Dental Caries Risk Assessment in Children 5 Years Old and under via Machine Learning.

BACKGROUND: Dental caries is a prevalent, complex, chronic illness that is avoidable. Better dental health outcomes are achieved as a result of accurate and early caries risk prediction in children, which also helps to avoid additional expenses and repercussions. In recent years, artificial intelligence (AI) has been employed in the medical field to aid in the diagnosis and treatment of medical diseases. This technology is a critical tool for the early prediction of the risk of developing caries. AIM: Through the development of computational models and the use of machine learning classification techniques, we investigated the potential for dental caries factors and lifestyle among children under the age of five. DESIGN: A total of 780 parents and their children under the age of five made up the sample. To build a classification model with high accuracy to predict caries risk in 0-5-year-old children, ten different machine learning modelling techniques (DT, XGBoost, KNN, LR, MLP, RF, SVM (linear, rbf, poly, sigmoid)) and two assessment methods (Leave-One-Out and K-fold) were utilised. The best classification model for caries risk prediction was chosen by analysing each classification model's accuracy, specificity, and sensitivity. RESULTS: Machine learning helped with the creation of computer algorithms that could take a variety of parameters into account, as well as the identification of risk factors for childhood caries. The performance of the classifier is almost unbiased, making it generalizable. Among all applied machine learning algorithms, Multilayer Perceptron and Random Forest had the best accuracy, with 97.4%. Support Vector Machine with RBF Kernel (with an accuracy of 97.4%) was better than Extreme Gradient Boosting (with 94.9% accuracy). CONCLUSION: The outcomes of this study show the potential of regular screening of children for caries risk by experts and finding the risk scores of dental caries for any individual. Therefore, in order to avoid dental caries, it is possible to concentrate on each individual by utilizing machine learning modelling.

An in vitro investigation of pre-treatment effects before fissure sealing.

BACKGROUND: Fissure sealants prevent occlusal caries in permanent molars. Enamel preparation methods are used before fissure sealing. AIMS: To investigate effects of bioglass air-abrasion pre-treatment with and without an adhesive, on fissure enamel of permanent teeth, with respect to etchability, microleakage and microtensile bond strength. DESIGN: Half of the occlusal surfaces of 50 extracted premolars underwent bioglass air-abrasion. Dye was applied to the entire occlusal surface. Photographs were taken to score etched surface by dye uptake. Adhesive was applied to 25 of the bioglass-treated areas and all teeth were fissure sealed, sectioned, and evaluated using confocal microscopy. Buccal and lingual surfaces of a further eight premolars were acid-etched and randomly received: air-abrasion, adhesive, both, or none before sealant application for microtensile bond strength measurement in half of the samples immediately and half following 6 months of water immersion. RESULTS: Linear mixed models and multinomial logistic regression were used (P = 0.05). Bioglass air-abrasion significantly improved enamel etchability and reduced microleakage. The addition of an adhesive made no difference to either microleakage or microtensile bond strength. The combination of bioglass abrasion and adhesive led to more cohesive, rather than adhesive, failure. CONCLUSIONS: Bioglass air-abrasion improved enamel etchability and reduced microleakage irrespective of the adhesive use but neither pre-treatment affected the microtensile bond strength.

Effect of different conditioning protocols on the adhesion of a glass ionomer cement to dentin.

AIM: The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of different surface treatments on the shear bond strength (SBS) of a resin modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC) to dentin. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Forty human third molar teeth were randomly divided into four groups (n=10). The occlusal enamel was removed to obtain a flat surface of dentin. Each group was treated as follows: Group 1: 10% polyacrylic acid (positive control); Group 2: 37% phosphoric acid followed by 5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl); Group 3: 1.1% APF gel; and Group 4: no conditioning (negative control). Fuji II LC glass ionomer was bonded to dentin using a cylindrical mold. Samples were thermocycled and debonded using a shear force with a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey tests (a = 0.05). RESULTS: The mean SBS in Groups 1 through 4 were 11.562+/-3.148, 8.060+/-1.781, 8.830+/-1.554, and 3.074+/-0.784 (MPa), respectively. There were significant differences in the SBS between Group 1 with other groups (P<0.05). There were no statistically significant differences between Groups 2 and 3, but the SBS of both of them were significantly higher than that of Group 4 (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Although the dentin SBS of Fuji II LC after conditioning with APF and phosphoric acid followed by NaOCl was greater than the unconditioned group (Group 4), polyacrylic acid yielded the best result. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Proper conditioning of dentin is effective in promoting close adaptation of RMGIC to dentin.

Successful Use of Factor VIII Concentrate and Fresh Frozen Plasma for Four Dental Extractions in an Individual with Combined Factor V and VIII Deficiency.

BACKGROUND: Combined factor V and VIII deficiency (CF5F8D) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder, with an estimated prevalence of about 1:100,000 in the Jewish population. Affected individuals have between 5 and 30% of normal levels of factor V and VIII, whereas the levels of other plasma proteins are not altered. This bleeding disorder has been treated by replacement therapy with plasma infusion and FVIII concentrate as source of factor V and VIII, respectively, depending on the severity of the haemorrhage. CASE REPORT: The individual with CF5F8D was a 22-year-old man with APTT of 51 s (control 33 s), PT of 27 s (control 12 s), factor V of 13%, and factor VIII of 21%. He had four untreatable carious teeth, including the maxillary first premolars and the mandibular first and second right molar. Factor VIII concentrate infusion began 12 h before the first dental extraction procedure and was continued in 8 h intervals. Moreover, 10 ml/kg of fresh frozen plasma were given for compensating factor V deficiency. No remarkable haemorrhage occurred during and after the procedures. The levels of factor V and VIII post procedures were 64 and 75%, respectively. CONCLUSION: It seems that plasma levels of 6075% for both factor V and VIII may be sufficient for major dental procedures.

Effect of cavosurface margin configuration of Class V cavity preparations on microleakage of composite resin restorations.

AIM: The aim of this study was to compare the marginal leakage of hybrid and microfilled composite resin in Class V restorations with and without an enamel bevel. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Fifty-six cavities were prepared on the buccal and lingual surfaces of 28 extracted human molars using a round bur with the dimensions of 3 x 2 x 1.5 mm. The specimens were divided into two groups of 28 based on the cavosurface margin configuration (beveled and non- beveled). Each group was then divided into two subgroups (n=14) based on the type of composite resin (microfilled and hybrid) used for restoration. After completing restorative procedure, specimens were thermocycled and immersed in 0.5% basic fuchsine. Samples were embedded in polyester and then sectioned both mesiodistally and buccolingually. Dye penetration was observed with a stereomicroscope at 25 x magnification. Statistical nonparametric analysis Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests were performed to compare the data (a=0.05). RESULTS: There was no statistically significant difference between the two types of composites and two types of enamel margins with respect to microleakage (P>%5). The degree of microleakage at the gingival margin located in dentin of each group was more than that of the enamel margin (P<%5). CONCLUSION: An enamel bevel in a Class V cavity preparation had no effect on the reduction of marginal leakage using either hybrid or microfilled composite resin.