Bioactive compounds of Punica granatum L. wastes by high performance liquid chromatography analysis.

The massive pomaces of Punica granatum L. exhibit a challenging losses exposure difficulty for the processing industries. The resent study was aimed to investigate the bioactive compounds of pomace extracts to introduce it to different industries such as pharmaceutical, food, medicinal, agricultural etcetera for optimum use. Four different extracts were prepared and the phenolic compounds were quantified using HPLC-DAD. Different amounts of phenolic compounds were detected in the samples including gallic acid, catechin, ellagic acid, rosmarinic acid, hesperidin, p-coumaric acid and chlorogenic acid. Gallic acid was major compound in all studied extracts of pomaces, with the maximum amount belonging to water extract (at 60 °C). The average amount of gallic acid detected in water extract (at 60 °C) of Punica granatum L. was 11.25 mg g-1 dry weight, while it was 3.24 3.02 and 1.09 mg g-1 dry weight for the extracts obtained by distilled water, methanol and methanol 80%, respectively.

Lagoecia cuminoides L., its antioxidant activity and polyphenolic constituents from Iran.

Lagoecia cuminoides L. belongs to the family of Umbelliferae (Apiaceae), and known also as common wild cumin. The aerial parts of L. cuminoides were collected at the flowering stage and dried, then the methanolic extract was analyzed for polyphenol compounds identified by HPLC-DAD and antioxidant activity (DPPH(2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging assay). It was found that the predominant phenolic constituents were chlorogenic acid, hesperidin, rosmarinic acid, hesperetin and vanillin. The antioxidant activity of methanolic extract from L. cuminoides was found 1597 µg/mL in DPPH scavenging assay. There is no strict positive relationship between the polyphenolic content and antioxidant activity of extracts.

Gontscharovia popovii, a new source of carvacrol, its polyphenolic constituents, essential oil analysis, total phenolic content and antioxidant activity.

The experiment was carried out using the shadow-dried aerial parts including leaves and shoots of Gontscharovia popovii collected in Fars province in order to investigate the polyphenolic compositions, antioxidant activity, total phenolic content and essential oil constituents. The result showed IC50 of 395.77 µg mL-1 and total phenolic content of about 20.01 mg g-1 gallic acid equivalent dry weight. It also showed a wild range of polyphenols such as; Gallic acid, catechin, chloregenic acid, rutin, vanillin, trans-Ferulic acid, sinapic acid, coumarin, hesperedin, quercetin, hesperetin, eugenol and carvacrol as the main detected polyphenols. Some major compounds were also detected through essential oil analysis, such as; 76.7% carvacrol, 4.25% γ-Terpinene, 3.8% p-Cymene and 2.4% (E)-Caryophyllene. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of chemical compounds of G. popovii was performed using HPLC, GC, GC/MS and microplate reader.

Essential oil composition of aerial parts of Micromeria persica Boiss. from Western of Shiraz, Iran.

Micromeria persica Boiss. is medicinal and aromatic plant, belonging to the Lamiaceae family. The chemical composition of the essential oils (EOs) from aerial parts of M. persica were extracted using hydro-distillation method and analysed using GC and GC-MS. Fifty-two compounds were identified in the EOs of aerial parts of M. persica. The main chemical compositions were n-hexadecanoic acid (14.9%), thymol (9.5%), linoleic acid (8.0%), carvacrol (5.6%), (E)-nerolidol (5.5%), linolenic acid (5.5%), α-cadinol (2.7%), linalool (2.7%), borneol (2.6%), caryophyllene oxide (2.3%) and pulegone (2.0%). Presence of borneol, thymol, carvacrol and pulegone suggests the potential of this plant as a flavouring source in the food industry, being used in perfumery and cosmetics industry, vitamin E synthesis and exhibit strong fungicidal, antibacterial and antimicrobial activities.

Antioxidant activity, polyphenolic contents and essential oil composition of Pimpinella anisum L. as affected by zinc fertilizer.

BACKGROUND: The antioxidant activity and essential oil content of plants may vary considerably with respect to environmental conditions, especially nutrient availability. Among micronutrients, zinc (Zn) is needed by plants in only small amounts but is crucial to plant development. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of Zn fertilization on the antioxidant activity, polyphenolic contents and essential oil composition of Pimpinella anisum fruit. RESULTS: Foliar application of Zn fertilizer considerably increased the number of detected essential oil components from 27 to 45. Zinc application at a rate of 0.2% (w/v) significantly enhanced the levels of ß-bisabolene, germacrene D, n-decane and α-zingiberene, whereas the opposite trend was observed for (E)-anethole and geijerene. Application of 0.2% Zn considerably increased the levels of phenolic compounds, with chlorogenic acid showing the highest content among eight phenolic compounds detected in treated plants. The maximum antioxidant activity was achieved through application of 0.2% Zn fertilizer. CONCLUSION: These findings indicated that the quality and quantity of anise fruit essential oil components were significantly altered by application of low levels of Zn. After foliar application of Zn, polyphenolic contents as well as antioxidant activity of anise fruit increased. Using Zn fertilizer is an efficient method to improve the pharmaceutical and food properties of anise fruit. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.

The constituents of essential oil in leaves of Karaj accession of Trigonella foenum graecum.

The chemical composition of the essential oils of Karaj accession of Trigonella foenum graecum leaves was detected by hydro-distillation and analysed by gas chromatography (GC-FID) and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) apparatuses for first time. Thirty-six compounds representing 95.3% of the total components were identified. The patterns of the main compounds were (2E)-Hexenal (26.61%), n-Hexadecanoic acid (10.14%) and (E)-b-Ionone (7.99%). Other notable constituents were Thymol (4.79%), 6,10,14-trimethyl-2-Pentadecanone (4.59%), Carvacrol (3.40%), (E)-Nerolidol (3.32%) and (2E,6Z)-Nonadienal (3.30%). (2E)-Hexenal was found as the most dominant component in this study.

Essential oil composition, free radical scavenging activity and polyphenolic content of Gaillonia eriantha Jaub. & Spach from Iran.

Gaillonia eriantha is a member of family Paederieae (Rubiaceae). The essential oil of G. eriantha growing wild in south of Iran was obtained by hydrodistillation and analysed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Antioxidante activity and polyphenolic content were identified by DPPH microplate method and HPLC-DAD, respectively. Twenty-two compounds were identified in the oil. The major volatile compounds were camphor (14.8%), octyl formate (14.7%), 1,8-cineole (10.9%), n-decane (8.1%), n-undecane (6.8%), n-dodecane (6.1%), n-nonane(5.4%) and α-agarofuran (5.2%). The antioxidant activity of the extract of G. eriantha was found to be 786.57 µg/mL. It was found that the predominant phenolic constituents were chlorogenic acid (2.23 mg/g), catechin (0.37 mg/g), hesperidin (0.13 mg/g), trans-ferulic acid (0.12 mg/g), caffeic acid (0.051 mg/g), carvacrol (0.028 mg/g) and vanillin (0.021 mg/g), respectively.

Chemical constituents of the essential oil from aerial parts and fruit of Anisosciadium orientale.

The essential oils from aerial parts and fruits of Anisosciadium orientale DC. growing wild in Iran were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Seventy-one compounds were identified in the fruit oil and fifteen in the oil from the aerial parts. The main oil components of the fruits and aerial parts were myristicin (33.5%-33.7%), alpha-terpinolene (22%-25.8%) and limonene (19.5%-19.7%). Some compounds, such as geranyl butyrate and germacrene-D, were only detected in the fruit oil.