Association of Leptin and Retinol Binding Protein 4 with the Risk of Gestational Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies.

The positive correlation between serum levels of retinol binding protein 4 (RBP4) and gestational diabetes (GDM) has been proven in the previous meta-analysis on case-control studies. However, its association with serum levels of leptin is not studied in any meta-analysis. Therefore, we performed an updated systematic review of observational studies evaluating the association between serum RBP4 and leptin with the risk of GDM. A systematic search was performed on four databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, up to March 2021. After screening and deleting duplicates, nine articles met our inclusion criteria. Studies had case-control and cohort design, and included 5074 participants with a mean age range between 18 and 32.65 years (2359 participants for RBP4 and 2715 participants for leptin). Interestingly, this meta-analysis revealed higher levels of RBP4 (OR=2.04; 95% CI: 1.37, 3.04) and leptin (OR=2.32; 95% CI: 1.39, 3.87) are significantly associated with the increased risk of overall GDM. The subgroup analysis approved the results based on the study design, trimester of pregnancy and serum/plasms to investigate the source of heterogeneity. The present meta-analysis determines serum leptin and RBP4 levels as predictors of GDM occurrence. However, studies included in this meta-analysis showed significant heterogeneity.

Effects of an Iranian traditional fermented food consumption on blood glucose, blood pressure, and lipid profile in type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: Ash-Kardeh is one of the few fermented foods without a dairy base in Iran, which is traditionally prepared from cereals and plants in the presence of microorganisms (mainly lactic acid bacteria). PURPOSE: This study aimed to assess the effects of Ash-Kardeh consumption on blood glucose, lipid profile, and blood pressure in type 2 diabetic patients. METHODS: Forty-six patients with type 2 diabetes were studied in this randomized controlled clinical trial. Subjects were randomly allocated into intervention (n = 23) and control (n = 23) groups. Individuals of both groups received the usual treatment of diabetic patients, while those in the intervention group, in addition to the usual treatment, received 250 g of Ash-Kardeh daily for 6 weeks. Fasting blood glucose, blood pressure, and lipid profiles were measured before and after the intervention. RESULTS: Compared to the control group, Ash-Kardeh consumption led to a significant decrease in fasting blood glucose (P = 0.003), total cholesterol (P = 0.025), triglyceride (P = 0.003), systolic (P < 0.001), and diastolic blood pressure (P = 0.014) in the intervention group. Also, a significant increase in the concentrations of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P = 0.048) was observed after Ash-Kardeh consumption. CONCLUSION: It seems that Ash-Kardeh consumption could improve high blood glucose, lipid profile, and hypertension in type 2 diabetic patients but does not affect low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations. This study was registered on 2019-09-15 in the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials ( www.irct.ir ) with the code number IRCT20170202032367N3.

Nutritional literacy status and its related factors in students of Yasuj University of Medical Sciences

INTRODUCTION: it is necessary to evaluate the level of nutritional literacy before performing any educational measurement related to nutrition. As a matter of fact, an effective education is the result of proportional education level with the level of understanding the target group. This study is aimed to determine nutritional literacy status. OBJECTIVES: In this study, students of Yasuj University of Medical Sciences were considered as research sample set. Then, factors affecting the nutritional literacy status were designed and implemented for the study. METHODS: A total of 397 students were selected for this descriptive-analytical study. A systematic sampling method was developed and nutritional literacy status was assessed through a localized questionnaire based on the Evaluation Instrument of Nutrition literacy on Adults (EINLA). SPSS Statistics 23 software package was employed for statistical analysis. RESULTS: In this study, students participated in 11 disciplines with the mean and standard deviation of 22.04 ± 2.33 years. The results showed that the mean score of students' nutritional literacy was 24.9 out of 35. According to the results, 1% of students were dealt with the problem of inadequate nutritional literacy and 50.9% and 48.12% of students had borderline nutritional literacy and adequate nutritional literacy, respectively. In addition, the results revealed that higher semester students had more nutritional literacy than other students. Furthermore, nutritional literacy was significantly correlated with the semester, field of study, students' residence and body mass index (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: The results demonstrated that most of the students had borderline and sufficient nutritional literacy, but they had a significant weakness in determining their nutritional units

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