitoid.
Assuntos
Himenópteros , Lepidópteros , Vespas , Animais , Larva , Neomicina , PupaRESUMO
We posed the hypothesis that inhibition of eicosanoid biosynthesis leads to increased lipid peroxidation in insects. Here we report that rearing the greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella, on media supplemented with selected inhibitors of eicosanoid biosynthesis throughout the larval, pupal and adult life led to major alterations in selected oxidative and antioxidative parameters of wax moth and its ectoparasitoid, Bracon hebetor. The highest dietary dexamethasone (Dex), esculetin (Esc) and phenidone (Phe) led to increased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and to elevated catalase (CAT) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activities in all developmental stages of host larvae. Dietary Phe resulted in increased MDA levels, and CAT activity in G. mellonella adults by about 4-fold and about 2-fold, respectively. The Phe effect on GST activity in all stages of the wax moth was expressed in a dose-dependent manner, increased to 140nmol/mg protein/min in larvae. MDA levels were increased by over 30-fold in adult wasps reared on Dex- and Esc-treated hosts. CAT and GST activities were increased in adult parasitoids reared on Esc-and Phe-treated hosts. GST activity of Dex-treated parasitoid larvae increased from about 4 to over 30nmol/mg protein/min. Dietary Phe led to increased GST activity, by about 25-fold, in adult wasps. These data indicate that chronic inhibition of eicosanoid biosynthesis leads to increased oxidative stress, strongly supporting our hypothesis. The significance of this work lies in understanding the roles of eicosanoids in insect biology. Aside from other well-known eicosanoids actions, we propose that eicosanoids mediate reductions in oxidative stress.
Assuntos
Eicosanoides/metabolismo , Interações Hospedeiro-Parasita , Peroxidação de Lipídeos , Mariposas/parasitologia , Vespas/fisiologia , Animais , Catalase/metabolismo , Eicosanoides/administração & dosagem , Glutationa Transferase/metabolismo , Larva/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Malondialdeído/metabolismo , Mariposas/crescimento & desenvolvimentoRESUMO
Gemifloxacin mesylate (GEM) is a synthetic, fourth-generation fluoroquinolone antibacterial antibiotic that has a broad spectrum of activity against bacteria. GEM inhibits DNA synthesis by inhibiting DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV activities. Recent research into insect nutrition and mass-rearing programs, in which antibiotics are incorporated into the culture media to maintain diet quality, raised a question of whether clinical antibiotics influence the health or biological performance of the insects that ingest these compounds. Because some antibiotics are pro-oxidant compounds, we addressed the question with experiments designed to assess the effects of GEM (mesylate salt) on oxidative stress indicators, using Galleria mellonella larvae. The insects were reared from first-instar larvae to adulthood on artificial diets amended with GEM at 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, or 1.0%. Feeding on the 1% diets led to significantly increased hemolymph contents of the lipid peroxidation product, malondialdehyde and protein oxidation products, protein carbonyl. All GEM concentrations led to increased hemolymph glutathione S-transferase activity. We inferred that although it was not directly lethal to G. mellonella larvae, dietary exposure to GEM exerts measurable oxidative damage, possibly on insects generally. Long-term, multigenerational effects remain unknown.
Assuntos
Fluoroquinolonas/toxicidade , Glutationa Transferase/metabolismo , Hemolinfa/metabolismo , Mariposas/efeitos dos fármacos , Naftiridinas/toxicidade , Animais , Antibacterianos/toxicidade , Ativação Enzimática/efeitos dos fármacos , Gemifloxacina , Hemolinfa/efeitos dos fármacos , Hemolinfa/enzimologia , Larva/efeitos dos fármacos , Larva/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Larva/fisiologia , Mariposas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Mariposas/fisiologia , Oxirredução/efeitos dos fármacos , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
The effects of a synthetic purine nucleoside analog, antiviral agent, acyclovir (ACV), on adult longevity, fecundity, and hatchability of a serious honeycomb pest, greater wax moth Galleria mellonella L. were investigated by adding 0.01, 0.1, 1.0, and 3.0% ACV into artificial and natural diets. Control larvae were reared on diet without ACV. The artificial diet containing the lowest level of ACV, 0.01%, raised egg production from a number of 12.9 ± 0.6 to 163.2 ± 1.3. The hatching rate of these eggs was increased from 49.2 ± 2.4% to 68.2 ± 3.2%. Higher concentrations of ACV in natural food significantly increased both egg production and egg hatching rate. Female reared on old dark combs as natural diet exposed to 1.0% of ACV produced 167.5 ± 5.8 eggs with 93.2 ± 6.8% hatched. This study emphasizes the importance of determining the dietary impact of an antimicrobial agent as a food additive to a particular species of insect before its using for dietary antimicrobial purpose.
RESUMO
Glycoalkaloids are secondary metabolites commonly found in Solanaceae plants. They have anti-bacterial, anti-fungal and insecticidal activities. In the present study we examine the effects of potato and tomato leaf extracts and their main components, the glycoalkaloids α-solanine, α-chaconine and α-tomatine, on development and reproduction of Drosophila melanogaster wild-type flies at different stages. Parental generation was exposed to five different concentrations of tested substances. The effects were examined also on the next, non-exposed generation. In the first (exposed) generation, addition of each extract reduced the number of organisms reaching the pupal and imaginal stages. Parent insects exposed to extracts and metabolites individually applied showed faster development. However, the effect was weaker in case of single metabolites than in case of exposure to extracts. An increase of developmental rate was also observed in the next, non-exposed generation. The imagoes of both generations exposed to extracts and pure metabolites showed some anomalies in body size and malformations, such as deformed wings and abdomens, smaller black abdominal zone. Our results further support the current idea that Solanaceae can be an impressive source of molecules, which could efficaciously be used in crop protection, as natural extract or in formulation of single pure metabolites in sustainable agriculture.
Assuntos
Drosophila melanogaster/fisiologia , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Reprodução/efeitos dos fármacos , Solanum lycopersicum/química , Solanum tuberosum/química , Animais , Tamanho Corporal/efeitos dos fármacos , Drosophila melanogaster/efeitos dos fármacos , Drosophila melanogaster/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Feminino , Masculino , Controle Biológico de Vetores , Extratos Vegetais/química , Folhas de Planta/química , Solanina/análogos & derivados , Solanina/farmacologia , Tomatina/análogos & derivados , Tomatina/farmacologiaRESUMO
Only a small percentage of insect species are pests. However, pest species cause significant losses in agricultural and forest crops, and many are vectors of diseases. Currently, many scientists are focused on developing new tools to control insect populations, including secondary plant metabolites, e.g., alkaloids, glycoalkaloids, terpenoids, organic acids and alcohols, which show promise for use in plant protection. These compounds can affect insects at all levels of biological organization, but their action generally disturbs cellular and physiological processes, e.g., by altering redox balance, hormonal regulation, neuronal signalization or reproduction in exposed individuals. Secondary plant metabolites cause toxic effects that can be observed at both lethal and sublethal levels, but the most important effect is repellence. Plants from the Solanaceae family, which contains numerous economically and ecologically important species, produce various substances that affect insects belonging to most orders, particularly herbivorous insects and other pests. Many compounds possess insecticidal properties, but they are also classified as molluscides, acaricides, nematocides, fungicides and bactericides. In this paper, we present data on the sublethal and lethal toxicity caused by pure metabolites and crude extracts obtained from Solanaceae plants. Pure substances as well as water and/or alcohol extracts cause lethal and sublethal effects in insects, which is important from the economical point of view. We discuss the results of our study and their relevance to plant protection and management.
Assuntos
Alcaloides/toxicidade , Agentes de Controle Biológico/toxicidade , Inseticidas/toxicidade , Solanaceae/metabolismo , Alcaloides/metabolismo , Animais , Agentes de Controle Biológico/metabolismo , Humanos , Inseticidas/metabolismoRESUMO
Benzimidazole antihelmintics, including mebendazole, have a broad antiparasitic spectrum. These drugs play a major role in the treatments of parasites of intestines or other organs of vertebrates, humans, and other animals.The impact of mebendazole on the biology of the greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella (L.), was assessed by observation of several developmental parameters as follows: survivorship, developmental time, and adult longevity. Sublethal toxicity was measured through reproductive parameters such as fecundity and hatchability.The larvae were reared on artificial diet from first-instar larvae to the adult stage in the laboratory. The diets contained mebendazole at different concentrations of 0.005, 0.05, 0.5, or 1.0%. Control diet did not containme bendazole and produced seventh-instar larvae in 96.6±1.67% of cases, whereas the addition of mebendazole into diet at 1.0% significantly decreased survivorship of seventh-instar larvae to 79.9±4.08%. The diet with the highest concentration of mebendazole decreased survivorship in the adult stage from 79.9±2.35 to 56.6±4.73%, and shortened the developmental time for adult emergence from 36.7±0.48 to 34.1±0.63 d. All mebendazole concentrations shortened adult longevity and significantly decreased fecundity and hatch ability of G. mellonella. The highest dietary concentration of this antihelmintic significantly decreased the egg number to 28.6±2.89 and hatching rate to 51.7±1.85%. The present study demonstrates that mebendazole exhibits significant adverse effects on greater wax moth, leading to deteriorated life table parameters and decreased adult fitness.
Assuntos
Inseticidas/farmacologia , Mebendazol/farmacologia , Mariposas/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Anti-Helmínticos/farmacologia , Feminino , Larva/efeitos dos fármacos , Larva/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Longevidade/efeitos dos fármacos , Masculino , Mariposas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Pupa/efeitos dos fármacos , Pupa/crescimento & desenvolvimentoRESUMO
The effects of a dietary plant allelochemical, xanthotoxin (XA), on survivorship, development, male and female adult longevity, fecundity, and hatchability of the greater wax moth Galleria mellonella L. were investigated. Oxidative stress indicators, the lipid peroxidation product, malondialdehyde (MDA), and protein oxidation products, protein carbonyl (PCO) contents, and activities of a detoxification enzyme glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity were determined in wax moth adults. The insect was reared from first-instar larvae on an artificial diets containing XA at 0.001, 0.005, or 0.1% to adult stage in laboratory conditions. Relative to the controls, the diets containing XA concentrations led to decreased survivorship in seventh instar, pupal, and adult stages. Compared to control diet (77.7%), the highest dietary XA concentration decreased survivorship to adulthood to 11.0%. The highest XA concentration (0.1%) reduced female longevity from 10.4 to 5.7 days and decreased egg numbers from 95.0 to 33.5 and hatchability from 82.7 to 35.6%. The lowest XA concentration (0.001%) led to about a sixfold increase in MDA content. XA at high concentrations (0.005 and 0.1%) increased MDA (by threefold) and protein carbonyl (by twofold) contents decreased GST activity. The highest dietary XA concentration decreased GST activity from 0.28 ± 0.025 to 0.16 ± 0.005 µmol/mg protein/min. We infer from these findings that XA-induced oxidative stress led to decreased biological fitness.
Assuntos
Metoxaleno/farmacologia , Mariposas/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Feminino , Fertilidade/efeitos dos fármacos , Glutationa Transferase/metabolismo , Larva/efeitos dos fármacos , Larva/metabolismo , Longevidade , Masculino , Malondialdeído/metabolismo , Mariposas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Mariposas/metabolismo , Oxirredução , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Carbonilação Proteica , Pupa/efeitos dos fármacos , Pupa/metabolismoRESUMO
Plants synthesize a broad range of secondary metabolites that act as natural defenses against plant pathogens and herbivores. Among these, potato plants produce glycoalkaloids (GAs). In this study, we analyzed the effects of the dried extract of fresh potato leaves (EPL) on the biological parameters of the lepidopteran, Galleria mellonella (L.) and compared its activity to one of the main EPL components, the GA α-solanine. Wax moth larvae were reared from first instar on a diet supplemented with three concentrations of EPL or α-solanine. Both EPL and α-solanine affected survivorship, fecundity, and fertility of G. mellonella to approximately the same extent. We evaluated the effect of EPL and α-solanine on oxidative stress in midgut and fat body by measuring malondialdehyde (MDA) and protein carbonyl (PCO) contents, both biomarkers of oxidative damage. We evaluated glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity, a detoxifying enzyme acting in prevention of oxidative damage. EPL and α-solanine altered MDA and PCO concentrations and GST activity in fat body and midgut. We infer that the influence of EPL on G. mellonella is not enhanced by synergistic effects of the totality of potato leaf components compared to α-solanine alone.
Assuntos
Fertilidade/efeitos dos fármacos , Trato Gastrointestinal/efeitos dos fármacos , Larva/efeitos dos fármacos , Mariposas/efeitos dos fármacos , Mariposas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Estresse Oxidativo , Extratos Vegetais/toxicidade , Solanina/toxicidade , Solanum tuberosum/toxicidade , Animais , Antioxidantes , Biomarcadores , Trato Gastrointestinal/metabolismo , Glutationa Transferase/metabolismo , Larva/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Malondialdeído/metabolismo , Oxirredução , Folhas de PlantaRESUMO
Plant allelochemicals are nonnutritional chemicals that interfere with the biology of herbivores. We posed the hypothesis that ingestion of a glycoalkaloid allelochemical, α-solanine, impairs biological parameters of greater wax moths Galleria mellonella. To test this idea, we reared wax moths on artificial diets with 0.015, 0.15, or 1.5 mg/100 g diet of α-solanine. Addition of α-solanine to the diet affected survival of seventh-instar larvae, pupae, and adults; and female fecundity and fertility. The diet containing the highest α-solanine concentration led to decreased survivorship, fecundity, and fertility. The diets supplemented with α-solanine led to increased malondialdehyde and protein carbonyl contents in midgut and fat body and the effect was dose-dependent. Dietary α-solanine led to increased midgut glutathione S-transferase activity and to decreased fat body glutathione S-transferase activitiy. We infer from these findings that α-solanine influences life history parameters and antioxidative enzyme activities in the midgut and fat body of G. mellonella.
Assuntos
Corpo Adiposo/metabolismo , Mariposas/efeitos dos fármacos , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Solanina/farmacologia , Animais , Feminino , Fertilidade/efeitos dos fármacos , Trato Gastrointestinal/metabolismo , Glutationa Transferase/metabolismo , Masculino , Malondialdeído/metabolismo , Mariposas/metabolismo , Carbonilação Proteica/efeitos dos fármacos , Solanina/metabolismoRESUMO
Boric acid is widely used as an insecticide, acaricide, herbicide, and fungicide and also during various industrial processings. Hence, numerous populations are subjects to this toxic compound. Its action on animals is still not fully known and understood. We examined the effect of boric acid on larvae of greater wax moth (Galleria mellonella). The chemical appeared to be toxic for larvae, usually in a concentration-dependent manner. Exposed groups revealed increased lipid peroxidation and altered activity of catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione S-transferase, and glutathione peroxidase. We also observed changes of ultrastructure, which were in tune with biochemical assays. We suggest that boric acid has a broad mode of action, which may affect exposed larvae, and even if sublethal, they may lead to disturbances within exposed populations.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Ácidos Bóricos/farmacologia , Inseticidas/farmacologia , Peroxidação de Lipídeos/efeitos dos fármacos , Mariposas/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Ácidos Bóricos/toxicidade , Catalase/metabolismo , Corpo Adiposo/enzimologia , Corpo Adiposo/metabolismo , Glutationa Peroxidase/metabolismo , Glutationa Transferase/metabolismo , Larva/enzimologia , Larva/metabolismo , Mariposas/enzimologia , Mariposas/metabolismo , Oxirredução , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Superóxido Dismutase/metabolismoRESUMO
Nodulation is the predominant insect cellular immune response to microbial infections. We posed the hypothesis that parasitoid insects in their adulthood express melanotic nodulation reactions to viral challenge and that eicosanoids mediate nodulation reactions and phenoloxidase (PO) activation in response to viral challenge. To test this idea, we injected Pimpla turionellae adults with indomethacin, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, immediately prior to intrahemocoelic injection of Bovine herpes simplex virus-1 (BHSV-1). Treating newly emerged adults of P. turionellae with BHSV-1 induced nodulation reactions, and decreased PO activity at high viral doses. Relative to vehicle-treated controls, indomethacin-treated adults produced significantly reduced numbers of nodules following viral infection (down from approximately 21 nodules per adult to less than six nodules per adult). In addition to injection treatments, increasing dietary indomethacin dosages (from 0.01% to 0.1%) were associated with decreasing nodulation (by six-fold) and PO (by about three-fold) reactions to BHSV-1 injection. Wasp adults orally fed with the lowest dietary indomethacin concentration (0.001%) expressed significantly increased PO activity (1.45 unit/min/mg protein) while nodulation reaction was not affected in response to viral challenge compared to control adults. We infer from these findings that cyclooxygenase (COX) products, at least prostaglandins, mediate nodulation response and PO action to viral infection in adults of these highly specialized insects.