Long-Term Protective Effects and Mechanisms of Gastric Bypass Surgery on the Kidneys in Hypertensive Obese Rat.

OBJECTIVE: Investigate the long-term protective effects of gastric bypass surgery on the kidneys of hypertensive obese rats to better understand the role of gastric bypass surgery in preventing renal injury in humans with hypertension and obesity. METHODS: Compare 6-week-old spontaneously hypertensive rats, including 30 Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and 30 sham operations. Body weight and blood pressure were monitored before and up to 12 months after the operation. Blood lipids, blood creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen were measured. Kidney pathology was assessed using HE staining, while renal fibrosis was observed via Masson staining. Inflammatory indicators were examined by ELISA. The expression of the NLRP3 gene in the kidney was measured using immunofluorescence and western blot, and the changes in key pathways including ASC/IL-1ß protein were verified. RESULTS: RYGB reduced the body weight of hypertensive obese rats and had a protective effect on blood pressure. Additionally, the bypass effectively mitigated renal inflammation and fibrosis. Moreover, RYGB modulated the expression of NLRP3 and prevented kidney damage via the ASC/IL-1 pathway. CONCLUSION: This study validates that RYGB effectively attains sustained blood pressure control in hypertensive obese rats and has a potential kidney-protective mechanism via the NLRP3-ASC/IL-1ß pathway.

Efficacy and safety of durvalumab + chemotherapy vs. atezolizumab + chemotherapy in the treatment of small­cell lung cancer: a retrospective comparative cohort study.

Background: Durvalumab and atezolizumab have recently been approved in extensive small cell lung cancer (SCLC) with moderate median overall survival (OS) improvements. However, only limited data exist regarding the impact of immunotherapy in real-world SCLC patients. This study sought to assess the efficacy and safety of atezolizumab plus chemotherapy and durvalumab plus chemotherapy in the treatment of SCLC in a real-world setting. Methods: A retrospective cohort study of all patients treated for SCLC with chemotherapy with PD-L1 inhibitor, at 3 centers in China between February 1, 2020 and April 30, 2022. Patient characteristics, adverse-events and survival analyses were conducted. Results: A total of 143 patients were enrolled in this study, 100 were treated with durvalumab and the remainder with atezolizumab. The baseline characteristics of the two groups were fundamentally balanced before using PD-L1 inhibitors (P>0.05). The median OS (mOS) of the patients who received durvalumab or atezolizumab as the first-line treatment were 22.0 and 10.0 months, respectively (P=0.03). Survival analysis of patients with brain metastasis (BM) revealed that the median progression-free survival (mPFS) of patients without BM treated with durvalumab plus chemotherapy (5.5 months) was longer than that of those with BM (4.0 months) (P=0.03). In contrast, in the atezolizumab plus chemotherapy regimen, BM did not affect survival. In addition, the addition of radiotherapy to treatment with PD-L1 inhibitors in combination with chemotherapy has a tendency to improve long-term survival. As for safety analysis, there was no significant difference in the incidence of immune-related adverse events (IRAEs) during PD-L1 inhibitor therapy between the 2 groups (P>0.05). And during treatment with immunochemotherapy, radiotherapy was not associated with the development of IRAE (P=0.42) but increased the risk of immune-related pneumonitis (P=0.026). Conclusions: The implication of this study for clinical practice is a preference for durvalumab in first-line immunotherapy for SCLC. In addition, appropriate radiotherapy during treatment with PD-L1 inhibitors in combination with chemotherapy may prolong long-term survival, but the occurrence of immune-related pneumonitis should be vigilant. Data from this study are limited and the baseline characteristics of the two populations still need to be more finely classified.

Real-world data on efficacy and safety of osimertinib in non-small cell lung cancer patients with EGFR T790M mutation detected by first and repeat rebiopsy.

BACKGROUND: Osimertinib could effectively target epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) T790M resistance mutations in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), indicating that rebiopsy may be particularly important. However, the clinical benefit of repeat rebiopsy in T790M-negative patients with NSCLC detected by the first rebiopsy is still unclear, and data on the efficacy and safety of osimertinib in patients with NSCLC who are T790M-positive patients on a repeat rebiopsy remain rare. METHODS: We retrospectively collected the clinical data of advanced NSCLC patients with common EGFR mutation who were treated with 1/2-generation (1/2G) EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) in first-line therapy in our center from January 2018 to December 2020. The detection rate of T790M by first and repeat rebiopsy was recorded, and we also analyzed the efficacy and safety of osimertinib for T790M-positive patients. RESULTS: Among 190 common EGFR-mutant patients who received 1/2G EGFR-TKIs with advanced NSCLC in the first-line treatment, 141 patients developed progressive disease. In total, 110 of 141 accepted the first rebiopsy, with a T790M prevalence of 50.9% (56/110). In total, 43 T790M-positive patients who received osimertinib were included in first rebiopsy group. Of 54 T790M-negative patients detected by the first rebiopsy, 28 underwent repeated rebiopsy in subsequent clinical treatment, and 10 (35.7%) T790M-positive cases were confirmed. In total, eight T790M-positive patients treated with osimertinib were included in repeat rebiopsy group. Overall, 66 (60%) of 110 patients acquired a T790M mutation. In patients with the T790M mutation discovered by the first and repeat rebiopsy, osimertinib resulted in median progression-free survival of 7 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 5.3-8.7) and 6 (95% CI: 4.7-7.3) months, respectively (p = .656). The median overall survival since osimertinib initiation for T790M-positive patients at first rebiopsy was 20 (95% CI: 15.1-24.9) months and 19 (95% CI: 16.9-21.1) months, for those at repeated rebiopsy (p = .888). Adverse events of grade 3 or higher were similar in the two groups (25.6% vs. 12.5%, p = .616). There was no treatment-related death in the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Repeat rebiopsy can increase the T790M mutation positivity rate. Osimertinib showed similar efficacy and safety in T790M-positive patients whether detected by the first or repeat rebiopsy.

Smokers' intention and attempts to quit smoking in a district of Beijing Municipality / 预防医学

Objective@#To investigate the smoking cessation intention and attempt to quit smoking among smokers at ages of 15 years and older in a district of Beijing Municipality, so as to provide insights into formulation of tobacco control interventions. @*Methods@#Permanent residents at ages of 15 years and older were sampled using a multi-stage stratified cluster sampling method from a district in Beijing Municipality, and all smokers were recruited. Participants' demographic features, tobacco use, intention to quit smoking, attempts to quit smoking and awareness of tobacco-related hazards were collected using the Beijing Adult Tobacco Survey. The intention and attempts to quit smoking were analyzed among smokers, and factors affecting the attempt to quit smoking were identified using a multivariable logistic regression model. @*Results@#A total of 687 smokers were surveyed, including 669 men (97.38%), 497 from rural areas (72.34%), 351 daily smokers (51.09%), 336 occasional smokers (48.91%), 329 with intention to quit smoking (47.89%), and 178 with attempts to quit smoking during the past one year (25.91%). Univariable analysis showed that area, age, educational level, smoking status, tobacco health literacy and tobacco control information acquired from media were factors affecting intention and attempts to quit smoking among smokers (P<0.05). Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that smokers with intention to quit smoking (OR=5.444, 95%CI: 3.585-8.268) and occasional smoking (OR=2.142, 95%CI: 1.312-3.497) were more likely to attempt to quit smoking. @*Conclusions@#Approximately half of smokers have intention to quit smoking in a district of Beijing Municipality; however, the percentage of attempts to quit smoking is low. Targeted interventions are required for smokers with different characteristics to improve the intention to quit smoking and promote smoking-quitting behaviors.

Motivation to participate in secondary science communication.

The rise of social media provides convenient mechanisms for audiences to participate in secondary science communication (SSC). The present study employs the theory of consumption values and theory of planned behavior to predict audiences' SSC intentions. The results indicate that emotional value, social value, altruistic value, attitude, internal perceived behavioral control and subjective norm are significant predictors of audiences' intentions to share or to repost science content on their social media. These results suggest that the theory of consumption values, together with the theory of planned behavior, is a useful framework for understanding SSC behaviors.

Exploring purchase intentions of new energy vehicles: Do "mianzi" and green peer influence matter?

New energy vehicle is an innovative means of transportation, and its development has been widely concerned all over the world. However, few studies investigate the purchase intention of new energy vehicles (NEVs) from the perspective of combining altruism and cultural factors. Based on the extended norm activation model (NAM), this study explores the influencing factors of NEVs' purchasing intention and the moderating effects of "mianzi" and green peer influence. According to 302 valid questionnaires, the results indicated that the extended NAM model is useful in predicting consumer purchasing behavior with an improved explanatory power in purchase intentions of NEVs from 15 to 26%. The awareness of consequences, the ascription of responsibility, and green self-identity have a positive impact on the personal norm. Personal norm and green self-identity are positively associated with purchase intention. "Mianzi" and green peer influence positively moderate the relationship between green self-identity and intention to purchase. The findings give new insights into the impact of cultural factors on purchasing NEVs and profound suggestions for policymakers and enterprises to promote the development of NEVs.

Why does frugality influence the recycling intention of waste materials?

Waste recycling significantly impacts the sustainable development of society and the ecological environment, contributing to a vital role within the waste management hierarchy. This paper presents a research model that investigates the influence mechanism of consumers' frugality on their recycling intentions. This study collected 420 valid samples to test the model with regression analysis. The empirical results show that consumers' frugality exerts a direct and positive effect on their recycling intention. Except for the positive direct effect, perceived value mediates the relationship between frugality and recycling intention. Besides, environmental concern strengthens the positive relationship between frugality and recycling intention. The findings of this study can better explain the recycling intention, thereby providing a basis for the government and enterprises to formulate policies and measures to promote recycling behavior.

Characterization of the complete mitochondrial genome of Antheraea pernyi strain Luhong.

The present study for the first time describes the complete mitochondrial (mt) genome of Antheraea pernyi Guérin-Méneville 1855 strain Luhong, a genetic lethal mutant exhibiting especially red skin color. The mt genome is 15,563 bp in length that is the smallest among the sequenced A. pernyi inbred strains. This genome displays an identical genomic component and gene order to other six known A. pernyi mt genomes. The mt genome-based phylogenetic analysis clustered Luhong with four strains exhibiting yellow skin color, consistent with the traditional view that all of them belonged to the yellow blood lineage.

Identification of prognostic lipid droplet-associated genes in pancreatic cancer patients via bioinformatics analysis.

BACKGROUND: Pancreatic cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer deaths in the United States both in females and in males, and is projected to become the second deadliest cancer by 2030. The overall 5-year survival rate remains at around 10%. Cancer metabolism and specifically lipid metabolism plays an important role in pancreatic cancer progression and metastasis. Lipid droplets can not only store and transfer lipids, but also act as molecular messengers, and signaling factors. As lipid droplets are implicated in reprogramming tumor cell metabolism and in invasion and migration of pancreatic cancer cells, we aimed to identify lipid droplet-associated genes as prognostic markers in pancreatic cancer. METHODS: We performed a literature search on review articles related to lipid droplet-associated proteins. To select relevant lipid droplet-associated factors, bioinformatics analysis on the GEPIA platform (data are publicly available) was carried out for selected genes to identify differential expression in pancreatic cancer versus healthy pancreatic tissues. Differentially expressed genes were further analyzed regarding overall survival of pancreatic cancer patients. RESULTS: 65 factors were identified as lipid droplet-associated factors. Bioinformatics analysis of 179 pancreatic cancer samples and 171 normal pancreatic tissue samples on the GEPIA platform identified 39 deferentially expressed genes in pancreatic cancer with 36 up-regulated genes (ACSL3, ACSL4, AGPAT2, BSCL2, CAV1, CAV2, CAVIN1, CES1, CIDEC, DGAT1, DGAT2, FAF2, G0S2, HILPDA, HSD17B11, ICE2, LDAH, LIPE, LPCAT1, LPCAT2, LPIN1, MGLL, NAPA, NCEH1, PCYT1A, PLIN2, PLIN3, RAB5A, RAB7A, RAB8A, RAB18, SNAP23, SQLE, VAPA, VCP, VMP1) and 3 down-regulated genes (FITM1, PLIN4, PLIN5). Among 39 differentially expressed factors, seven up-regulated genes (CAV2, CIDEC, HILPDA, HSD17B11, NCEH1, RAB5A, and SQLE) and two down-regulation genes (BSCL2 and FITM1) were significantly associated with overall survival of pancreatic cancer patients. Multivariate Cox regression analysis identified CAV2 as the only independent prognostic factor. CONCLUSIONS: Through bioinformatics analysis, we identified nine prognostic relevant differentially expressed genes highlighting the role of lipid droplet-associated factors in pancreatic cancer.

Donor/Acceptor Pairs Created by Electrostatic Interaction: Design, Synthesis, and Investigation on the Exciplex Formed Within the Pair.

Exciplexes formed between donors and acceptors have been widely explored but isolating them from each other and tuning the interaction between the donor and acceptor have remained challenges. Here, we report donor/acceptor (D/A) pairs created by electrostatic interaction between a carbazole-based anionic donor and a 1,3,5-triazine-based cationic acceptor and the exciplex formed within the pair. In a diluted film, the D/A pair affords an isolated exciplex which shows thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF). By changing the anchoring position of the imidazolium cation in the cationic acceptor, interactions between the donor and acceptor can be changed. Compared to the conventional exciplex formed in a neat film, the isolated exciplex exhibits a substantially higher luminescence efficiency. The D/A pairs show intriguing mechanochromic luminescence and mechanical grinding-induced/reinforced TADF in the solid state and promising performances as emitters in organic light-emitting diodes.

Risk assessment of unintention injury among preschool children in Shunyi District of Beijing / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To understand the current situation and associated factors of unintentional injury among preschool children in Shunyi District, and to provide reference for the development of unintentional injury intervention measures.@*Methods@#Three kindergartens in Shunyi district were selected through stratified cluster sampling method, and all the parents were surveyed online by self-designed questionnaire.@*Results@#The proportion of low, medium and high risk assessment of unintentional injury in preschool children were 59.5%, 37.5% and 3.0%, respectively. Risk of unintentional injury increased significantly with age and grade(χ 2=12.35, 12.70, P<0.05). The risk of unintentional injury in inter-generational care (3.7%) was higher than that in parental care(2.4%). The higher the education level of the primary caretaker and family income, the higher level of unintentional injury risk(χ 2=11.23, 14.10, P<0.05).There were significant differences in the risk for burning, poisoning, other accidental injury, prevention of accidental injury and total score of unintentional injury among children of different ages and classes(F=8.26，5.61，4.95，6.15，7.86；9.88，8.39，4.25，6.27，7.55，P<0.05). There was statistical significance in burning risk between boys and girls(t=-4.27, P<0.05). There was statistical significance in unintentional injury prevention between children of different residence(t=9.11, P<0.05). There were significant differences in behavior supervision among risk among children of different ages and grades(P<0.05). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that education level of primary caregivers (college:B=-2.66, 95%CI=-4.69--0.63; bachelor degree or higher:B=-3.80, 95%CI=-5.90--1.70), annual family income (B=-2.82, 95%CI=-4.80--0.84) were associated with unintentional injury risk of preschool children(P<0.05).@*Conclusion@#Health education of unintentional injury prevention among preschool children should focus on the primary caretaker with low education and low family income, which is crucial for prevention of children s injury.

Cationic Iridium Complexes with 3,4,5-Triphenyl-4H-1,2,4-Triazole Type Cyclometalating Ligands: Synthesis, Characterizations, and Their Use in Light-Emitting Electrochemical Cells.

Cationic iridium complexes that show blue-shifted emission and high phosphorescent efficiency have been pursued for their optoelectronic applications. Five cationic iridium complexes with 3,4,5-triphenyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole (tPhTAZ) type cyclometalating ligands (C^N) and 2,2'-bipyridine or 2-(pyridin-2-yl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazole type ancillary ligands (N^N) have been designed and synthesized. Their structures have been confirmed by X-ray crystallography, and their photophysical and electrochemical properties have been comprehensively characterized. In solution and thin films, the complexes afford efficient yellow to blue-green emission. The highest occupied molecular orbitals (HOMOs) of these complexes are delocalized over the C^N ligand and the iridium ion, and compared with the conventional 2-phenylpyridine (Hppy) ligand, the tPhTAZ ligand largely shifts the emission of the complex toward blue by over 40 nm through stabilizing the HOMO. Moreover, the peripheral phenyl rings in tPhTAZ provide steric hindrance to the complexes, which suppresses phosphorescence concentration-quenching of the complexes, leading to high luminescent efficiencies in neat films. Theoretical calculations have shown that the emission of the complexes originates from either the charge-transfer state (Ir/C^N → N^N) or the C^N/N^N-centered 3π-π* state, depending on the local surrounding of the complex. The complexes exhibit good electrochemical stability with reversible oxidation and reduction processes in solution. Solid-state light emitting electrochemical cells (LECs) using the complexes afford yellow to blue-green emission, with peak current efficiencies of up to 34.7 cd A-1 and maximum brightness of up to 256 cd m-2 at 3.0 V, which are among the highest for LECs based on cationic iridium complexes reported so far, indicating the great potential for the use of tPhTAZ-type C^N ligands in construction of cationic iridium complexes for LEC applications.

Laccase-catalyzed polymerization of hydroquinone incorporated with chitosan oligosaccharide for enzymatic coloration of cotton.

Chitosan oligosaccharide (COS), a water-soluble carbohydrate obtained from chemical or enzymatic hydrolysis of chitosan, has similar structure and properties to non-toxic, biocompatible, and biodegradable chitosan. However, COS has many advantages over chitosan due to its low molecular weight and high water solubility. In the current work, COS was incorporated in the laccase-catalyzed polymerization of hydroquinone. The laccase-catalyzed polymerization of hydroquinone with or without COS was investigated by using simple structure of glucosamine hydrochloride as an alternative to COS to understand the mechanism of COS-incorporated polymerization of hydroquinone. Although polyhydroquinone can be regarded as the polymeric colorant with dark brown color, there is no affinity or chemical bonding between polyhydroquinone and cotton fibers. Cotton fabrics were successfully in-situ dyed into brown color through the laccase-catalyzed polymerization of hydroquinone by incorporating with COS as a template. The presence of COS enhanced the dye uptake of polyhydroquinone on cotton fibers due to high affinity of COS to cotton and covalent bonding between COS and polyhydroquinone during laccase catalysis. This novel approach not only provides a simple route for the biological coloration of cotton fabrics but also presents a significant way to prepare functional textiles with antibacterial property.

Chitosan-templated bio-coloration of cotton fabrics via laccase-catalyzed polymerization of hydroquinone.

There is an increasing interest in the development of enzymatic coloration of textile fabrics as an alternative to conventional textile dyeing processes, which is successful for dyeing protein fibers. However, unmodified cotton fabrics are difficult to be dyed through enzyme catalysis due to the lack of affinity of biosynthesized dyes to cotton fibers. In order to improve the enzyme-catalyzed dyeability of cotton fibers, chitosan was used to coat cotton fabrics as template. A novel and facile bio-coloration technique using laccase catalysis of hydroquinone was developed to dye chitosan-templated cotton fabrics. The polymerization of hydroquinone with the template of chitosan under the laccase catalysis was monitored by ultraviolet-vis spectrophotometer on the absorbance of reaction solution. A significant peak of UV-vis spectrum at 246 nm corresponding to large conjugated structures appeared and increased with increasing the duration of enzymatic catalysis. The effect of different treatment conditions on the laccase-catalyzed dyeing of cotton fabric was investigated to determine their optimal parameters of laccase-catalyzed coloration. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy spectra demonstrated the formation of H-bond and Schiff base reaction between chitosan and polymerized hydroquinone. Scanning electron microscopy indicated that the surface of dyed cotton fiber was much rougher than that of the control sample. Moreover, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy also revealed the existence of the chitosan/polymerized hydroquinone complex and polymerized hydroquinone on the dyed cotton fibers. This chitosan-templated approach offers possibility for biological dyeing coloration of cotton fabrics and other cellulosic materials.

Epidemic trend of tobacco use among junior middle school students in Shunyi District of Beijing in 2013-2017 / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To understand the epidemic trend of tobacco use among junior middle school students in Shunyi District of Beijing in recent 5 years, and to provide scientific basis for formulating adolescent tobacco control strategies and intervention measures.@*Methods@#The two stage sampling method was used to survey 3 junior middle school schools randomly selected from Shunyi District, Beijing, in November 2013, December 2015 and November 2017. The number of students surveyed each year was 1 520, 1 404 and 1 467 respectively.@*Results@#A total of 4 500 questionnaires were distributed and 4 391 questionnaires were valid, with an effective rate of 97.6%. The current smoking rate and the attempting smoking rate in Shunyi District junior high school students increased substantially, the difference was statistically significant(χ2=9.15, 11.54, P<0.01). The exposure rate of second-hand smoke among junior high school students in Shunyi District is increasing year by year. The current smoking rate and the attempting smoking rate of second-hand smoke at home and in public places were higher than those of non-exposed ones. The differences in the current smoking rates of junior high school students (χ2=25.86, 37.61, P<0.01) and the attempting smoking rate (χ2=49.51, 63-86, P<0.01) were statistically significant. The influence of Shunyi District junior high school students through different tobacco information access channels on the current smoking rate of junior high school students increased year by year. Different tobacco information access channels have significant difference in the influence of the junior middle school students’ attempting smoking rate(P<0.05).@*Conclusion@#The overall tobacco use of junior high school students in Shunyi District of Beijing is increasing by year. The exposure of second-hand smoke is not optimistic, and the supervision of tobacco information acquisition channels is urgent to be strengthened.

Triterpenoids from Aglaia abbreviata exert cytotoxicity and multidrug resistant reversal effect in MCF-7/ADM cells via reactive oxygen species induction and P-glycoprotein inhibition.

Triterpenoids from the Aglaia have been shown cytotoxicity on a broad spectrum of human tumor cells. In the present study, we extracted triterpenoids AA-5 (1) and AA-6 (2) from stems of Aglaia abbreviata, and studied their cytotoxicity in multidrug resistant (MDR) MCF-7/ADM cells. After 48 h treatment, AA-5 (1) and AA-6 (2) significantly increased mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis by enhancing reactive oxygen species (ROS) with depressed mitochondrial membrane potential and caspase-9 activities. The drug efflux transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and the intracellular antioxidant systems, involving Glutathione S-Transferase π, Glutathione and heme oxygenase-1, were also inhibited via the ROS-depressed Akt/NF-E2-related factor 2 pathway. Furthermore, 2 h-treatment of AA-6 (2) at non-toxic concentrations exhibited MDR reversal effects with no alteration on P-gp expression but increased drug accumulation ability. AA-6 alos demonstrated synergetic effects with classic anti-tumor agents. Moreover, computational modeling studies showed that AA-6 (2) might bind to the modulator site on P-gp and act as an inhibitor, not a substrate of P-gp. Therefore, AA-5 (1) and AA-6 (2) may be effective anti-tumor and reversal agents for the further development of therapeutics against MDR breast cancer.

Hypoxia Promotes Gastric Cancer Malignancy Partly through the HIF-1α Dependent Transcriptional Activation of the Long Non-coding RNA GAPLINC.

Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) activates the transcription of genes involved in cancer progression. Recently, HIF was reported to regulate the transcription of non-coding RNAs. Here, we show that the transcription of a long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), Gastric Adenocarcinoma Associated, Positive CD44 Regulator, Long Intergenic Non-Coding RNA (GAPLINC), is directly activated by HIF-1α in gastric cancer (GC). GAPLINC was overexpressed in GC tissues and promoted tumor migration and invasive behavior. GAPLINC overexpression was associated with poor prognosis in GC patients. Luciferase reporter assays and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays confirmed that HIF-1α binds to the promoter region of GAPLINC and activates its transcription. GAPLINC knockdown inhibited hypoxia-induced tumor proliferation in vivo. Taken together, our results identified a novel role for HIF transcriptional pathways in GC tumorigenesis mediated by the regulation of the lncRNA GAPLINC, and suggest GAPLINC as a novel therapeutic target for reversing chemoradioresistance and prolonging survival.

Laccase-catalyzed oxidative polymerization of phenolic compounds.

Enzymatic polymerization of phenolic compounds (catechol, resorcinol, and hydroquinone) was carried out using laccase. The mechanism of polymerization and the structures of the polymers were evaluated in terms of UV-Vis and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The molecular weights of the produced polyphenols were determined with GPC. The results showed that the phenolic monomers firstly turned into quinone intermediates by laccase catalysis. Through further oxidation, the intermediates formed covalent bonds. Finally, catechol units were linked together with ether bonds, and both resorcinol and hydroquinone units were linked together with C-C bonds. The number-average molecular weights of the polyphenols ranged from 1,000 to 1,400 Da (corresponding to the degree of polymerization that varied from 10 to 12) with a lower polydispersity value of about 1.10, showing selective polymerization of phenolic compounds catalyzed by laccase.