RESUMO
Supramolecular nanoparticles containing peptides and drugs have recently gained recognition as an effective tumor treatment drug delivery system. A multitarget drug termed pemetrexed is effective against various cancers, including nonsmall cell lung cancer. The work aims to establish the capability of pemetrexed gold nanoparticles (PEM-AuNPs) to induce apoptosis and explore molecular changes. X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope, and transmission electron microscope were used to investigate the synthesized nanoparticles. The MTT assay was utilized to investigate the anticancer properties of PEM-AuNPs at varying concentrations (50, 100, and 200 µM). PEM-AuNPs demonstrated a decrease in cell viability with 55.87%, 43.04%, and 25.59% for A549 cells and 54.31%, 37.40%, and 25.84% for H1299 cells at the respective concentrations. To assess apoptosis and perform morphological analysis, diverse biochemical staining techniques, including acridine orange-ethidium bromide and 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole nuclear staining assays, were employed. Additionally, 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate staining confirmed the induction of reactive oxygen species generation, while JC-1 staining validated the impact on the mitochondrial membrane at the IC50 concentration of PEM-AuNPs. Thus, the study demonstrated that the synthesized PEM-AuNPs exhibited enhanced anticancer activity against both A549 and H1299 cells.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos , Apoptose , Ouro , Neoplasias Pulmonares , Nanopartículas Metálicas , Mitocôndrias , Pemetrexede , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio , Humanos , Ouro/química , Ouro/farmacologia , Nanopartículas Metálicas/química , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo , Neoplasias Pulmonares/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patologia , Neoplasias Pulmonares/metabolismo , Mitocôndrias/efeitos dos fármacos , Mitocôndrias/metabolismo , Pemetrexede/farmacologia , Pemetrexede/química , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Antineoplásicos/química , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Células A549 , Ensaios de Seleção de Medicamentos Antitumorais , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Linhagem Celular TumoralRESUMO
BACKGROUND: A topological index is a real number associated with a graph that provides information about its physical and chemical properties and their correlations. Topological indices are being used successfully in Chemistry, Computer Science, and many other fields. METHODS: In this article, we apply the well-known Cartesian product on F-sums of connected and finite graphs. We formulate sharp limits for some famous degree-dependent indices. RESULTS: Zagreb indices for the graph operations T(G), Q(G), S(G), R(G), and their F-sums have been computed. By using orders and sizes of component graphs, we derive bounds for Zagreb indices, F-index, and Narumi-Katayana index. CONCLUSION: The formulation of expressions for the complicated products on F-sums, in terms of simple parameters like maximum and minimum degrees of basic graphs, reduces the computational complexities.
RESUMO
Topological indices are the mathematical tools that correlate the chemical structure with various physical properties, chemical reactivity or biological activity numerically. A topological index is a function having a set of graphs as its domain and a set of real numbers as its range. In QSAR/QSPR study, a prediction about the bioactivity of chemical compounds is made on the basis of physico-chemical properties and topological indices such as Zagreb, Randic and multiple Zagreb indices. In this paper, we determine the lower and upper bounds of Zagreb indices, the atom-bond connectivity (ABC) index, multiple Zagreb indices, the geometric-arithmetic (GA) index, the forgotten topological index and the Narumi-Katayama index for the Cartesian product of F-sum of connected graphs by using combinatorial inequalities.