[Clinical cases of complicated diverticulitis against the background of severe course COVID-19. Case report].

Two clinical cases of perforation of a previously undiagnosed colon diverticulum in patients with coronavirus infection caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus treated at the Hospital №1 of Nalchik. Both patients were elderly, overweight, had a lot of chronic concomitant diseases. Patients received hormone therapy and were targeted: the first patient twice (tocilizumab on the first day of hospitalization and olokizumab on the 7th day of inpatient treatment). The second patient received levilimab on the 3rd day of his stay in the hospital. A short time after targeting, both patients developed acute diffuse abdominal pain, the patients were transferred to the surgical department and operated on. During the operation, both patients were found to have previously undiagnosed diverticular disease, complicated by diverticular perforation and peritonitis on the background of immunosuppression. Both patients died. Thus, when using targeted therapy for patients with COVID-19, it is necessary to take into account that they may have previously undiagnosed chronic diseases that can cause fatal complications against the background of immunosuppression.

Behavioral alterations induced by post-weaning isolation rearing of rats are accompanied by reduced VGF/BDNF/TrkB signaling in the hippocampus.

Post-weaning social isolation has been shown to be a relevant animal model for studying the mechanisms underlying psychopathological states induced by early-life stressful experiences. Besides extensively studied brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and tyrosine receptor kinase B (TrkB) receptor, increasing attention is being given to a neuropeptide precursor VGF (non-acronymic). Several lines of evidence indicate an interplay between the neurotrophins and nitric oxide signaling. This study investigated the long-term consequences of post-weaning social isolation on behavior, VGF/BDNF/TrkB pathway and two isoforms of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in the hippocampus and examined whether these effects were sex-specific. Male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were reared either in social isolation or social groups from postnatal day 21 for 9 weeks (n = 12-15/group and sex). Post-weaning social isolation induced impairments in sensorimotor gating and increased anxiety-like behavior in rats of both sexes. These behavioral alterations were accompanied by attenuated gene expression of VGF and TrkB receptor in the hippocampus. Isolation-induced reduction in VGF gene expression was more evident in male isolates. Similar changes were found in neuronal NOS (nNOS) gene expression with reduced mRNA levels in male isolates. Gene expression of BDNF and inducible NOS was not influenced by isolation rearing or sex. In addition, sex-specific patterns of VGF and nNOS gene expression in the hippocampus with higher mRNA levels in males than in females were revealed. The present study demonstrates a relationship between nNOS, VGF, BDNF, and TrkB confirming a link between nitric oxide and neurotrophins signaling pathways. Our findings indicate that long-term post-weaning social isolation alters signaling via VGF/BDNF/TrkB and nNOS that could interfere with neurodevelopmental processes which may contribute to pathological behavioral symptoms in adulthood. Future studies are needed to support this suggestion since the direct mechanistic link has not been approached in this study.