Psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and burnout severity in French residents: A national study

Background and objectives: We measured the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health and burnout of French residents.MethodsResidents completed a questionnaire assessing their personal life, work, social relationships, mental health, burden and psychological impact of the pandemic. The Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) allowed to identify 5 classes of burnout of increasing severity: burnout free, intermediate, 1, 2 or 3 dimensions severely impacted. Variables significantly linked with burnout, defined as having a high impact on at least one of the 3 dimensions of the MBI, were entered into a logistic regression.ResultsThere were 1050 responses. Mean age was 27 ± 2 years. Since the start of the pandemic, only one resident in four said they were in their normal state of mind, more than half felt tired and one third anxious and/or stressed and/or depressed. The total burnout rate was 55%. There was a strong link between the severity of the burnout syndrome and the impact of the pandemic. 7 factors were independently linked to burnout: number of monthly calls (p < 0.001), psychiatric history (p < 0.001), interpersonal conflicts (p = 0.002), desire to quit the specialty (p = 0.002), fatigue (p = 0.004), job satisfaction (p = 0.004), and depression (p = 0.05).ConclusionCaring for Covid positive patients was not the most important cause of burnout, but there was a strong relationship between burnout severity and psychological impact of the pandemic.(AU)

Incidence and risk factors of hypoxaemia after preoxygenation at induction of anaesthesia.

BACKGROUND: The incidence of hypoxaemia related to airway management is still a matter of concern. Our aim was to determine the factors that contribute to hypoxaemia during induction of anaesthesia after a standardised preoxygenation procedure. METHODS: The study was a multicentre and prospective observational trial. It evaluated the incidence of hypoxaemia at induction of anaesthesia in adult patients. The primary endpoint was the incidence of hypoxaemia defined as pulse oximetry of arterial oxyhaemoglobin saturation (SpO2) <95%. RESULTS: Of 2398 patients, hypoxaemia was observed in 158 (6.6%). We identified five preoperative independent risk factors: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, hypertension, anticipated difficult mask ventilation and difficult tracheal intubation, and emergency surgery. There were also three pre-induction independent risk factors: difficult preoxygenation, difficult mask ventilation, and difficult tracheal intubation. We found a high negative predictive value of preoperative risk factors for difficult mask ventilation of 0.96 (0.95-0.96), and for difficult tracheal intubation (0.95 [0.94-0.96]). A total of 723 patients (30%) experienced difficult preoxygenation (FeO2 <90% at the end of preoxygenation). Male sex, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, hypertension, emergency surgery, and predictable difficult mask ventilation were independent patient risk factors for difficult preoxygenation. CONCLUSIONS: Difficult mask ventilation and difficult tracheal intubation are risk factors for hypoxaemia at induction of general anaesthesia. Difficult preoxygenation was observed in 30% of patients and was also identified as a risk factor for hypoxaemia. This suggests that techniques improving preoxygenation should be implemented in daily practice.

Difficult intubation and extubation in adult anaesthesia.

OBJECTIVE: To provide an update to French guidelines about "Difficult intubation and extubation in adult anaesthesia 2006". DESIGN: A consensus committee of 13 experts was convened. A formal conflict-of-interest (COI) policy was developed at the onset of the process and enforced throughout. The entire guidelines process was conducted independent of any industry funding. The authors were advised to follow the principles of the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) system to guide assessment of quality of evidence. The potential drawbacks of making strong recommendations in the presence of low-quality evidence were emphasized. Few recommendations were ungraded. METHODS: The panel focused on 6 questions: 1) Why must oxygen desaturation be avoided during intubation and what preoxygenation and oxygenation techniques should be used to prevent it? 2) Should videolaryngoscopes be used instead of standard laryngoscopy with or without a long stylet to achieve a better success rate of intubation after the first attempt during anticipated difficult intubation off fiberoptic intubation? 3) Should TCI or target controlled inhalation anaesthesia (TCIA) be used instead of bolus sedation for airway control in the event of suspected or proven difficulty in a patient spontaneously breathing? 4) What mode of anaesthesia should be performed in patients with difficult intubation criteria and potentially difficult mask ventilation? 5) In surgical patients, what criteria predict difficulties encountered during postoperative tracheal extubation? 6) Should decision trees and algorithms be employed to direct decision-making for the management of difficult intubation, whether foreseen or not? (based on the information from the preceding five issues). Population, intervention, comparison, and outcomes (PICO) questions were reviewed and updated as needed, and evidence profiles were generated. The analysis of the literature and the recommendations were then conducted according to the GRADE® methodology. RESULTS: The SFAR Guideline panel provided 13 statements on difficult intubation and extubation in adult anaesthesia. After two rounds of discussion and various amendments, a strong agreement was reached for 99% of recommendations. Of these recommendations, five have a high level of evidence (Grade 1±), 8 have a low level of evidence (Grade 2±). No recommendation was provided for one question. CONCLUSIONS: Substantial agreement exists among experts regarding many strong recommendations for the best care of patients with difficult intubation and extubation in adult anaesthesia.

Effect of preoxygenation using non-invasive ventilation before intubation on subsequent organ failures in hypoxaemic patients: a randomised clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: Previous data showed that non-invasive ventilation (NIV) applied for 3 min before tracheal intubation ensured better oxygenation compared with using a non-rebreather bag-valve-mask. We aimed to determine whether preoxygenation using NIV is effective in reducing the incidence of organ dysfunction in hypoxaemic, critically ill patients in intensive care. METHODS: A multicentre, randomised, open-label trial evaluating 100% FiO2 administered with NIV (99 patients) vs with face mask (102 patients) for 3 min before tracheal intubation. The primary endpoint was the maximal value of Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score within 7 days after intubation. RESULTS: The median (inter-quartile range) values of the maximal value of the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score within 7 days post-intubation were not significantly different between the two randomised groups: nine (6-12) in the NIV group vs 10 (6-12) in the face mask group (P=0.65). In patients treated by NIV prior to the randomisation, there was a significant increase in the occurrence in adverse events in patients randomised to face mask [odds ratio=5.23 (1.61;16.99), P=0.0059]. CONCLUSIONS: This study failed to demonstrate any benefits of using NIV as a preoxygenation method to reduce organ dysfunction compared with usual preoxygenation in hypoxaemic, critically ill patients requiring tracheal intubation for invasive ventilation. NIV should not be discontinued for preoxygenation in the cases of patients treated by NIV before the decision to intubate. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT00472160.

How to preoxygenate in operative room: healthy subjects and situations "at risk".

Intubation is one of the most common procedures performed in operative rooms. It can be associated with life-threatening complications when difficult airway access occurs, in patients who cannot tolerate even a slight hypoxemia or when performed in patients at risk of oxygen desaturation during intubation, as obese, critically-ill and pregnant patients. To improve intubation safety, preoxygenation is a major technique, extending the duration of safe apnoea, defined as the time until a patient reaches an arterial saturation level of 88% to 90%, to allow for placement of a definitive airway. Preoxygenation consists in increasing the lung stores of oxygen, located in the functional residual capacity, and helps preventing hypoxia that may occur during intubation attempts. Obese, critically-ill and pregnant patients are especially at risk of reduced effectiveness of preoxygenation because of pathophysiological modifications (reduced functional residual capacity (FRC), increased risk of atelectasis, shunt). Three minutes tidal volume breathing or 3-8 vital capacities are recommended in general population, mostly allowing achieving a 90% end-tidal oxygen level. Recent studies have indicated that in order to maximize the value of preoxygenation (i.e, oxygenation stores) obese and critically-ill patients can benefit from the combination of breathing 100% oxygen and non-invasive positive pressure ventilation (NIV) with end-expiratory positive pressure (PEEP) in the proclive position (Trendelenburg reverse). Recruitment manoeuvres may be of interest immediately after intubation to limit the risk of lung derecruitment. Further studies are needed in the field of preoxygenation in pregnant women.

Incidence and prediction of inadequate preoxygenation before induction of anaesthesia.

BACKGROUND: Preoxygenation aims to obtain an expired oxygen fraction (FEO2)≥90%. Little is known about the incidence and predictors of inadequate preoxygenation in the clinical setting. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Over a 12-month period, 1050 consecutive preoperative patients were prospectively included. Preoxygenation was performed for 3minutes with a facial mask using a machine circuit and 12-L/min oxygen flow. Inadequate preoxygenation was defined as an FEO2<90%. A logistic regression was performed to identify incidence and independent predictors. RESULTS: The patient characteristics were: age 51±20years, 47% male, BMI of 26±5kg/m(2), and ASA score (median [extremes]) of 2 [1-4]. Inadequate preoxygenation was observed in 589 patients (56%). The effective FiO2 delivered was lower in the patients with inadequate preoxygenation than in those with adequate preoxygenation, 95±3% vs. 98±2%, P<0.001. The difference between the FiO2 and the FEO2 was higher (12±6% vs. 6±3%, P<0.0001) in patients with inadequate preoxygenation compared with those with adequate preoxygenation. The independent risk factors for inadequate preoxygenation were: firstly, bearded male (odds ratio [OR] of 9.1 [2.7-31.4] P<0.001); secondly, beardless male (OR 2.4 [1.6-3.4] P<0.001), thirdly, ASA score of 4 (OR 9.1 [2.6-31.2] P<0.015); fourthly, ASA score of 2-3 (OR 2.4 [1.6-3.4] P<0.015); fifthly, lack of teeth (OR 2.4 [1.2-4.5] P<0.006), and lastly age>55 years (OR 1.8 [1.2-2.7] P<0.005). CONCLUSION: Inadequate preoxygenation, defined as an FEO2 <90% despite 3-min tidal volume breathing, was a common occurrence. The predictive factors share an overlap with those previously identified for difficult mask ventilation.

[Reporting of muscle relaxant effects in anaesthesia files concerning visceral surgery - a observational and multicenter study]. / Traçabilité de la gestion de l'utilisation des curares dans le dossier d'anesthésie en chirurgie viscérale : une étude observationnelle et multicentrique.

OBJECTIVES: To report any item documenting the peroperative muscle relaxant effects management in anaesthesia files issued from visceral surgery processes. TYPE OF STUDY: Prospective, observational and multicenter. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A single operator analysed 1453 files proposed by nine anaesthetists' teams. The items selected concerned three periods: induction/tracheal intubation, paralysis maintenance, tracheal extubation. Reporting of 40 categories of items was studied. RESULTS: Items related to laryngoscopy and intubation conditions were observed in 43% (0-95) [general average (intercentres min-max)] and in 11% (0-97) of the files, respectively. At least one level of paralysis was reported in 23% (0-96) of the files. For the paralysis maintenance, documentation of an effect appeared in 53% (4-96) of the documents. Neuromuscular assessments preceding the tracheal extubation were retrieved in 43% (12-89) of the notes. Adductor pollicis was concerned for 30% (1-89) of these observations. Detection of level of spontaneous paralysis offset, satisfying to the local standard, appeared in 14% (3-19) of the documents. Pharmacological reversal was noted for 25% (4-67) of the patients; the assessment of the effects so produced was reported in 8% (0-58). CONCLUSION: In the studied collection, the traceability of the peranaesthetic curarization management appears variable on both qualitative and quantitative levels. The emergence of a dedicated guideline - defining the criteria for producing a good documentation of the muscle relaxant use - becomes necessary to secure these practices for all physicians using muscle relaxants.

[Incidence and complications of post operative residual paralysis]. / Incidence et risques de la curarisation résiduelle postopératoire.

A 0.9 train-of-four ratio, measured at the thumb, is currently considered to reflect adequate recovery of neuromuscular block. Recent studies have documented that a train-of-four ratio <0.9 is associated with a decrease in chemoreceptor sensitivity to hypoxia and with a functional impairment of the pharyngeal muscles. These residual effects of neuromuscular blocking agents promote insufficient ventilatory response to hypoxia and regurgitation/aspiration. As a result, the incidence of pulmonary complications have been found to be higher in both early and late postoperative period in patients with residual curarisation. Clinical tests such as the head lift test and visual or tactile evaluation of the response to peripheral nerve stimulation are no longer sufficient to exclude postoperative residual curarisation. Residual curarisation is still present at the time of extubation despite the use of subject if monitoring of neuromuscular function, clinical tests and/or reversal of neuromuscular blocking agents. In contrast, acceleromyographic monitoring provides a valuable tool to avoid residual curarisation and to reduce the related-side effects.

[A survey of neuromuscular relaxant use from anaesthesiology residents in training]. / Evaluation des pratiques du monitorage neuromusculaire au bloc opératoire par les internes d'Ile-de-France.

OBJECTIVE: There is need to assess our practice of neuromuscular monitoring according to national consensus guidelines. The aim of this study was to evaluate practice adherence to guidelines in teaching hospitals. METHODS: A questionnaire designed to provide information concerning the use of muscle relaxant for tracheal intubation and surgery, monitoring and antagonism of neuromuscular blockade in teaching hospital was distributed to anaesthesiology residents in training. RESULTS: Among 187 residents, 121 (65%) answered the questionnaire. A neuromuscular transmission monitoring device was reported available in each operating room by 56% (CI 95%: 46-65%) of responders. For tracheal intubation, neuromuscular monitoring was rarely or never used in 54% (CI 95%: 45-63%) of the responses. During the perioperative period and before extubation, neuromuscular monitoring was reported to be used by 56% (CI 95%: 46-65%) and 70% (CI 95%: 60-78%) of the residents respectively. The correct train-of-four ratio (T4/T1> or =0.9) required prior to extubation was respected in 55% (CI 95%: 46-64%) of the responses. When indicated, reversal of neuromuscular blockade was declared to be systematically performed by 49% (CI 95%: 40-58%) of responders. CONCLUSION: This questionnaire addressed to anaesthesiology residents in training was a practical and objective mean to obtain relevant information concerning our practices. It revealed an inadequate availability of quantitative neuromuscular monitors in the operating room. As a result, neuromuscular monitoring and reversal of neuromuscular blockade were underused. Teaching hospitals should improve their implication in residents' education and adherence to practice guidelines.

[Effectiveness of preoxygenation using the head-up position and noninvasive ventilation to reduce hypoxaemia during intubation]. / Place de la position proclive et de la ventilation non invasive pour la préoxygénation des patients à risque de désaturation pendant l'intubation.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article was to present an update of the preoxygenation management in morbidly obese adults, parturient women and hypoxemic critically-ill patients. DATA SOURCES: All references obtained from the medical database Medline related to the area and more specifically during the last five years were reviewed. DATA SYNTHESIS: Preoxygenation decreases the risk of hypoxia and should be optimized when the standard technique appears to be less effective as in morbidly obese adults, parturient women and critically-ill patients. The head-up position and noninvasive ventilation may be useful during preoxygenation probably because of the increase of ventilation and alveolar recruitment. The effectiveness of preoxygenation (when defined as the duration of the desaturation safety period) is enhanced in the head-up position as compared to supine position in the obese patient but not in parturient women. Noninvasive ventilation improves preoxygenation in the hypoxemic critically-ill patient but not in the obese patient. Neither the head-up position nor the noninvasive ventilation improve preoxygenation in parturient women. CONCLUSION: Further studies are required to investigate other methods attempting to improve preoxygenation and prevent hypoxemia during intubation.

[Anaesthetic preoperative assessment of chronic medications and herbal medicine use: a multicenter survey]. / Traitement médicamenteux et phytothérapie des patients adressés en consultation d'anesthésie: enquête multicentrique.

OBJECTIVE: This study was undertaken to quantify the use of chronic medication and herbal remedies in the presurgical population. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective multicenter survey. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Adult patients presenting for anaesthesia were directly asked if they were currently using chronic medication or herbal remedies. RESULTS: Among 1057 patients (age 54+/-17 yrs, woman 54%, ASA 2 [1-4], 74%) were taking one or more chronic medication. The most commonly used treatments were, in descending order angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin-II receptor blockers (15%), beta blockers (11%) and platelet inhibitors (10%). Also, 9% were taking one or more of the following herbal remedies known to interact with the perioperative period: valeriane, ginseng, ginkgo, St John's wort, echinacea and ephedra. Women and patients aged 40-70 yr were most likely to be taking a herbal product (p<0.001 and p<0.01 respectively). CONCLUSION: Chronic medication and herbal remedies are common in patients presenting for anaesthesia. Because of the potential interactions between anaesthetic drugs or techniques and such medication it is important for anaesthetists to be aware of their use.

Tracheal intubation in routine practice with and without muscular relaxation: an observational study.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The ease of endotracheal intubation has been recently shown to affect the incidence of laryngeal injury. There remains controversy as to whether or not a muscle relaxant is routinely required for tracheal intubation. This study examined conditions of intubation in our routine practice, which employs a relaxant-sparing approach. METHODS: All adult patients scheduled for surgery with general anaesthesia were prospectively included. A muscle relaxant was used to facilitate intubation when it was required for the surgical procedure and/or otherwise regarded as necessary by the anaesthesiologist. In the remaining patients, a relaxant-free intubation was performed. Intubating conditions were evaluated in all the patients as well as the post-intubation laryngeal symptoms. RESULTS: Between March and July 2003, 612 patients were consecutively included. A muscle relaxant was used in 32% of patients and no relaxant in the remaining patients (68%). Clinically acceptable intubating scores were observed in 98.4% overall with no significant difference between the two groups. Excellent conditions occurred more frequently in the relaxant group as compared to the relaxant-free group, 87% vs. 72%, P = 0.005. Laryngeal symptoms occurred in 184 (33%) patients with no difference between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Our relaxant-sparing approach did not increase the incidence of poor conditions of intubation nor laryngeal symptoms. However, excellent conditions occurred more frequently in the relaxant group. A more flexible approach to the issue of the need for neuromuscular blockade prior to intubation is proposed.

Postoperative residual neuromuscular block: a survey of management.

BACKGROUND: To avoid postoperative residual neuromuscular block there is a need for a change in clinician's attitude towards monitoring and reversal. This study aims to evaluate changes of perioperative neuromuscular block management during the last decade in our institution and to quantify the incidence of postoperative residual neuromuscular block. METHODS: Patients receiving intermediate-acting neuromuscular blocking agents for scheduled surgical procedures during 3-month periods in 1995 (n=435), 2000 (n=130), 2002 (n=101), and in 2004 (n=218) were prospectively and successively enrolled in our study. The management of neuromuscular block in the operating room and the adequacy of the recovery were at the discretion of the anaesthesiologist. An attempt was made between each study period to promote a change in the management of neuromuscular block. In the post-anaesthesia care unit, train-of-four (TOF) stimulations were used to assess the presence of a residual neuromuscular block. RESULTS: Between 1995 and 2004 quantitative measurement and reversal of neuromuscular block in the operating room increased from 2 to 60% and from 6 to 42%, respectively (P<0.001). During the same time, the incidence of residual neuromuscular block defined as a TOF ratio less than 0.9 decreased from 62 to 3% (P<0.001). Use of objective neuromuscular monitoring and/or anticholinesterase drugs was less likely in patients with an inadequate recovery (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: During the last decade the incidence of residual neuromuscular block strongly decreased in our institution. It confirms the positive impact of neuromuscular monitoring and reversal of neuromuscular block in routine anaesthetic practice.

[Preoperative management of chronic medications]. / Conduite à tenir concernant le traitement médicamenteux des patients adressés pour chirurgie programmée.

This review focuses on potential drug interactions between anaesthetic drugs or techniques and chronic medications in patients scheduled for surgery. The vast majority of therapeutics can be continued until the morning of surgery. However, for some drugs such as ACE inhibitors, there is strong evidence to recommend their discontinuation prior to surgery. When juged necessary, interruption of chronic therapeutic needs to be anticipated and planned. In the other hand, for other drugs such as beta-blockers or L-Dopa, acute withdrawal is associated with documented adverse outcome. As a result, such drugs have to be continuing throughout the operative period. Although a general consensus exists for many medications, there are still controverses as to the management of antithrombotic drugs and some central nervous system agents. Advances in anaesthesia include knowledge on the mechanisms involved in drug interactions, which allows us to improve the preoperative management of chronic therapeutics.

[Remifentanil-midazolam compared to sufentanil-midazolam for ICU long-term sedation]. / Rémifentanil-midazolam versus sufentanil-midazolam pour la sédation prolongée en réanimation.

OBJECTIVE: Remifentanil has a unique metabolic pathway that holds potential benefits for long-term sedation. We compared remifentanil-midazolam to sufentanil-midazolam in 41 critically ill adults requiring mechanical ventilation. STUDY DESIGN: Randomized double-blind trial. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Infusion rates were titrated every 4 hours to achieve the desired Ramsay score. Five fold increases in dose requirement was considered as the development of tolerance. Drugs requirement, development of tolerance and weaning time of ventilation were compared. RESULTS: The study was stopped after an interim analysis. The remifentanil and sufentanil groups were comparable regarding IGS II: 56+/-22 vs 64+/-26, mean+/-SD, ICU length of stay: 26 (8-45) vs 19 (11-34) days, and sedation duration: 6 (4-19) vs 6 (3-16)days, median [interquartile range, IQR]). There was a shorter weaning time in the remifentanil group as compared to sufentanil group: 22 h (12-53) vs 96 (47-142) h, median [IQR], p=0.04). The daily opioid infusion rate needed to be decreased over time only in sufentanil group, p < 0.001. Tolerance occurred in 6 (30%; CI(95), 10 to 40%) remifentanil and no sufentanil patients (P=0.02). CONCLUSION: Sufentanil infusion needed to be reduced over time and prolonged the weaning time when compared to remifentanil.

Anaphylaxis to rocuronium.

Reports about anaphylactic and anaphylactoid reactions to rocuronium have increased recently. We report two new cases of documented grade III anaphylaxis, leading to death in one patient. The first case occurred in an 81-year-old ASA II woman scheduled for emergency abdominal surgery. Severe hypotension and tachycardia were observed after rocuronium, without bronchospasm. Neosynephrine allowed rapid resuscitation, and the patient recovered fully. The second patient was a 64-year-old ASA II man scheduled for abdominal surgery. Severe haemodynamic instability and bronchospasm occurred after rocuronium. Despite immediate life support, the postoperative period was complicated by persistent low systolic pressure, acute respiratory distress syndrome, acute renal failure, disseminated intravascular coagulation and pancreatitis, leading to the death of the patient.

The continuous recording of blood pressure in patients undergoing carotid surgery under remifentanil versus sufentanil analgesia.

UNLABELLED: We compared the hemodynamic stability during carotid endarterectomy of remifentanil with that of sufentanil anesthesia. Fifty-six patients were randomly assigned into Remifentanil (n = 27) or Sufentanil (n = 29) groups. In the Remifentanil group, IV propacetamol (2 g) and morphine (0.1 mg/kg) were infused 30 min before skin closure. In the Sufentanil group, patients received 2 g propacetamol. Beat-to-beat recordings of systolic arterial blood pressure (SBP) and heart rate (HR) were stored on a computer. The maximum and minimum values of BP and HR after induction, at intubation, during the surgical procedure, and after the operation and the coefficients of variation of SBP and HR were used as indices of hemodynamic stability. The coefficients of variation of SBP and HR were similar in both groups during and after surgery. However, at intubation, maximal SBP was higher in the Sufentanil group (P < 0.05). Decreased propofol doses and isoflurane end-tidal concentrations were used in the Remifentanil group. At recovery, a similar profile of SBP and HR was found in both groups. We conclude that intra- and posthemodynamic stability was similar with remifentanil or sufentanil in patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy. However, remifentanil was more effective for blunting the increase in SBP at intubation without increasing the blood pressure-decreasing effect of induction. Intraoperative remifentanil use was associated with a decreased amount of hypnotic drug administered. IMPLICATIONS: Beat-to-beat recordings of heart rate and blood pressure in patients undergoing carotid surgery revealed that hemodynamic stability was similar with remifentanil or sufentanil anesthesia both during and after surgery. Remifentanil was more effective in limiting the increase in blood pressure associated with intubation without increasing the blood pressure-lowering effect of induction or the blood pressure response to recovery.

Randomized study comparing the "sniffing position" with simple head extension for laryngoscopic view in elective surgery patients.

BACKGROUND: The "sniffing position" is recommended for optimization of glottic visualization under direct laryngoscopy. However, no study to date has confirmed its superiority over simple head extension. In a prospective, randomized study, the authors compared the sniffing position with simple head extension in orotracheal intubation. METHODS: The study included 456 consecutive patients. The sniffing position was obtained by placement of a 7-cm cushion under the head of the patient. The extension position was obtained by simple head extension. The anesthetic procedure included two Laryngoscopies without paralysis: the first was used for topical glottic anesthesia. During the second direct laryngoscopy, intubation of the trachea was performed. The head position was randomized as follows: group A was in the sniffing position during the first Laryngoscopy and the extension position during the second, group B was in the extension position during the first laryngoscopy and the sniffing position during the second. Glottic exposure was assessed by the Cormack scale. RESULTS: The sniffing position improved glottic exposure (decreased the Cormack grade) in 18% of patients and worsened it (increased the Cormack grade) in 11% of patients, in comparison with simple extension. The Cormack grade distribution was not significantly modified between the two groups. Multivariate analysis showed that reduced neck mobility and obesity were independently related to improvement in laryngoscopic view with application of the sniffing position. CONCLUSIONS: Routine use of the sniffing position appears to provide no significant advantage over simple head extension for tracheal intubation in this setting. The sniffing position appears to be advantageous in obese and head extension-limited patients.