Clustering of Non-communicable Diseases Risk Factors in Healthy Adults Aged 35 Years and Older in Shenzhen, China.

We assessed the prevalence of non- communicable diseases (NCDs) risk factors with a focus on their clustering among healthy adults in Shenzhen, China. Data from the 2011 China Health and Nutrition Survey, comprising a regionally representative sample of 806 healthy adults aged 35 years or older, were obtained to determine the prevalence of five risk factors for NCDs. The prevalence of current smoking, central obesity, impaired fasting glucose, borderline hypertension, and borderline high total cholesterol was 19.97%, 28.29%, 4.47%, 10.55%, and 36.10%, respectively. A total 63.77% of participants had at least one risk factor. Upon examination of risk factor clustering, we observed that 7.57% of participants had at least three risk factors. Using this threshold as a cutoff, clustering of risk factors was associated with sex [odds ratio (OR) = 3.336, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.782 to 6.246], physical activity (OR = 1.913, 95% CI: 1.009 to 3.628), and BMI (OR = 7.376, 95% CI: 3.812 to 14.270). The prevalence of risk factors for NCDs is fairly high among healthy adults in Shenzhen, with a clustering tendency.

Gender-specific Association of Sleep Duration with Body Mass Index, Waist Circumference, and Body Fat in Chinese Adults.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between habitual sleep duration and obesity among Chinese adults. METHODS: The association of sleep duration and obesity was investigated among 7,094 community-dwelling Chinese adults. Sleep duration was self-reported. In this study, obesity was defined as follows: body mass index (BMI) ⋝ 28 kg/m2, waist circumference (WC) ⋝ 85 cm in men and ⋝ 80 cm in women, and percent body fat (%BF) ⋝ 25 in men and ⋝ 35 in women. Logistic and quantile regressions were employed to examine relationships of interest. RESULTS: Overall, 6.42% of the participants reported short sleep durations (< 6 h/d) while 14.71% reported long (⋝ 9 h/d) sleep durations. Long sleepers (⋝ 9 h/d) represented a greater frequency of women with obesity [odds ratio (OR): 1.30; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.02-1.67] and high body fat (1.43, 1.04-1.96) than those who slept 7-8 h/d. An association between long sleep times and higher BMI estimations was found across the 10th-75th percentile of the BMI distribution. Among men, long sleepers (⋝ 9 h/d) presented lower risks of developing abdominal obesity compared with individuals who slept 7-8 h/d (OR = 0.79, 95% CI: 0.44-0.99). CONCLUSION: Our study suggests that long sleep durations are associated with general obesity in Chinese women but reduced waist circumferences in men. Confirmatory studies are needed to determine the heterogeneous association of sleep time and obesity by gender.

Validation of spot urine in predicting 24-h sodium excretion at the individual level.

Background: Evidence for the effect of dietary sodium intake on the risk of cardiovascular disease has been controversial. One of the main explanations for the conflicting results lies in the great variability associated with measurement methods for sodium intake. Spot urine collection is a convenient method commonly used for sodium estimation, but its validity for predicting 24-h urinary sodium excretion at the individual level has not been well evaluated among the general population.Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the validity of the Kawasaki, the International Cooperative Study on Salt, Other Factors, and Blood Pressure (INTERSALT), and the Tanaka formulas in predicting 24-h urinary sodium excretion by using spot urine samples in Chinese adults.Design: We analyzed the relative and absolute differences and misclassification at the individual level from 3 commonly used methods for estimating sodium intake among 141 Chinese community residents.Results: The mean measured 24-h sodium excretion was 220.8 mmol/d. The median (95% CIs) differences between measured sodium and those estimated from the Kawasaki, INTERSALT, and Tanaka methods were 6.4 mmol/d (-17.5, 36.8 mmol/d), -67.3 mmol/d (-96.5, -46.9 mmol/d), and -42.9 mmol/d (-59.1, -24.8 mmol/d), respectively. The proportions of relative differences >40% with the Kawasaki, INTERSALT, and Tanaka methods were 31.2%, 41.1%, and 22.0%, respectively; and the absolute difference for the 3 methods was >51.3 mmol/d (3 g salt) in approximately half of the participants. The misclassification rate was 63.1% for the Kawasaki method, 78.7% for the INTERSALT method, and 66.0% for the Tanaka method at the individual level.Conclusion: The results from our study do not support the use of spot urine to estimate 24-h urinary sodium excretion at the individual level because of its poor performance with respect to misclassification. This trial was registered at www.chictr.org.cn as ChiCTR-IOR-16010278.

[The study on relationship of body mass index and blood pressure in children and adolescents of Beijing].

OBJECTIVE: To identify the relationship of body mass index (BMI) and blood pressure in 7 - 15 years children and adolescents of Beijing so as to provide scientific basis for early prevention of hypertension and to provide evidence for verification on the category criterion of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents of China, recommended by the Working Group on Obesity in China (WGOC) to sensitively distinguish the blood pressure in normal weight, overweight and obesity populations. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey on epidemiological characteristics of obesity with stratified cluster sampling method carried out in Beijing in April and May, 2000. 5155 students aged 6 - 15 years were selecte das research subjects. The category criterion of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents of China was recommended by WGOC, the diagnostic criterion of hypertension in children was recommended by CDC in the USA. Statistics analysis system (SAS 8.1) including partial person correlation analysis, t-test, chi(2) test and logistic multi-factors regression analysis was used to analyses the data from 4982 subjects aged 7 - 15 years. RESULTS: (1) after the age and gender were adjusted, the BMI positive correlation with systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) was found independent in 7 - 15 years children and adolescents (P < 0.0001) and the partial relation coefficients(r) between BMI and SBP and DBP were 0.323 87 and 0.245 88 respectively. (2) the means of SBP and DBP in obesity group were significantly higher then overweight, while overweight was significantly higher then normal weight group (P < 0.0001). (3) the prevalence rates of hyper-SBP, hyper-DBP and hypertension were significantly different (P < 0.0001). When compared with the normal weight group, the relation risk (RR) for hypertension in overweight group and obesity group were 2.96 and 4.85 respectively. The prevalence rates of hypertension in overweight and obesity group were 19.70% and 24.22% respectively. (4) the results of logistic multi-factors regression analysis showed that both age and weight were effecting on hyper-SBP, hyper-DBP and hypertension (P < 0.0001). After age was adjusted, the RR for hypertension was 2.62, and their confidence interval (CI) was 2.36 - 2.91 in obesity or overweight, between overweight and normal weight. CONCLUSION: (1) the BMI positive correlation with SBP and DBP was found independent in 7 - 15 years children and adolescents of Beijing, and the risk for hypertension maybe increased when these people with overweight and obesity, it is very important for hypertension prevention and control that overweight and obesity prevention and control in children and adolescents. (2) the sensitivity of the category criterion of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents of China, recommended by WGOC have been verified on distinguish the blood pressure in normal weight, overweight and obesity populations.