Comparison of fiber reinforcing methods of composite resin: A flexural strength and stereo microscopy study.

This study aimed to compare the effect of fiber reinforcing methods on the flexural strength and failure modes of indirect composite resins. Based on the reinforcement methods, the bar specimens (3 × 3 × 25 mm) were divided into five groups (n = 20). Glass or polyethylene fibers were used for reinforcement of indirect composite resins. Fibers were either light polymerized and mixed with indirect composite resin or mixed with indirect composite resin after resin application and polymerized together. Indirect composite resin without fiber reinforcement was used as control. All five types of specimens were stored in distilled water at 37°C for 24 h. Half of the specimens were additionally thermocycled. Then the specimens were tested in a three-point bending test. Failure types were examined and categorized by using stereo microscope. The data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD test. Flexural strength was found to be significantly higher for fiber-reinforced indirect resin composites than control. However, the fiber-reinforced groups did not present any significant difference. Analysis revealed aging does not affect the flexure strength of fiber reinforcement of indirect composite resin. The study concluded that the flexure strength of indirect composite resins was improved with fiber reinforcement. Different fiber reinforcement methods demonstrated similar effects on the flexure strength of indirect composite resin. Reinforcement with glass or polyethylene fibers presented the potential to improve the mechanical properties of indirect composite resins. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Flexural strength of indirect composite resins are affected by the reinforcement of composites with glass or polyethylene fibers. Aging with thermocycling has no effect on the flexural strength of the indirect composite resins, however can cause catastrophic failures in material.

Effect of UV aging on translucency of currently used esthetic CAD-CAM materials.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the relative translucency parameter (RTP) values of computer-aided design (CAD)-computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) materials after UV aging. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 70 specimens (n = 10) of Bruxzir Anterior (BA); E.max Cad (EC); Lava Ultimate (LU); Cerasmart (CE); Vita Enamic (VE); Vita Suprinity (VS); Vita Mark II (VM) were prepared (1 mm ± 0.01 mm). Color measurements were performed using a spectrofotometer (VITA Easyshade). RTP values of the specimens before (RTP1 ) and after UV aging (RTP2 ) were evaluated. Statistical analyses were done with repeated measurements of two-way-ANOVA with Bonferroni test (P < 0.05). RESULTS: Evaluating RTP1 and RTP2 values; significant differences were found (P < 0.05). There were no significant difference between the RTP1 values of CE and VS (P = 0.779); EC and VM (P = 0.952); VM and LU (P = 0.995); EP and LU (P = 0.653). Evaluating RTP2 values; VE and BA were found significantly different from the others (P < 0.05). For all evaluated groups TP values decreased after UV aging (P < 0.05). The most RTP reduction was observed for LU; while VM and EC were less affected. CONCLUSION: Glass ceramic VE showed the highest RTP and zirconia-based BA was the most opaque restorative CAD-CAM material. UV aging caused the CAD-CAM materials get more opaque. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: In cases where translucency is needed chosing VE would give better esthetic results; while zirconia-based BA should be used if more opaque restoration is needed. Clinicians should be aware of that restorations get more opaque after usage.

Color relationships of natural anterior teeth: An In vivo study.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the color relationships between the anterior teeth in vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 640 volunteers (age: 18-22) participated in the study. The color measurements of left maxillary and mandibular central, lateral, and canine were performed using a colorimeter. Color differences were calculated according to the CIE L*a*b* (ΔE*) and CIEDE2000 (ΔE00*) system. The National Bureau of Standards (NBS) ratings were also evaluated. Statistical analyses were performed using two-way ANOVA and Fisher's exact test (P < 0.05). RESULTS: Significant differences were found between the L*, a*, b*, and ΔE* values (P < 0.05), except for mandibular central and lateral. ΔE* values were found between 1.5 ΔE* (mandibular central-mandibular lateral) and 8.1 ΔE* (maxillary central-maxillary canine). While the highest L* (80.5) and the least b* (15.1) values were obtained for mandibular central, the mean L* (73.6) and the mean b* values (21.3) were obtained for the maxillary canine. a* value was found to be highest for the mandibular lateral (1.1) and the least for the maxillary central (-0.2) teeth. NBS values were between 1.3 and 7.4 units, and only mandibular central and mandibular lateral teeth exhibited "almost the same" color values, while the other teeth exhibited "slightly different," "very different," or "remarkably different" color values. CONCLUSION: Anterior maxillary and mandibular teeth exhibited "different" color values. Only mandibular incisors and mandibular laterals showed "almost the same" color. Canines were more dark/red/yellow for both mandible and maxilla. Centrals were more bright/green/yellow for maxilla and bright/green/blue for mandibular. Clinicians should select the color one by one for each tooth and be aware of their color relations for optimal esthetics.

The Effect of Desensitizing Toothpastes and Coffee Staining on the Optical Properties of Natural Teeth and Microhybrid Resin Composites: An In-Vitro Study.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of different desensitizing toothpastes and coffee staining on the discoloration rate of natural human tooth and composite materials. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 56 human teeth and 56 composite specimens were used. After initial color measurements were taken, specimens and teeth were exposed to simulated toothbrushing with six desensitizing toothpastes containing different active ingredients: stannous fluoride, strontium acetate, potassium citrate and hydroxyapatite, cetylpyridinium chloride, arginine, and novamin. Specimens were then exposed to coffee staining. Throughout the staining procedure, the storing solution was refreshed every day and the specimens were brushed with the tested toothpastes. Color measurements and changes were recorded at each stage and analyzed with one-way ANOVA, Dunnett tests, and paired sample t-test (p<0.05). RESULTS: The largest color change was obtained with the stannous fluoride toothpaste after coffee staining for natural teeth (2.6 ΔE 00 ⁎) and composite specimens (3.1 ΔE 00 ⁎). Coffee staining resulted in significant changes for ΔE 00 ⁎ values of all groups, except for natural teeth brushed with a novamin-based (p= 0.06) toothpaste. For composite specimens, only the stannous fluoride and cetylpyridinium chloride-based toothpastes resulted in significant color changes relative to the control group. ΔL⁎ and Δb⁎ values were also increased after staining for all groups (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Desensitizing toothpastes alone did not cause perceptible color changes; however, in combination with coffee staining, it tended to increased discoloration for both composites and natural teeth.

Release of cetyl pyridinium chloride from fatty acid chelate temporary dental cement.

Objective To determine whether the antimicrobial nature of a fatty acid chelate temporary dental cement can be enhanced by the addition of 5% cetyl pyridinium chloride (CPC). Materials and methods The temporary cement, Cavex Temporary was employed, and additions of CPC were made to either the base or the catalyst paste prior to mixing the cement. Release of CPC from set cement specimens was followed using reverse-phase HPLC for a period of up to 2 weeks following specimen preparation. Potential interactions between Cavex and CPC were examined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and antimicrobial effects were determined using zone of inhibition measurements after 24 h with disc-shaped specimens in cultured Streptococcus mutans. Results FTIR showed no interaction between CPC and the components of the cement. CPC release was found to follow a diffusion mechanism for the first 6 h or so, and to equilibrate after approximately 2 weeks, with no significant differences between release profiles when the additive was incorporated into the base or the catalyst paste. Diffusion was rapid, and had a diffusion coefficient of approximately 1 × 10-9 m2 s-1 in both cases. Total release was in the range 10-12% of the CPC loading. Zones of inhibition around discs containing CPC were significantly larger than those around the control discs of CPC-free cement. Conclusions The antimicrobial character of this temporary cement can be enhanced by the addition of CPC. Such enhancement is of potential clinical value, though further in vivo work is needed to confirm this.

Storing Tooth Segments for Optimal Esthetics.

OBJECTIVE: A fractured whole crown segment can be reattached to its remnant; crowns from extracted teeth may be used as pontics in splinting techniques. We aimed to evaluate the effect of different storage solutions on tooth segment optical properties after different durations. STUDY DESIGN: Sixty central incisor crowns were divided into 6 groups (n = 10); Group 1 was kept dry; Groups 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 were placed in an isotonic solution, water, milk, saliva, and casein-phosphopeptide-amorphous-calcium-phosphate (CPP-ACP), respectively, for 30 min, 12 h, 1 day, 1 week, and 3 weeks. Color values were measured using a colorimeter. Data were analyzed with Kruskal-Wallis tests, Mann-Whitney U-tests, and Friedman Wilcoxon tests with Bonferroni stepwise corrections (p < 0.05). RESULTS: ΔE* values varied from 0.3 to 15.3 over the 3 week period. Group 1 demonstrated the greatest color changes over all durations; Group 6 exhibited the least. L*, a*, b*, and ΔE* values varied between time periods in all groups; the differences were significant (p < 0.01), except for L* and ΔE* values in Group 2 and a* values in Group 6 (p > 0.01). Comparing ΔE* values, Group 6 was significantly different from the other groups for all durations (p < 0.01), except Group 4. CONCLUSIONS: A CPP-ACP complex solution seems a good choice for tooth fragment storage. Milk and saliva solutions may cause perceptible color changes if tooth fragments are stored for 3 weeks before use.

Effects of thermal cycling on surface roughness, hardness and flexural strength of polymethylmethacrylate and polyamide denture base resins.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of thermal cycling on the surface roughness, hardness and flexural strength of denture resins. METHODS: Polyamide (PA; Deflex and Valplast) and polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA; QC-20 and Acron MC) denture materials were selected. A total of 180 specimens were fabricated and then divided into 3 groups. The first group (group 1) acted as a control and was not thermocycled. The second group (group 2) was subjected to thermocycling for 10,000 cycles in artificial saliva and 5,000 cycles in distilled water. The last group (group 3) was thermocycled for 20,000 cycles in artificial saliva and 10,000 cycles in distilled water. The surface roughness were measured with a profilometer. The hardness of the resins were measured with a Vickers Hardness Tester using a 100-gf load. The flexural strength test was performed using the universal test machine with a crosshead speed of 5 mm/min. Data were analyzed using statistical software. The results of the measurements in the 3 different tests were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis test with Bonferroni correction. Multiple comparisons were made by Conover and Wilcoxon tests. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: There was a significant difference between the PMMA and PA groups in terms of surface roughness, hardness and transverse strength before and after thermal cycling (p<0.001). Thermal cycling did not change the surface roughness, hardness and flexural strength values of either the PMMA or PA group (p>0.001).

Peri-Implant Plastic Surgical Approaches to Increasing Keratinized Mucosa Width.

The long-term efficacy of adequate keratinized mucosa (>2 mm) in dental implants is controversial. Peri-implant plastic surgeries are currently used because they increase keratinized mucosa width (KMW), helping to regain peri-implant health and maintaining it over the long-term. We present the clinical findings using free-gingival-graft (FGG) and free-periosteal-graft (FPG) techniques in peri-implant plastic surgery for implant rehabilitation patients. We included 20 patients with implant indications of inadequate KMW (KMW < 2 mm for postimplantation) in the maxilla and mandible. All underwent clinical and radiographic measurements and a treatment protocol was prepared for implant rehabilitation and subsequent peri-implant plastic surgery. A decision as to whether and when FGG or FPG techniques would be used was made. FGG/FPG was performed pre-implantation (before monocortical block-bone augmentation) or postimplantation (before/during/after stage 2 surgery). KMW was ≥ 2 mm after application of FGG/FPG pre- or post-implantation. Moreover, peri-implant tissue health was regained/maintained in all cases from 6 months to 4 years. Peri-implant plastic surgery techniques can prevent hard- and soft-tissue problems after implant rehabilitation and during treatment of developing problems. However, surgical design and timing, and an interdisciplinary perspective determine the success of peri-implant plastic surgery.

Effect of surface treatments on the bond strength of veneering ceramic to zirconia.

AIM: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of different surface treatments on the bond strength of veneering ceramic to zirconia. METHODS: Square (15 mm x 10 mm x 2 mm) zirconia specimens (n=18) received one of the following surface treatments: Group 1, sandblasting; Group 2, Clearfil ceramic primer application; Group 3, grinding; Group 4, alloy primer application; and Group 5, RelyX ceramic primer application. The zirconia core specimens were layered with a veneering porcelain (5 mm x 3 mm x 3 mm). Mean shear bond strength values (MPa) were calculated. Data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc pairwise comparisons (α=0.05). Fractured surfaces of the specimens were examined with scanning electron microscope (SEM). RESULTS: This study showed that bond strengths of the metal primer-treated zirconia specimens (Group 4) were significantly higher than those of the other paired groups. The application of metal primer affected the specimens' failure mode. SEM analysis demonstrated that Group 4 had mainly cohesive fractures, while the other groups showed approximately equal levels of adhesive and mixed fracture types. The mean and SD values for shear bond strengths ranged from 8.90 ± 3.42 MPa (Group 2) to 19.74 ± 4.96 MPa (Group 4). CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, the application of a metal primer to a zirconia core increased the bond strength of veneering ceramics. The use of chemical agents to improve the strength of the zirconia core's bond to veneering ceramic may have more benefits than the use of mechanical pretreatments.

Combined soft and hard tissue peri-implant plastic surgery techniques to enhance implant rehabilitation: a case report.

This case report presents an implant-aided prosthetic treatment in which peri-implant plastic surgery techniques were applied in combination to satisfactorily attain functional aesthetic expectations. Peri-implant plastic surgery enables the successful reconstruction and restoration of the balance between soft and hard tissues and allows the option of implant-aided fixed prosthetic rehabilitation.

Comparative effect of different polymerization techniques on residual monomer and hardness properties of PMMA-based denture resins.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to compare the residual monomer and microhardness of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)-based denture resins processed by using autoclave and conventional water bath techniques. METHODS: To determine the amount of residual methyl methacrylate (MMA) monomer, disk-shaped specimens (n=5) were prepared from 3 different acrylic resins (Meliodent, Paladent and Qc-20). Control groups were polymerized in water bath for 30 minutes at 100°C. The study groups were prepared in an autoclave device for 60°C/30 min followed 130°C/10 min and the other group for 60°C/30 min followed by 130°C/20 min. According to standard calibration curves, ultraviolet spectrophotometry at 230 nm was used to determine the residual monomer. For the Vickers hardness measurements, disk-shaped specimens (n=5) were prepared for each test group. Hardness measurements were performed with a Vickers hardness tester under a 4.91-N press load for a 30 seconds, after immersion in distilled water at 37ºC for 48 hours. The data were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey HSD test (p<0.05). RESULTS: Autoclave polymerization produced a significant decrease in the amount of residual monomers for all resin groups (p<0.05). This procedure also showed a significant increase in hardness for all resin groups (p<0.05). For the 3 resin groups, no significant differences were found between autoclave polymerization for 10 minutes and for 20 minutes (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The autoclave polymerization technique exhibited significantly lower residual monomer content and greater hardness than conventional heat polymerization.

Effects of protective resin coating on the surface roughness and color stability of resin-based restorative materials.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of nanofilled protective resin coating (RC) on the surface roughness (Ra) and color stability (ΔE) of resin-based restorative materials (RM) (compomer (C), nanofilled composite (NF), and microhybrid composite (MH)) after being submitted to the ultraviolet aging (UV) method. Thirty-six specimens were prepared (n = 6 for each group). The Ra and (ΔE) values and SEM images were obtained before and after UV. Significant interactions were found among the RM-RC-UV procedures for Ra (P < 0.001). After the specimens were submitted to UV, the Ra values were significantly increased, regardless of the RC procedure (with RC; P < 0.01 for all, without RC; C (P < 0.01), NF (P < 0.001), and MH (P < 0.001)) for each RM. Significant interactions were found between the RM-RC (P < 0.001) procedures for the ΔE values. The ΔE values were increased in each group after applying the RC procedures (P < 0.001). Protective RC usage for RM could result in material-related differences in Ra and ΔE as with used UV method.

Effect of different surface-cleaning techniques on the bond strength of composite resin restorations.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Different techniques have been suggested for cleaning dentin surfaces after the removal of an interim prosthesis and before the application of a bonding agent. How different surface-cleaning techniques affect the bond strength of the composite resin restorations is not clear. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of different surface-cleaning techniques on the bond strength of composite resin restorations and the surface topography of the prepared tooth surfaces. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The occlusal surfaces of 25 molars were ground until the dentin was exposed. A bonding agent and interim cement were applied on the teeth. The teeth were divided into 5 groups (n=5) according to the method used for surface-cleaning (microairborne-particle abrasion, alcohol, rubber-rotary instrument, desiccating agent, and control). Once the surfaces of the teeth had been cleaned, the same bonding material was applied to the teeth. A 5-mm-thick composite resin layer was built up. Each specimen was sectioned to microbars, and 6 centrally located beams were selected for microtensile testing (n=30) (1.10 ±0.10 mm). The data were statistically analyzed with 1-way ANOVA (1-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov test). The Bonferroni test was used for significantly different groups (α=.05). One specimen from each group was observed under a scanning electron microscope and an atomic force microscope. Energy dispersive x-ray analysis also was performed. RESULTS: Bond strength values were in the following descending order: microairborne-particle abrasion, desiccating agent, alcohol, rubber-rotary instrument, control. Differences between the microairborne-particle abrasion group and the remainder of the groups, desiccating agent--rubber-rotary instrument, desiccating agent-control, alcohol--rubber-rotary instrument, and alcohol-control groups, were statistically significant (P<.05). The microairborne-particle abrasion group displayed the roughest surface and a different surface topography from the remainder of the groups. Increased aluminum was observed in the microairborne-particle abrasion group. CONCLUSIONS: Surface-cleaning techniques, except for the rubber-rotary instrument, increased the bond strength of composite resin. The roughest dentin surfaces and highest bond strength were achieved with the microairborne-particle abrasion technique.

Do surface treatments affect the optical properties of ceramic veneers?

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Surface treatments may affect the optical properties of ceramic veneers before cementation. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether various surface treatments affect the optical properties of different types of ceramic veneers. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Disk-shaped ceramic veneers (N=280) were prepared from the IPS e.max Press, e.max CAD, Empress Esthetic, e.max Ceram, and Inline ceramic systems with 0.5-mm and 1.0-mm thicknesses. The ceramics were divided into 4 groups: no surface treatments; etched with hydrofluoric acid; airborne-particle abraded with 30-µm Al2O3; and irradiated with erbium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser. A translucent shade of resin was chosen for cementation. Color parameters were examined with a colorimeter. Statistical analyses were done with 3-way ANOVA and the Bonferroni test (P=.05). RESULTS: Significant interactions were noted between the surface treatments, ceramic type, and thickness for ΔE values (P=.01), and no significant interactions were noted for L* (P=.773), a* (P=.984), and b* (P=.998). The greatest color change occurred after airborne-particle abrasion with 0.5-mm-thick e.max Press (2.9 ΔE). Significant differences in ΔE values were found among the hydrofluoric acid, airborne-particle abrasion, and laser groups for 0.5-mm-thick ceramics, except IPS Inline, and among the hydrofluoric acid, airborne-particle abrasion, and laser groups for 1.0-mm-thick ceramics, except Empress Esthetic ceramics. CONCLUSIONS: The color change of the ceramics increased after the surface treatments, particularly as the ceramics became thinner.

How will surface treatments affect the translucency of porcelain laminate veneers?

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether surface treatments affect the translucency of laminate veneers with different shades and thicknesses. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 224 disc-shaped ceramic veneers were prepared from A1, A3, HT (High Translucent) and HO (High Opaque) shades of IPS e.max Press (Ivoclar Vivadent) with 0.5 mm and 1.0 mm thicknesses. The ceramics were divided into four groups for surface treatments. Group C: no surface treatments; Group HF: etched with hydrofluoric acid; Group SB: sandblasted with 30-µm Al2O3 [corrected]; and Group L; irradiated with an Er;YAG laser. A translucent shade of resin cement (Rely X Veneer, 3M ESPE) was chosen for cementation. The color values of the veneers were measured with a colorimeter and translucency parameter (TP) values were calculated. A three-way ANOVA with interactions for TP values was performed and Bonferroni tests were used when appropriate (α=0.05). RESULTS: There were significant interactions between the surface treatments, ceramic shades and thicknesses (P=.001). For the 0.5-mm-thick specimens there were significant differences after the SB and L treatments. There was no significant difference between the HF and C treatments for any shades or thicknesses (P>.05). For the 1-mm-thick ceramics, there was only a significant difference between the L and C treatments for the HT shade ceramics (P=.01). There were also significant differences between the SB and C treatments except not for the HO shades (P=.768). CONCLUSION: The SB and L treatments caused laminate veneers to become more opaque; however, HF treatment did not affect the TP values. When the laminate veneers were thinner, both the shade of the ceramic and the SB and laser treatments had a greater effect on the TP values.

Achieving the desired colour in discoloured teeth, using leucite-based CAD-CAM laminate systems.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the cumulative effect of the abutment tooth and resin cement colour on the resultant optical properties of porcelain laminate veneers (PLVs) fabricated with leucite-based CAD/CAM blocks with different shades and thicknesses. METHODS: A total of 224 ceramic specimens were prepared from the IPS Empress CAD with four different shades of HT-A1, LT-A1, MT-A1 and Bl-1. Resin composite discs were prepared with shade A3.5. For the cementation, 4 different shades of light-cure resin cements were chosen. L*, a*, and b* values, as well as the chroma (C) and hue (h) values of each cemented ceramic and the A1 shade table, were recorded. RESULTS: L*, Cab* and hab* values of the cemented ceramics were influenced by ceramic shade, ceramic thickness, cement shade, and interaction terms of the three variables. There were significant differences between the 1-mm-thick ceramic veneers that exhibited higher L* and lower Cab* values compared with veneers that were 0.5mm in thickness. Using the Tr shade cement resulted in lower L* and higher Cab* values for all thicknesses and ceramic shades, whereas the WO shade cement resulted in higher values. CONCLUSIONS: The selected colour of a laminate restoration is significantly affected by the ceramic shade, ceramic thickness and resin cement shade. Using the WO shade resin cement seems to be more effective in masking the discoloured abutment tooth. Clinicians should also select the translucency level of the ceramic block with the shade when a leucite-based CAD/CAM system is chosen to treat a discoloured tooth.

Effect of antiasthmatic medication on the surface roughness and color stability of dental restorative materials.

OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the effect of antiasthmatic medication on the surface roughness and color stability of dental restorative materials. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 60 disc-shaped specimens were fabricated from glass ionomer (n = 20), composite resin (n = 20) and feldspathic porcelain (n = 20). Each material group was randomly divided into two subgroups (n = 10): (1) control group and (2) test group. Control groups of the specimens were kept in artificial saliva. Test groups were exposed to salbutamol sulfate (Ventolin Nebules) using an inhaler machine. Surface roughness measurements were done using a profilometry and color measurements were done with digital colorimetry at baseline and after inhalation and storing in artificial saliva. A two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post-hoc Fisher's least significant difference test were used to compare the change in surface roughness and color. The confidence level was set at 95%. RESULTS: Inhaler treatment significantly increased the surface roughness and color change of glass ionomer and composite resin materials (p < 0.05), while the surface roughness and color of feldspathic porcelain was not changed after inhaler treatment (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: The antiasthmatic inhaler medication (salbutamol sulfate) affected the surface roughness and color of composite resin and glass ionomer restorative materials.

Effect of ultraviolet aging on translucency of resin-cemented ceramic veneers: an in vitro study.

PURPOSE: The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the translucency of ceramic veneers cemented with light- or dual-cured resin cements after accelerated aging. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 392 specimens were made of shade A1 with 0.5- and 1.0-mm thickness. Light-cured RelyX Veneer and dual-cured Maxcem Elite and Variolink II resin cements were applied on the porcelain discs with a thickness of 0.1 mm. Translucency parameter (TP) values of the ceramic veneers after cementation and UV aging test were evaluated. Statistical analyses were done with ANOVA and Tukey's tests and paired sample t-test (p < 0.05). RESULTS: All the resin cements affected the TP values of 0.5-mm-thick ceramic, while RelyX Veneer Tr (TP = 11.15; p = 0.608), Variolink II Tr (TP = 10.98; p = 0.55), and Maxcem Clear (TP = 11.81; p = 0.702) did not affect the translucency of 1-mm-thick ceramics (TP = 11.38). The aging process affected TP values of both ceramics and cemented ceramics, as the TP values decreased after aging. Among the TP values of opaque shade resin cements, there were significant differences between the "ceramic," "ceramic + RelyX Veneer WO," "ceramic + Variolink II WO," and "ceramic + Maxcem WO" variables for both 0.5 and 1 mm thicknesses (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences between "ceramic," "ceramic + RelyX Veneer Tr," "ceramic + Variolink II Tr," and "ceramic + Maxcem Clear" variables at 0.5 mm thickness, and there were no significant differences between "ceramic," "ceramic + RelyX Veneer Tr," and "ceramic + Variolink II Tr" variables after aging (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The TP of the same color of resin cements varied related to the type or brand. Aging caused both the ceramics and cemented ceramics to become more opaque.

Alternative interim treatment for single-tooth loss and diastema: two clinical reports.

Wide diastema can be a challenge when the patient demands rapid, conservative treatment. New adhesive materials and techniques provide several options for tooth replacement. This article describes 2 cases that illustrate successful rehabilitation of edentulous spaces with artificial porcelain teeth and glass fibre.