Impact of improved urban environment and coaching on physical condition and quality of life in elderly women: a controlled study.

BACKGROUND: Physical activity can slow the ageing process and preserve autonomy in the elderly. The aim of this study was to assess the combined impact of an organized urban walking circuit and individual coaching on women senior citizens' physical well-being and quality of life. METHODS: Insufficiently physically active women >65 years were included in a quasi-experimental trial. Active arm: District with improved urban environment (IUE). Control arm: District without improved urban environment (WIUE). In each district, subjects were randomly allocated to receive coaching (C+ vs. C-). The main outcome measures were endurance, physical activity score, flexibility, quality of life, physical self-esteem, ageing exercise stereotypes, functional health and perceived health at baseline, three (M3) and six (M6) months. RESULTS: Fifty-two insufficiently physically active women were included, 23 in IUE and 29 in WIUE. Groups were comparable at baseline. At M3, endurance and physical activity score significantly improved compared with baseline in the IUE group and in the C+ group while no statistically significant change was observed for the WIUE group and the C- group. Moreover, endurance score was higher in the IUE group, whether coupled with coaching or not. After the coaching was removed, the IUE group regresses to baseline overall and the WIUE shows a decrement in endurance. CONCLUSION: Our study highlights the positive impact of an improved environment and of individual coaching on the level of physical activity and quality of life of insufficiently physically active elderly women.

Are dietary reports in a case-control study on thyroid cancer biased by risk perception of Chernobyl fallout?

BACKGROUND: In retrospective case-control studies performed following nuclear tests or nuclear accidents, individual thyroid radiation dose reconstructions are based on fallout and meteorological data from the residential area, demographic characteristics, and lifestyle as well as dietary information. Collecting the latter is a controversial step, as dietary declarations may be affected by the subjects' beliefs about their risk behavior. This report analyses the potential for such bias in a case-control study performed in eastern France. METHODS: The study included 765 cases of differentiated thyroid carcinoma matched with 831 controls. Risk perceptions and beliefs of cases and controls were compared using Chi2 tests and differences in dietary reports were analyzed using a two-way ANOVA. RESULTS: In general, atmospheric pollution and living near a nuclear power plant were the two major risks that may influence thyroid cancer occurrence cited by cases and controls. When focusing in particular on the consequences of the Chernobyl accident, cases were more likely to think that the consequences were responsible for thyroid cancer occurrence than controls. Vegetable consumption during the two months after the Chernobyl accident was correlated with the status of subjects, but not to their beliefs. Conversely, consumption of fresh dairy products was not correlated with the status or beliefs of subjects. CONCLUSION: We found no evidence of systematic bias in dietary reports according to the status or beliefs held by subjects about the link between thyroid cancer occurrence and Chernobyl fallout. As such, these dietary reports may be used in further studies involving individual dosimetric reconstructions.

Paediatric antibiotic prescriptions in primary care in the Alpes-Maritimes area of southeastern France between 2008 and 2013.

France has remained among the top five European countries for ambulatory antibiotic consumption since such monitoring began in 1998. Young children are major antibiotic consumers, in spite of the viral origin of most infections in this population. Recommendations were updated in 2011 to limit prescriptions. In order to assess their impact, diagnoses and prescriptions were compared in a population of children attending daycare centres in southeastern France in 2008 and 2012. Trends in the reimbursement of paediatric antibiotic prescriptions by the national health insurance (NHI) for the whole area were also studied. Distribution of diagnoses accounting for antibiotic treatment and type of antibiotic prescribed over the previous 3 months to children below 4 years of age attending daycare centres in the Alpes-Maritimes area in southeastern France were compared between 2008 and 2012 prior to and following the availability of these new recommendations. Trends in reimbursed ambulatory antibiotic prescriptions by general practitioners and paediatricians in the area were studied for this age group from 2008 to 2012 and in 2013. The majority of recorded diagnoses concerned upper respiratory tract infections (URTI). Inappropriate antibiotic prescription persisted for colds and bronchitis in similar proportions during both surveys. Improvement in the choice of antibiotic with fewer prescriptions for third-generation cephalosporins was observed both in daycare centres and according to NHI data; however, this was mainly recorded among paediatricians. The management of paediatric URTI still needs improvement, pointing to the need to investigate and adequately address the reasons for inappropriate antibiotic prescription.

In-plane mechanics of soft architectured fibre-reinforced silicone rubber membranes.

Silicone rubber membranes reinforced with architectured fibre networks were processed with a dedicated apparatus, allowing a control of the fibre content and orientation. The membranes were subjected to tensile loadings combined with continuous and discrete kinematical field measurements (DIC and particle tracking). These tests show that the mechanical behaviour of the membranes is hyperelastic at the first order. They highlight the influence of the fibre content and orientation on both the membrane in-plane deformation and stress levels. They also prove that for the considered fibrous architectures and mechanical loadings, the motion and deformation of fibres is an affine function of the macroscale transformation. These trends are fairly well described by the micromechanical model proposed recently in Bailly et al. (JMBBM, 2012). This result proves that these materials are very good candidates for new biomimetic membranes, e.g. to improve aortic analogues used for in vitro experiments, or existing textiles used for vascular (endo)prostheses.

New experimental protocols for tensile testing of abdominal aortic analogues.

This work proposes an in vitro tensile testing protocol that is able to characterize abdominal aortic (AA) analogues under physiologically inspired mechanical loadings. Kinematic parameters are defined in agreement with in vivo measurements of aortic dynamics. A specific focus is given to the choice of the applied loading rates, deriving from the knowledge of aortic Peterson modulus and blood pressure variations from diastolic to systolic instants. The influence of physiological elongation rates has been tested on both porcine AAs and a thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) material used to elaborate AA analogues. The diastolic and systolic elongation rates estimates vary between orders of magnitude O(10(-2)) and O(10(-1))s(-1). Negligible differences are obtained when comparing stress-elongation responses between both physiological elongation rates. In contrast, a noticeable stiffening of the TPU mechanical response is observed compared to that obtained under the common low traction rate of O(10(-3))s(-1). This work shows how relevant physiological elongation rates can be evaluated as a function of age, gender and pathological context.

Towards a biomimetism of abdominal healthy and aneurysmal arterial tissues.

The aim of this work is to develop a new hyperelastic and anisotropic material mimicking histological and mechanical features of healthy and aneurysmal arterial tissues. The material is constituted by rhombic periodic lattices of hyperelastic fibres embedded into a soft elastomer membrane. To fit bi-axial experimental data obtained from the literature, with normal or pathologic human abdominal aortic tissues, the microstructure of the periodic lattices (fibre length, angle between fibres) together with the mechanical behaviour of the fibres (fibre tension-elongation curve) were optimised by using theoretical results arising from a multi-scale homogenisation process. It is shown that (i) a material constituted by only one periodic lattice of fibres is clearly not sufficient to describe all the experimental data set, (ii) a quantitative agreement between measurements and theoretical predictions is obtained by using a material with two fibre lattices, (iii) the optimised microstructures and mechanical properties of the fibrous lattices are strongly different for the abdominal healthy and aneurysmal arterial tissues, (iv) the anisotropic mechanical behaviour of the optimised material is described by only five parameters and (v) the optimal angles between fibres in the case of the healthy aorta are consistent with histological data. Several technical solutions of fibres can be considered as relevant candidates: this is illustrated in the particular cases of straight and wavy fibres.

Indirect comparison of two quantitative immunochemical faecal occult blood tests in a population with average colorectal cancer risk.

Magstream and OC Sensor quantitative immunochemical faecal occult blood tests (IFOBT) have shown better performances than guaiac (G) tests in colorectal cancer screening, however Magstream and OC Sensor have never been compared. We hypothesized that similar performances could be observed with Magstream and OC Sensors, provided a similar cut-off (expressed in concentration of haemoglobin in the stools) is used. We performed a literature-based indirect comparison between these tests, taking into account the cut-off, the number of samples, and the way they were combined (I(2+): at least one positive sample of 2; I(2++): both positive samples; I(1): only one sample). Six studies conducted in general average-risk populations were included in this review. For each [test]*[cut-off], positivity rate (PR) decreased and predictive positive value (PPV) increased from I(2+) to I(1) and I(2++.) For similar PR, PPV with OC Sensor was greater than with Magstream. This could be due to factors other than the test, because PPVs associated with GFOBT in studies evaluating OC Sensor were greater than PPVs associated with GFOBT in the study evaluating Magstream. Direct comparison between Magstream and OC Sensor is needed to confirm the suspected superiority of OC Sensor.

[Rate of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia before HPV vaccination, Alpes-Maritimes 2006]. / Taux observés des CIN en 2006 avant la vaccination anti-HPV parmi les résidentes des Alpes-Maritimes.

OBJECTIVE: The incidence rate of uterix cervical cancer in 2006 in the Alpes-Maritime was 6.2 per 100,000 women. The existence of curable precancerous lesions and an effective vaccine make it a target cancer in public health. The objective of this study was to establish prevalence of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in 2006 before the campaign of vaccination against HPV. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Retrospective study including all histological samples (smears excluded) of the cervix, performed in 2006 with a diagnosis of intraepithelial Neoplasia among residents of the Alpes-Maritimes. Extraction codes' corresponding was carried out by all pathology laboratories located in the Alpes-Maritimes and around. A comparison of codes with pathology reports was performed for 11.4% of random samples. RESULTS: This study included 2066 patients aged 16 to 88 years. The average age was 37.3 years (±12.3). Among these patients, most pejorative intraepithelial neoplasia lesion was CIN 1, CIN 2, CIN 3, respectively for 941, 380 and 375 patients. Prevalence of CIN 2 among women 20 to 25 years old was similar to rates seen in 35 to 39 years old (166.5 per 100,000) and the rate of CIN 3 was similar to that seen in 45 to 49 years (78.1 per 100,000). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Rates of CIN for the entire female population of the Alpes-Maritimes in 2006 has been established. The results observed in women aged less than 25 years old will be useful for comparison after the campaign of vaccination against HPV.

[Screening digital mammography: one year result for the Alpes-Maritimes region]. / Numérique en dépistage organisé: bilan à 1 an dans les Alpes-Maritimes.

PURPOSE: After one year of experience with screening digital mammography, the results of this technique (n=9640) are compared to screen-film mammography (n=240 376) with double reading. METHODS: Evaluation for each technique of the rate of call-back, positive results before and after work-up by the first reader and distribution based on the BI-RADS classification by the ACR, rate of complementary US, detected abnormalities (microcalcifications) and detected cancers. RESULTS: The rate of positive mammograms was significantly higher for the digital technique (17.3% versus 15.1%) because of the first reader (16.3% versus 13.9%) whereas it was significantly lower after complementary work-up (3% versus 3.7%). The rate of BI-RADS 0 was significantly higher with digital imaging irrespective of patient age. The rate of US was higher for type 1 and 2 breasts at digital imaging (46% versus 36%, p<0.0001) while the reverse was true for denser breasts (49% versus 54%; p:0.0005). More microcalcifications were detected on digital imaging (24.4% versus 21.8%) without impact on the rate of DCIS and invasive carcinomas. The rate of cancers detected with both technique were identical. CONCLUSION: The increased number of positive results at first reading and increased number of US for digital mammography may relate to a learning curve and difficulties in comparing with prior examinations. These results should continuously be monitored and compared to national averages.

[Skin diseases observed in the dermatology departments of three French university teaching hospitals]. / Activité de consultation de trois services de dermatologie hospitalo-universitaires français.

BACKGROUND: We recently carried out a study concerning consultations by French dermatologists in private practice. We evaluated consultations at the dermatology departments of 3 university teaching hospitals in France. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a 2-month prospective study conducted in 2003 at the dermatology departments of the university teaching hospitals of Amiens, Lille and Rouen. Each consultant completed a questionnaire covering the duration of the study. The following data were recorded: consultation date, function of the consultant, study centre, type of consultation, type of disease, and whether or not the patient was hospitalised after the consultation. RESULTS: 7296 files were examined during the study. 38% of the consultations were performed by part-time hospital consultants, 29% by dermatology interns, 18% by hospital practitioners, 9% by university professors and 6% by clinical heads or assistant heads. The most commonly encountered diseases were allergies (17%), cancer (16%), arteriovenous disease (15%) and infectious disease (11%). Three types of consultation were identified: emergency consultations without an appointment, consultations by appointment for a specific problem and consultations by appointment without a specific problem. The number of resulting hospital admissions ranged from 2 to 10% of consultations, depending on the type of consultation and the role of the consultant in question. DISCUSSION: This study shows that in France, consultations at hospital dermatology departments differ greatly from those of dermatologists in private practice. The main diseases seen (cancer, arteriovenous disease, allergy, infectious dermatosis) accounted for the majority of hospitalisations in these departments. The organisation of hospital consultations is increasingly tending both towards treatment of highly specialised diseases through specifically oriented consultations and also towards the emergency treatment of certain forms of acute dermatosis.

Targeting of acetylcholine receptor and 43 kDa rapsyn to the postsynaptic membrane in Torpedo marmorata electrocyte.

In this study we have investigated the intracellular routing of two major components of the postsynaptic membrane in Torpedo electrocytes, the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and the extrinsic 43 kDa protein rapsyn, and of a protein from the non-innervated membrane, the Na+,K+ ATPase. We isolated subpopulations of post-Golgi vesicles (PGVs) enriched either in AChR or in Na+,K+ ATPase. Rapsyn was associated to AChR-containing PGVs suggesting that both AChR and rapsyn are targeted to intracellular organelles in the secretory pathway before delivery to the postsynaptic membrane. In vitro assays further show that rapsyn-containing PVGs do bind more efficiently to microtubules compared to Na+,K+ ATPase-enriched PVGs. These data provide evidence in favor of the contribution of the secretory pathway to the delivery of synaptic components.

[Long-term reproducibility of programmed atrial stimulation]. / Reproductibilité à long-terme de la stimulation auriculaire programmée.

Programmed atrial stimulation is a technique increasingly used to assess different pathologies but the reproducibility of the results is totally unknown. The aim of this study was to determine its reproducibility. Two electrophysiological studies were undertaken without antiarrhythmic therapy in an interval of one to three months (average 18 months) in 48 patients. The programmed atrial stimulation used 1 and 2 extrastimuli delivered in sinus rhythm and then three paced rhythms (sinus cycle -10%, 600 ms, 400 ms). Twenty-one patients had documented atrial arrhythmias (atrial fibrillation n = 13, flutter n = 3 or tachycardia n = 5) (group 1) and the 27 other patients had no spontaneous arrhythmias (group II). In group I, clinical tachycardial was reproduced in 18 patients during the initial stimulation procedure. During the second investigation, 17 remained inducible and in the 3 in whom stimulation was negative, it remained so in 2 of the cases. The reproducibility was therefore 90%. In group II, 12 patients had inducible sustained (for over 1 minute) tachycardia during the first procedure (44%) but this only remained inducible in 6 patients. In the other 15 subjects, stimulation was negative during the first procedure but 7 of them had inducible tachycardial during the second procedure. The reproducibility of the technique was therefore only of 52%. The authors conclude that the reproducibility of programmed atrial stimulation in patients with documented spontaneous paroxysmal arrhythmias is excellent. However, the reproducibility is mediocre in subjects without spontaneous arrhythmias and the induction of tachycardial in this group of patients should be interpreted with caution given the variability of the response to programmed atrial stimulation.

[Acute upper limb ischemia in a young adult without cardiac disease. Value of transesophageal echocardiography]. / Ischémie aiguë des membres supérieurs chez une adulte jeune sans cardiopathie. Intérêt de l'échographie transoesophagienne.

The authors report the case of a 34-year old woman with no previous cardiovascular disease who was admitted to hospital for acute ischaemia of the right arm due to embolism, preceded by two episodes of pain and tingling of the left arm related to subacute ischaemia. After right embolectomy, with no possibility of controlateral disobliteration an effective anticoagulation, no cardiac source of embolism could be found; However, transoesophageal echography showed a large mobile thrombus in the aortic arch implanted just before the origin of the left subclavian artery. The only explanation for embolism to the right arm was a retro-oesophageal subclavian artery which was confirmed by scanner. Doppler and arteriography. These investigations, however, did not allow visualisation of the aortic thrombus. In view of the risk of recurrent embolism, a thrombectomy was performed without cardiopulmonary bypass, associated with correction of the vascular abnormality with no complications. This case shows that oesophageal echography is a useful investigation in the work up of acute arterial obstruction in young patients with no cardiac disease.