Evaluation of Phosphorus Storage and Performance of Broilers Using Phytase Synthetic Enzyme.

Phytic acid is a stored form of phosphorus in cereals, 65 to 70% of phosphorus in plant sources is phytate, and broilers are only able to use part of the phosphorus in plant sources. To meet the needs of chickens, it is necessary to use other artificial resources, which not only impose part of the cost of the breeding period because of its presence in the manure but is one of the factors polluting the environment. This study aimed to use different levels of phytase enzyme to reduce dietary phosphorus levels. 600 Ross 308 broilers were used in this experiment with five treatments and six replications, and in each replication, 20 chickens were used in a completely randomized design (CRD). Experimental treatments include 1) basal diet (control) 2) basal diet with 15% less phosphorus 3) basal diet with 15% less phosphorus + 1250 (FTU) phytase enzyme 4) basal diet with 15% less phosphorus + 2500 (FTU) phytase enzyme 5) basal diet with 15% less phosphorus + 5000 (FTU) phytase enzyme. The evaluated traits included weekly feed intake, weekly weight gain, feed conversion ratio, carcass characteristics, ash, calcium, and bone phosphorus. The use of phytase enzyme in different diets had no significant effect on food intake, weight gain, and feed conversion ratio (P>0.05). However, the use of phytase in different diets significantly affected the percentage of Gizzard, Heart, Liver, Proventriculus, and Spleen (P<0.05). The most changes were the increase in the ratio of feed intake and weight gain in the fourth week compared to the third week so that the changes in the ratio of feed intake ranged from 1.85 to 1.91, and this ratio for weight gain also ranged from 3.12 to 3.86 was recorded, and the lowest feed conversion ratio was obtained at the same age. The percentage of raw ash in broiler chickens was significantly increased by adding dietary phytase. The lowest amount of ash, calcium, and phosphorus belonged to the second group (diets with low phosphorus and no enzyme). The difference between the other groups and the control was not significant. Feed intake, weight gain, and feed conversion ratio with the addition of phytase enzyme were not affected by phosphorus reduction and had no significant effect on carcass characteristics. Environmental pollution can be prevented by reducing the level of dietary phosphorus and reducing excreted phosphorus.

Characterization of a class of peptide boronates with neutral P1 side chains as highly selective inhibitors of thrombin.

Z-D-Phe-Pro-boroMpg-OPin (9a)1,2 has been shown previously to be a highly specific inhibitor of thrombin in spite of lacking an arginine-like guanidino group at the P1 site. A range of compounds have been synthesized based upon this lead compound, varying the neutral side chain at the P1 site. Of the 20 examples based upon the structures at P2 and P3 of Z-D-X-Pro (X being Phe or beta,beta-diphenylalanine), all were found to be effective inhibitors of thrombin (Ki's between 10 and 100 nM). Furthermore all exhibited a high specificity toward thrombin having values for a Ki(trypsin)/Ki(thrombin) ratio of between 10- and 100-fold. High ratio values were found for a number of the compounds tested against a range of serine proteinases (plasmin, factor Xa, kallikrein, urokinase, protein Ca, chymotrypsin, elastase, and cathepsin G). As far as potency toward thrombin, compounds containing the methoxypropyl group at P1 were favored over those with a methoxy grouping on a shorter alkyl chain (8) or without the methoxy group (1-5). The compounds display potent anticoagulant activity with values for 18 in thrombin time of 0.63 microM and in activated partial thromboplastin time of 2.0 microM. 11B NMR has been used to confirm interaction of the boron atom with the active site. From the high specificity shown with all the compounds we propose that the compounds, constitute a new class of thrombin inhibitors.