Potential of LARC to recover loss in satisfied demand for modern contraception after the COVID-19 pandemic: a case scenario analysis of Brazil and Mexico.

Objectives: To estimate inequalities in demand for family planning satisfied with modern methods among women in Latin America and the Caribbean, with an emphasis on Brazil and Mexico, and to calculate the scenario for recovery of modern contraceptive coverage by expanding access to long-acting contraceptives (LARC) after the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: National health surveys from 2006 to 2018 were used to estimate the demand for family planning satisfied with modern methods and how it was affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. The scenario included three variables: coverage, health outcomes, and costs. Considering coverage, United Nations Population Fund data were used to estimate the impact of COVID-19 on access to contraception in Latin America and the Caribbean. Health outcomes were assessed with the Impact 2 tool. Direct investment was used to evaluate cost-effectiveness. Results: Substantial inequalities were found in the use of modern contraceptive methods before the pandemic. We showed the potential cost-effectiveness of avoiding maternal deaths by introducing LARCs. Conclusions: In the scenario predicted for Brazil and Mexico, the costs of modern family planning and averted disability-adjusted life years are modest. Governments in Latin America and the Caribbean should consider promoting LARCs as a highly efficient and cost-effective intervention.

Potential of LARC to recover loss in satisfied demand for modern contraception after the COVID-19 pandemic: a case scenario analysis of Brazil and Mexico

[ABSTRACT]. Objectives. To estimate inequalities in demand for family planning satisfied with modern methods among women in Latin America and the Caribbean, with an emphasis on Brazil and Mexico, and to calculate the scenario for recovery of modern contraceptive coverage by expanding access to long-acting contraceptives (LARC) after the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods. National health surveys from 2006 to 2018 were used to estimate the demand for family planning satisfied with modern methods and how it was affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. The scenario included three variables: coverage, health outcomes, and costs. Considering coverage, United Nations Population Fund data were used to estimate the impact of COVID-19 on access to contraception in Latin America and the Caribbean. Health outcomes were assessed with the Impact 2 tool. Direct investment was used to evaluate cost-effectiveness. Results. Substantial inequalities were found in the use of modern contraceptive methods before the pandemic. We showed the potential cost-effectiveness of avoiding maternal deaths by introducing LARCs. Conclusions. In the scenario predicted for Brazil and Mexico, the costs of modern family planning and averted disability-adjusted life years are modest. Governments in Latin America and the Caribbean should consider promoting LARCs as a highly efficient and cost-effective intervention.

[RESUMEN]. Objetivos. Estimar las desigualdades en la demanda de planificación familiar satisfecha con métodos anticonceptivos modernos entre las mujeres de América Latina y el Caribe, especialmente en Brasil y México, y analizar el escenario de recuperación de la cobertura de los anticonceptivos modernos mediante la ampliación del acceso a los anticonceptivos de acción prolongada tras la pandemia de COVID-19. Métodos. Se emplearon encuestas nacionales de salud desde el año 2006 hasta el año 2018 para estimar la demanda de planificación familiar satisfecha con métodos modernos y el impacto de la pandemia de COVID-19. El escenario comprendía tres variables: cobertura, resultados en materia de salud y costos. En lo respectivo a la cobertura, se emplearon datos del Fondo de Población de las Naciones Unidas para evaluar la repercusión de la COVID-19 en el acceso a los anticonceptivos en América Latina y el Caribe. Los resultados en materia de salud se examinaron con la herramienta Impact 2. Se empleó la inversión directa para evaluar la costo-efectividad. Resultados. Se encontraron desigualdades sustanciales en el uso de métodos anticonceptivos modernos antes de la pandemia. Se demostró la posible costo-efectividad de evitar muertes maternas mediante la introducción de anticonceptivos de acción prolongada. Conclusiones. De acuerdo con el escenario previsto para Brasil y México, los costos de la planificación familiar moderna y los años de vida ajustados en función de la discapacidad evitados son moderados. Los gobiernos de América Latina y el Caribe deberían considerar la posibilidad de p

[RESUMO]. Objetivos. Estimar as desigualdades na demanda por planejamento familiar atendida por métodos contraceptivos modernos em mulheres da América Latina e do Caribe, com ênfase no Brasil e no México, e calcular o cenário de recuperação da cobertura por métodos contraceptivos modernos por meio da ampliação do acesso a métodos contraceptivos reversíveis de longa duração (LARC) após a pandemia de COVID-19. Métodos. Foram usadas pesquisas nacionais de saúde de 2006 a 2018 para estimar a demanda por planejamento familiar atendida por métodos contraceptivos modernos e como ela foi afetada pela pandemia de COVID-19. O cenário incluiu três variáveis: cobertura, desfechos de saúde e custos. Para cobertura, os dados do Fundo de População das Nações Unidas foram usados para estimar o impacto da COVID-19 no acesso à contracepção na América Latina e no Caribe. Desfechos de saúde foram avaliados com a ferramenta Impact 2. O investimento direto foi usado para avaliar a relação custo-benefício. Resultados. Foram constatadas desigualdades importantes no uso de métodos contraceptivos modernos antes da pandemia. Demonstramos a potencial relação custo-benefício de evitar mortes maternas mediante a introdução de LARC. Conclusões. No cenário previsto para o Brasil e o México, os custos do planejamento familiar moderno e dos anos de vida ajustados por incapacidade por ele evitados são modestos. Os governos da América Latina e do Caribe devem considerar a promoção dos LARC como uma intervenção altamente eficiente e custo-efetiva.

Potential of LARC to recover loss in satisfied demand for modern contraception after the COVID-19 pandemic: a case scenario analysis of Brazil and Mexico / Potencial de los anticonceptivos de acción prolongada para recuperar las pérdidas en la demanda satisfecha de anticonceptivos modernos después de la pandemia de COVID-19: análisis de escenarios en Brasil y México / Potencial dos métodos contraceptivos reversíveis de longa duração para recuperar a perda de demanda por planejamento familiar atendida por métodos contraceptivos modernos após a pandemia de COVID-19: análise de cenários do Brasil e do México

ABSTRACT Objectives. To estimate inequalities in demand for family planning satisfied with modern methods among women in Latin America and the Caribbean, with an emphasis on Brazil and Mexico, and to calculate the scenario for recovery of modern contraceptive coverage by expanding access to long-acting contraceptives (LARC) after the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods. National health surveys from 2006 to 2018 were used to estimate the demand for family planning satisfied with modern methods and how it was affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. The scenario included three variables: coverage, health outcomes, and costs. Considering coverage, United Nations Population Fund data were used to estimate the impact of COVID-19 on access to contraception in Latin America and the Caribbean. Health outcomes were assessed with the Impact 2 tool. Direct investment was used to evaluate cost-effectiveness. Results. Substantial inequalities were found in the use of modern contraceptive methods before the pandemic. We showed the potential cost-effectiveness of avoiding maternal deaths by introducing LARCs. Conclusions. In the scenario predicted for Brazil and Mexico, the costs of modern family planning and averted disability-adjusted life years are modest. Governments in Latin America and the Caribbean should consider promoting LARCs as a highly efficient and cost-effective intervention.

RESUMEN Objetivos. Estimar las desigualdades en la demanda de planificación familiar satisfecha con métodos anticonceptivos modernos entre las mujeres de América Latina y el Caribe, especialmente en Brasil y México, y analizar el escenario de recuperación de la cobertura de los anticonceptivos modernos mediante la ampliación del acceso a los anticonceptivos de acción prolongada tras la pandemia de COVID-19. Métodos. Se emplearon encuestas nacionales de salud desde el año 2006 hasta el año 2018 para estimar la demanda de planificación familiar satisfecha con métodos modernos y el impacto de la pandemia de COVID-19. El escenario comprendía tres variables: cobertura, resultados en materia de salud y costos. En lo respectivo a la cobertura, se emplearon datos del Fondo de Población de las Naciones Unidas para evaluar la repercusión de la COVID-19 en el acceso a los anticonceptivos en América Latina y el Caribe. Los resultados en materia de salud se examinaron con la herramienta Impact 2. Se empleó la inversión directa para evaluar la costo-efectividad. Resultados. Se encontraron desigualdades sustanciales en el uso de métodos anticonceptivos modernos antes de la pandemia. Se demostró la posible costo-efectividad de evitar muertes maternas mediante la introducción de anticonceptivos de acción prolongada. Conclusiones. De acuerdo con el escenario previsto para Brasil y México, los costos de la planificación familiar moderna y los años de vida ajustados en función de la discapacidad evitados son moderados. Los gobiernos de América Latina y el Caribe deberían considerar la posibilidad de promover los anticonceptivos de acción prolongada como intervención sumamente eficiente y costo-efectiva.

RESUMO Objetivos. Estimar as desigualdades na demanda por planejamento familiar atendida por métodos contraceptivos modernos em mulheres da América Latina e do Caribe, com ênfase no Brasil e no México, e calcular o cenário de recuperação da cobertura por métodos contraceptivos modernos por meio da ampliação do acesso a métodos contraceptivos reversíveis de longa duração (LARC) após a pandemia de COVID-19. Métodos. Foram usadas pesquisas nacionais de saúde de 2006 a 2018 para estimar a demanda por planejamento familiar atendida por métodos contraceptivos modernos e como ela foi afetada pela pandemia de COVID-19. O cenário incluiu três variáveis: cobertura, desfechos de saúde e custos. Para cobertura, os dados do Fundo de População das Nações Unidas foram usados para estimar o impacto da COVID-19 no acesso à contracepção na América Latina e no Caribe. Desfechos de saúde foram avaliados com a ferramenta Impact 2. O investimento direto foi usado para avaliar a relação custo-benefício. Resultados. Foram constatadas desigualdades importantes no uso de métodos contraceptivos modernos antes da pandemia. Demonstramos a potencial relação custo-benefício de evitar mortes maternas mediante a introdução de LARC. Conclusões. No cenário previsto para o Brasil e o México, os custos do planejamento familiar moderno e dos anos de vida ajustados por incapacidade por ele evitados são modestos. Os governos da América Latina e do Caribe devem considerar a promoção dos LARC como uma intervenção altamente eficiente e custo-efetiva.

Comparison of two cohorts of women who expulsed either a copper-intrauterine device or a levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system.

AIM: To assess if there is a difference in the characteristics of the women who expelled a copper-intrauterine device (TCu-IUD) or the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) and the frequency of expulsions over different periods of observation. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 19 697 medical charts of women consulting between January 1980 and December 2013 who requested a TCu-IUD or a LNG-IUS. RESULTS: The medical records of 17 644 Cu-IUD and 2053 LNG-IUS users returning to the clinic for a follow-up visit after insertion of an IUC were reviewed. Of these, 1532 Cu-IUD and 254 LNG-IUS parous users were found to have expelled the IUC for a first time. The mean age at insertion (± standard deviation) was 26.3 ± 6.6 years (range 16-49) for Cu-IUD users and 31.7 ± 7.6 years (range 18-48) for LNG-IUS users (P < 0.001). A total of 263 (13.4%) and 12 (4.3%) of the Cu-IUD and the LNG-IUS users were ≤19 years old, and 49.1% and 54.1% of the expulsions among the Cu-IUD and LNG-IUS users, respectively, were reported in the first six months after placement. A regression model showed that the variables significantly associated with an expulsion of either a Cu-IUD or LNG-IUS were age < 25 years, less than two deliveries and using a Cu-IUD. CONCLUSION: Our findings showed that the characteristics associated with IUC expulsion were age under 25 years, having had less than two deliveries and being users of Cu-IUD.

Gasto energético e medidas antropométricas de novas usuárias do contraceptivo injetável trimestral de acetato de medroxiprogesterona de depósito / Energy expenditure and anthropometric measurements in new users of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate

Objetivo:Avaliar o gasto energético e as medidas antropométricas de mulheres durante o primeiro ano de uso do método contraceptivo de acetato de medroxiprogesterona de depósito.Métodos:Estudo prospectivo com grupo de comparação. Foram incluídas mulheres saudáveis, não obesas, nunca usuárias de acetato de medroxiprogesterona de depósito e sem antecedentes que pudessem contribuir para a variação do peso corporal; foram distribuídas em dois grupos, 28 usuárias de acetato de medroxiprogesterona e 24 usuárias de dispositivo intrauterino de cobre, pareadas por idade (±1 ano) e índice de massa corporal (kg/m2). As variáveis estudadas foram sociodemográficas (idade, etnia, tabagismo, etilismo, atividade física, classe econômica e escolaridade), peso (kg), índice de massa corporal, gasto energético basal e total, medidas de circunferência de cintura e quadril (cm) e relação cintura-quadril.Resultados:A idade das mulheres variou de 20-39 anos. As médias de idade/índice de massa corporal foram 29,6 (DP=±5,2) anos/23,9 (±3,6 kg/m2), no grupo de acetato de medroxiprogesterona de depósito, e de 28,6 (DP=±5,2) anos/ 24,5 (±2,7 kg/m2), no grupo de dispositivo intrauterino de cobre. Após análise de variância para medidas repetidas, as usuárias de acetato de medroxiprogesterona de depósito apresentaram ganho de 2,2 kg no peso corporal e de -0,2 kg no grupo do dispositivo intrauterino de cobre, sem diferença estatisticamente significativa entre eles. Não houve discrepância nas demais variáveis estudadas.Conclusão:Mulheres saudáveis e jovens não apresentaram mudança no peso, nas medidas e nos gastos energéticos durante o primeiro ano de uso do contraceptivo acetato de medroxiprogesterona. A orientação em relação aos hábitos saudáveis de vida e o monitoramento de medidas são importantes para o controle do peso corporal em usuárias de métodos contraceptivos.

Objective:The objective of this study was to assess energy expenditure and the anthropometric profile of women during the first year of use of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate contraception.Methods:This prospective study included healthy non-obese women who had never used depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate and did not have a history of weight fluctuations. The women were divided into two groups composed of 28 depot medroxyprogesterone acetate users and 24 copper intrauterine device (TCu380A) users. They were paired for age (+1 year) and body mass index (+1 kg/m2). The following variables were used: sociodemographic characteristics (age, ethnicity, smoking status, alcohol consumption, physical activity, economic class, and education level), weight (kg), body max index, resting and total energy expenditure, waist and hip circumferences (cm), and waist-to-hip ratio.Results:The age of the women studied ranged from 20-39 years. The mean values of age/body mass index ratio were 29.6 (SD=+5.2) years/23.9 (+3.6 kg/m2) in the depot medroxyprogesterone acetate group and 28.6 (SD=+5.2) years/24.5 (+2.7 kg/m2) in the intrauterine device group. After conducting repeated measures analysis of variance, the users of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate showed weight gain of 2.2 kg, and those in the intrauterine device group showed weight loss of 0.2 kg without statistically significant difference between the groups. There were no significant differences between the other variables.Conclusion:There were no changes in weight, anthropometric measurements, and energy expenditure in the young and healthy women during the first year of use of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate contraception. Guidelines and recommendations for a healthy lifestyle to avoid changes in the anthropometric measurements are important for weight control in users of contraceptive methods.

[Prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis infection among women candidates for in vitro fertilization at a public institution of the State of São Paulo, Brazil]. / Prevalência de infecção por Chlamydia trachomatis em mulheres candidatas à fertilização in vitro em serviço público de referência do Estado de São Paulo.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) among women candidates to in vitro fertilization (IVF) in a reference public service in southeastern Brazil. METHODS: Women who were referred for IVF from April 1st, 2008 to December 31st, 2009 were enrolled sequentially in the study. A gynecological-obstetrical background questionnaire was applied and endocervical swab samples were obtained to search for CT and NG using hybrid capture and PCR. The variables studied were: age, color, education, duration of infertility, number of pregnancies and living children, history of miscarriage, ectopic pregnancy, number of sex partners, pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), pelvic surgery, manipulation of the uterine cavity, smoking, and illicit drug use. The women were distributed according to the presence/absence of confirmed chlamydia infection and descriptive analysis was employed. RESULTS: Among 176 women tested the prevalence of CT infection was 1.1% and there was no NG infection. Two thirds of the women were ≥30 years old, with schooling ≥8 years and ≤5 years of infertility, and 56.2% had no children. The main background data were pelvic surgery (77.8%), manipulation of the uterine cavity (62.5%) and PID (27.8%). The tubal factor was the most prevalent, 73.3% of women (from 129), 37.5% had been sterilized, 35.8% had not been sterilized, and other factors had a prevalence <30%. CONCLUSIONS: CT and NG infections had a low prevalence in this sample. Studies at other centers in the country are needed to confirm the prevalence of infection in this particular group of infertile women.

Prevalência de infecção por Chlamydia trachomatis em mulheres candidatas à fertilização in vitro em serviço público de referência do Estado de São Paulo / Prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis infection among women candidates for in vitro fertilization at a public institution of the State of São Paulo, Brazil

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a prevalência de infecção por Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) e Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) em mulheres candidatas ao tratamento tópico e de fertilização in vitro (FIV) em serviço público de referência da Região Sudeste do Brasil. MÉTODOS: Mulheres que tiveram indicação de FIV, no período de 1º de abril de 2008 a 31 de outubro de 2009, foram admitidas sequencialmente no estudo. Foi aplicado um questionário sobre antecedentes ginecológicos e obstétricos e coletada amostra de swab endocervical para pesquisa de CT e NG através de captura híbrida e PCR. As variáveis estudadas foram: faixa etária, cor, escolaridade, tempo de infertilidade, número de gestações e filhos vivos, antecedentes de aborto, gestação ectópica, número de parceiros, Doença Inflamatória Pélvica (DIP), cirurgia pélvica, manipulação de cavidade uterina, tabagismo e uso de drogas ilícitas. As mulheres foram distribuídas segundo presença ou não de infecção por clamídia e a análise foi descritiva. RESULTADOS: Entre as 176 mulheres estudadas a prevalência de infecção por CT foi de 1,1%, não houve infecção por NG. Dois terços das mulheres tinham idade >30 anos, escolaridade >8 anos, <5 anos de infertilidade e 56,2% não tinham filhos. Os principais antecedentes foram cirurgia pélvica (77,8%), manipulação de cavidade uterina (62,5%) e DIP (27,8%). O fator tubário foi o mais prevalente, em 129 mulheres (73,3%), 37,5% com e 35,8% sem laqueadura, os demais fatores tiveram prevalência <30%. CONCLUSÕES: As infecções por CT e NG tiveram baixa prevalência na amostra estudada e são necessários estudos em outros centros do país para confirmar a prevalência de infecções nesse grupo particular de mulheres inférteis.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) among women candidates to in vitro fertilization (IVF) in a reference public service in southeastern Brazil. METHODS: Women who were referred for IVF from April 1st, 2008 to December 31st, 2009 were enrolled sequentially in the study. A ginecological-obstetrical background questionnaire was applied and endocervical swab samples were obtained to search for CT and NG using hybrid capture and PCR. The variables studied were: age, color, education, duration of infertility, number of pregnancies and living children, history of miscarriage, ectopic pregnancy, number of sex partners, pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), pelvic surgery, manipulation of the uterine cavity, smoking, and illicit drug use. The women were distributed according to the presence/absence of confirmed chlamydia infection and descriptive analysis was employed. RESULTS: Among 176 women tested the prevalence of CT infection was 1.1% and there was no NG infection. Two thirds of the women were >30 years old, with schooling >8 years and <5 years of infertility, and 56.2% had no children. The main background data were pelvic surgery (77.8%), manipulation of the uterine cavity (62.5%) and PID (27.8%). The tubal factor was the most prevalent, 73.3% of women (from 129), 37.5% had been sterilized, 35.8% had not been sterilized, and other factors had a prevalence <30%. CONCLUSIONS: CT and NG infections had a low prevalence in this sample. Studies at other centers in the country are needed to confirm the prevalence of infection in this particular group of infertile women.

[Associated factors with discontinuation use of combined oral contraceptives]. / Fatores associados à descontinuação do uso de anticoncepcionais orais combinados.

PURPOSE: Due to the scarce information available in Brazil in relation to the number of women who initiated the use of combined oral contraceptives and prematurely discontinued, the objective was to assess the reasons for discontinuation of the use of several combined oral contraceptives among Brazilian women living in urban areas. METHODS: A cross-sectional study with 400 gynecologists registered withy the Brazilian Federation of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Each physician interviewed 10 non-pregnant, not breastfeeding, not amenorrheic women aged 18 to 39 years who consulted requesting combined oral contraceptive (COC) with a questionnaire at the beginning of use and at six months later. The questionnaire included sociodemographic data, type of COC chosen or prescribed and reasons for discontinuation when it occurred during follow-up. The strategy of selection allowed the inclusion of women from different socioeconomic strata, however, only those attended at private or insurance offices. The sample size was estimated at 1,427 women. RESULTS: A total of 3,465 interviews were conducted at the first visit and 1,699 six months later. The women were 20 to 29 years old, 57.3% were single and an equal proportion of 45.0% attended high school or college. Most (60.7%) were nulligravidas and among those who had used some contraceptive before, 71.8% had used a COC. Among the more prescribed or chosen COC the most prevalent were monophasic with ethynil estradiol (20 µg) and regarding progestin the most prevalent was with gestodene (36.5%) followed by a COC with drosperinone (22.0%). At six months 63.5% still used COC. Among those who discontinued the main reasons were wishing to become pregnant (36.5%) and side effects (57.3%) and the most prevalent were headache (37.6%), weight gain (16.6%) and irregular bleeding (23.6%). CONCLUSIONS: The continuation rate of COC was low at six months and this study could contribute to a better counseling on the part of physicians of patients who initiate COC about side-events that are rare, minimal and temporary and about the benefits of COC use.

Fatores associados à descontinuação do uso de anticoncepcionais orais combinados / Associated factors with discontinuation use of combined oral contraceptives

OBJETIVO: Avaliar as razões para descontinuar diversos anticoncepcionais orais combinados entre mulheres brasileiras iniciantes do método, residentes em áreas urbanas. MÉTODOS: Estudo de corte transversal com 400 ginecologistas do Brasil, registrados na Federação Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. Cada médico entrevistou 10 mulheres não grávidas, não lactantes, não em amenorreia, com idades entre 18 e 39 anos que consultavam solicitando anticoncepcional oral combinado (ACO), com um questionário no início de uso e aos 6 meses posteriores. O questionário incluiu dados sociodemográficos, tipo de ACO escolhido ou prescrito e razões para descontinuação, caso ocorresse durante o seguimento. A estratégia de seleção permitiu a inclusão de mulheres de diferentes estratos socioeconômicos, mas somente atendidas em consultórios privados ou de convênios. O tamanho da amostra foi estimado em 1.427 mulheres. RESULTADOS: Foram obtidas 3.465 entrevistas na primeira visita e 1.699 aos 6 meses posteriores. As mulheres tinham predominantemente entre 20 e 29 anos, 57,3 por cento eram solteiras e em proporção quase igual de 45 por cento tinham ensino médio ou superior. A maioria (60,7 por cento) era nuligestas e dentre as que tinham usado algum método contraceptivo anteriormente, 71,8 por cento tinham utilizado ACO. Entre os ACO mais prescritos ou escolhidos, o mais prevalente foram os monofásicos com etinilestradiol (20 µg) e no tocante ao progestágeno, o mais prevalente foi com gestodeno (36,5 por cento), seguido por ACO com drosperinona (22,0 por cento). Aos 6 meses, 63,5 por cento continuavam em uso do ACO. Dentre as que descontinuaram o uso, as principais razões dadas foram: desejo de engravidar (36,5 por cento) e efeitos colaterais (57,3 por cento) como cefaléia (37,6 por cento), aumento de peso (16,6 por cento) e sangramento irregular (23,6 por cento). ..

PURPOSE: Due to the scarce information available in Brazil in relation to the number of women who initiated the use of combined oral contraceptives and prematurely discontinued, the objective was to assess the reasons for discontinuation of the use of several combined oral contraceptives among Brazilian women living in urban areas. METHODS: A cross-sectional study with 400 gynecologists registered withy the Brazilian Federation of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Each physician interviewed 10 non-pregnant, not breastfeeding, not amenorrheic women aged 18 to 39 years who consulted requesting combined oral contraceptive (COC) with a questionnaire at the beginning of use and at six months later. The questionnaire included sociodemographic data, type of COC chosen or prescribed and reasons for discontinuation when it occurred during follow-up. The strategy of selection allowed the inclusion of women from different socioeconomic strata, however, only those attended at private or insurance offices. The sample size was estimated at 1,427 women. RESULTS: A total of 3,465 interviews were conducted at the first visit and 1,699 six months later. The women were 20 to 29 years old, 57.3 percent were single and an equal proportion of 45.0 percent attended high school or college. Most (60.7 percent) were nulligravidas and among those who had used some contraceptive before, 71.8 percent had used a COC. Among the more prescribed or chosen COC the most prevalent were monophasic with ethynil estradiol (20 µg) and regarding progestin the most prevalent was with gestodene (36.5 percent) followed by a COC with drosperinone (22.0 percent). At six months 63.5 percent still used COC. Among those who discontinued the main reasons were wishing to become pregnant (36.5 percent) and side effects (57.3 percent) and the most prevalent were headache (37.6 percent), weight gain (16.6 percent) and irregular bleeding (23.6 percent)...

Emerging female contraceptives.

INTRODUCTION: Fifty years after the first contraceptive, the market remains restricted regarding composition, cost and routes of administration, and satisfying the needs of millions of women with different requirements according to their stage in life. AREAS COVERED: Women need contraception for almost 30 years of their life. Currently available contraceptives are highly effective with few side effects. This review provides information on emerging female contraceptives including some registered and others at different stages of development. Research efforts aim to reduce costs, improve acceptability and refine 'forgettable' reversible methods. Although developing and testing a new method is laborious and expensive, many new contraceptives are currently under development including different routes of administration. EXPERT OPINION: New methods should be affordable, simple to use and suitable for many women. Much work remains to be done and new methods that act on the fusion process between both gametes are desirable without affecting the hormonal milieu.

[Weight variation in users of the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system, of the copper IUD and of medroxyprogesterone acetate in Brazil]. / Variação de peso em usuárias de sistema intra-uterino liberador de levonorgestrel, DIU T-cobre e acetato de medroxiprogesterona no Brasil.

BACKGROUND: Assess weight variations in Brazilian users of the 20 microg/day levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG-IUS, Mirena) for comparison with a cohort of users of the TCu 380A intrauterine device (IUD) and a cohort of users of the injectable contraceptive, depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) over a period of five years. METHODS: A total of 163 users of the LNG-IUS, who had the device inserted in 1998, were admitted to the study. At the time of enrollment, each woman was matched by weight (+/- 1 kg) and age (+/- 1 year) to a woman using a TCu 380A IUD and to another woman using DMPA. All women were followed up for a period of five years. Each year weight was measured and the body mass index (BMI, kg/m2) was calculated. RESULTS: Age of the LNG-IUS users was 27.0 +/- 6.7 years (mean +/- SD), while age of the copper IUD users was 28.0 +/- 6.6 years and that of DMPA users was 26.9 +/- 6.5 years. Weight recorded at the onset of the study was 62.9 +/- 0.8 kg, 62.8 +/- 0.8 kg, and 62.5 +/- 0.9 kg (Mean +/- SD) for users of the LNG-IUS, the copper IUD, and DMPA, respectively. The BMI of women was initially 25.0 (+/- 0.3), 26.4 (+/- 0.3), and 25.5 (+/- 0.4), (Mean +/- SD), for users of the LNG-IUS, copper IUD, and DMPA, respectively. Weight increases of 3.1 kg, 4.9 kg and 8.2 kg were observed at the end of the fifth year among users of the LNG-IUS, copper IUD, and DMPA, respectively (p = 0.009). Increase of the BMI was also observed among all groups (final BMI was 26.3 +/- 0.7, 28.5 +/- 0.8 and 28.7 +/- 1.3 for users of the LNG-IUS, copper IUD and DMPA, respectively). Multivariate analysis showed that there was a significant association between weight increase and length of use of the contraceptive method and of the DMPA. CONCLUSION: The use of a LNG-IUS during five years caused no significant weight increase and the difference in weight was of the same magnitude as that of copper IUD users.

Variação de peso em usuárias de sistema intra-uterino liberador de levonorgestrel, DIU T-cobre e acetato de medroxiprogesterona no Brasil / Weight variation in users of the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system, of the copper IUD and of medroxyprogesterone acetate in Brazil

OBJETIVO: Determinar a variação de peso corpóreo em mulheres usuárias de sistema intra-uterino liberador de 20 mg/dia de levonorgestrel (SIU-LNG, Mirena®) e compará-la com a variação de peso de usuárias de dispositivo intra-uterino T cobre 380A (DIU Tcu) e usuárias de acetato de medroxiprogesterona de depósito (AMP-D) ao longo de cinco anos. MÉTODOS: Foram analisadas 163 mulheres usuárias de SIU-LNG que tiveram a inserção do mesmo em 1998 durante a admissão para o estudo. Cada mulher foi pareada por peso (± 1kg) e por idade (± 1 ano) no início do estudo, com as usuárias de DIU Tcu e AMP-D. Todas as mulheres foram seguidas por até cinco anos. Nesse período foram medidos seus pesos e calculados os índices de massa corpórea (IMC). RESULTADOS: A média de idade das usuárias de SIU-LNG foi 27±6,7 anos, enquanto que das usuárias de DIU Tcu foi 28±6,6 anos e das usuárias de AMP-D foi de 26,9±6,5 anos. O peso inicial era 62,9 ± 0,8 kg, 62,8 ± 0,8 kg e 62,5 ± 0,9 kg para as usuárias de SIU-LNG, DIU Tcu e AMP-D, respectivamente. O IMC no início do estudo era 25 (±0,3), 26,4 (±0,3) e 25,5 (±0,4) para as usuárias de SIU-LNG, DIU Tcu e AMP-D, respectivamente. Foi observado um aumento de peso de 3,1 kg, 4,9 kg e 8,2 kg para as usuárias de SIU-LNG, DIU Tcu e AMP-D, respectivamente, ao final do quinto ano (p=0,009). O IMC também apresentou um aumento em todos os grupos (IMC final de 26,3 ± 0,7, 28,5 ± 0,8 e 28,7 ± 1,3 para as usuárias de SIU-LNG, DIU Tcu e AMP-D, respectivamente). A análise multivariada mostrou que o uso de AMP-D e seu tempo de uso foram significativos em relação ao ganho de peso. CONCLUSAO: O uso de SIU-LNG não mostrou aumento significativo no ganho de peso ao longo dos cinco anos, bem como diferença na variação de peso quando comparado com o uso de DIU Tcu.