RESUMO
The nsp3 macrodomain is implicated in the viral replication, pathogenesis and host immune responses through the removal of ADP-ribosylation sites during infections of coronaviruses including the SARS-CoV-2. It has ever been modulated by macromolecules including the ADP-ribose until Ni and co-workers recently reported its inhibition and plasticity enhancement unprecedentedly by remdesivir metabolite, GS-441524, creating an opportunity for investigating other biodiverse small molecules such as ß-Carboline (ßC) alkaloids. In this study, 1497 ßC analogues from the HiT2LEAD chemical database were screened, using computational approaches of Glide XP docking, molecular dynamics simulation and pk-CSM ADMET predictions. Selectively, ßC ligands, 129, 584, 1303 and 1323 demonstrated higher binding affinities to the receptor, indicated by XP docking scores of -10.72, -10.01, -9.63 and -9.48 kcal/mol respectively than remdesivir and GS-441524 with -4.68 and -9.41 kcal/mol respectively. Consistently, their binding free energies were -36.07, -23.77, -24.07 and -17.76 kcal/mol respectively, while remdesivir and GS-441524 showed -21.22 and -24.20 kcal/mol respectively. Interestingly, the selected ßC ligands displayed better stability and flexibility for enhancing the plasticity of the receptor than GS-441524, especially 129 and 1303. Their predicted ADMET parameters favour druggability and low expressions for toxicity. Thus, they are recommended as promising adjuvant/standalone anti-SARS-CoV-2 candidates for further study.Key words: SARS-CoV-2, nsp3 macrodomain, ADP-ribose, ß-carboline, bioinformatics, drug design.
RESUMO
Since the emergence of their primitive strains, the complexity surrounding their pathogenesis, constant genetic mutation and translation are contributing factors to the scarcity of a successful vaccine for coronaviruses till moment. Although, the recent announcement of vaccine breakthrough for COVID-19 renews the hope, however, there remains a major challenge of accessibility to urgently match the rapid global therapeutic demand for curtailing the pandemic, thereby creating an impetus for further search. The reassessment of results from a stream of experiments is of enormous importance in identifying bona fide lead-like candidates to fulfil this quest. This review comprehensively highlights the common pathomechanisms and pharmacological targets of HCoV-OC43, SARS-CoV-1, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2, and potent therapeutic potentials from basic and clinical experimental investigations. The implicated targets for the prevention and treatment include the viral proteases (Mpro, PLpro, 3CLpro), viral structural proteins (S- and N-proteins), non-structural proteins (nsp 3, 8, 10, 14, 16), accessory protein (ns12.9), viroporins (3a, E, 8a), enzymes (RdRp, TMPRSS2, ADP-ribosyltransferase, MTase, 2'-O-MTase, TATase, furin, cathepsin, deamidated human triosephosphate isomerase), kinases (MAPK, ERK, PI3K, mTOR, AKT, Abl2), interleukin-6 receptor (IL-6R) and the human host receptor, ACE2. Notably among the 109 overviewed inhibitors include quercetin, eriodictyol, baicalin, luteolin, melatonin, resveratrol and berberine from natural products, GC373, NP164 and HR2P-M2 from peptides, 5F9, m336 and MERS-GD27 from specific human antibodies, imatinib, remdesivir, ivermectin, chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, nafamostat, interferon-ß and HCQ from repurposing libraries, some iron chelators and traditional medicines. This review represents a model for further translational studies for effective anti-CoV therapeutic designs.