Physico-chemical adsorption of cationic dyes using adsorbent synthesis via hydrochloric acid treatment and subcritical method from palm leaf biomass waste.

Today, where water resources are polluted rapidly, the need for eco-friendly green methods is gradually increasing. Conversion of waste biomass into functional adsorbents that can be utilized in water treatment is a win-win practice for both recycling and water pollution treatment. In this study, the adsorbent material was obtained from the palm leaf to contribute to sustainable green energy. This cellulose-containing adsorbent material was tested in the removal of Methylene Blue (MB) and Basic Red-18 (BR18). The properties of palm leaf adsorbent were determined. The best removal efficiencies and optimum conditions were determined in the adsorption process. In both dye types; the original pH value, 2 g/L adsorbent dose, 25 mg/L dye concentration, and 120 min were chosen as the optimum conditions since the best removal efficiency was obtained in the experiments performed at 25 °C. At these conditions, the removal efficiencies were found to be 100% and 90% for BR18 and MB, respectively. In addition, adsorption kinetics, isotherms, and thermodynamic data were analyzed. For BR18 and MB, it was found to fit the Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-2nd order. Palm leaf adsorbent was used with an efficiency of over 50% in four consecutive cycles.

Fabric dyeing wastewater treatment and salt recovery using a pilot scale system consisted of graphite electrodes based on electrooxidation and nanofiltration.

In this study, color removal, suspended solids removal, and salt recovery were investigated from different fabric dyeing wastewaters using a pilot scale treatment system. A pilot scale system was installed in the wastewater outlet area of five different textile companies. Experiments were planned for pollutant removal and salt recovery from wastewater. First, the wastewater was treated by electrooxidation (EO) using graphite electrodes. After a reaction time of 1 h, the wastewater was passed throughout the granular activated carbon (AC) coloumn. The pre-treated wastewater was passed through the membrane (NF) system to recover the salt in the wastewater. Finally, the recovered salt water was used for fabric dyeing. In the pilot scale treatment system (EO + AC + NF), 100% of suspended solids (SS) and an average of 99.37% of color were removed from fabric dyeing wastewaters. At the same time, a high amount of salt water was recovered and reused. Optimum conditions were determined as 4 V current, 1000 A power, wastewater's own pH values and 60 min of reaction time. The energy and operating cost for treatment of 1 m3 of wastewater were determined as 40.0 kWh/m3 and 2.2 US$/m3, respectively. In addition to the prevention of environmental pollution by the treatment of wastewater using the pilot-scale treatment system, the reuse of the recovered water will contribute to the protection of our valuable water resources. In addition, using the NF membrane process after the EO system, it will be possible to recover salt from wastewater with high salt content such as textile wastewater.

A comparative study of iron nanoflower and nanocube in terms of antibacterial properties.

It is known that heavy metal containing nanomaterials can easily prevent the formation of microbial cultures. The emergence of new generation epidemic diseases in the last 2 years has increased the importance of both personal and environmental hygiene. For this reason, in addition to preventing the spread of diseases, studies on alternative disinfectant substances are also carried out. In this study, the antibacterial activity of nanoflower and nanocube, which are easily synthesized and nanoparticle species containing iron, were compared. The antioxidant abilities of new synthesized NF@FeO(OH) and NC@α-Fe2O3 were tested by DPPH scavenging activity assay. The highest DPPH inhibition was achieved with NC@α-Fe2O3 as 71.30% at 200 mg/L. NF@FeO(OH) and NC@α-Fe2O3 demonstrated excellent DNA cleavage ability. The antimicrobial capabilities of NF@FeO(OH) and NC@α-Fe2O3 were analyzed with micro dilution procedure. In 500 mg/L, the antimicrobial activity was 100%. In addition to these, the biofilm inhibition of NF@FeO(OH) and NC@α-Fe2O3 were investigated against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa and it was found that they showed significant antibiofilm inhibition. It is suggested that additional studies can be continued to be developed and used as an antibacterial according to the results of the nanoparticles after various toxicological test systems. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13204-023-02822-5.

Boron-based magnesium diboride nanosheets preparation and tested for antimicrobial properties for PES membrane.

Antimicrobial resistance to antibiotics for current bacterial infection treatments is a medical problem. 2D nanoparticles, which can be used as both antibiotic carriers and direct antibacterial agents due to their large surface areas and direct contact with the cell membrane, are important alternatives in solving this problem. This study focuses on the effects of a new generation borophene derivative obtained from MgB2 particles on the antimicrobial activity of polyethersulfone membranes. MgB2 nanosheets were created by mechanically separating magnesium diboride (MgB2) particles into layers. The samples were microstructurally characterized using SEM, HR-TEM, and XRD methods. MgB2 nanosheets were screened for various biological activities such as antioxidant, DNA nuclease, antimicrobial, microbial cell viability inhibition, and antibiofilm activities. The antioxidant activity of nanosheets was 75.24 ± 4.15% at 200 mg/L. Plasmid DNA was entirely degraded at 125 and 250 mg/L nanosheet concentrations. MgB2 nanosheets exhibited a potential antimicrobial effect against tested strains. The cell viability inhibitory effect of the MgB2 nanosheets was 99.7 ± 5.78%, 99.89 ± 6.02%, and 100 ± 5.84% at 12.5 mg/L, 25 mg/L, and 50 mg/L, respectively. The antibiofilm activity of MgB2 nanosheets against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa was observed to be satisfactory. Furthermore, a polyethersulfone (PES) membrane was prepared by blending MgB2 nanosheets from 0.5 wt to 2.0 wt %. Pristine PES membrane also has shown the lowest steady-state fluxes at 30.1 ± 2.1 and 56.6 L/m2h for BSA and E. coli, respectively. With the increase of MgB2 nanosheets amount from 0.5 to 2.0 wt%, steady-state fluxes increased from 32.3 ± 2.5 to 42.0 ± 1.0 and from 15.6 ± 0.7 to 24.1 ± 0.8 L/m2h, respectively for BSA and E. coli. E. coli elimination performance of PES membrane coated with MgB2 nanosheets at different rates and the membrane filtration procedure was obtained from 96% to 100%. The results depicted that BSA and E. coli rejection efficiencies of MgB2 nanosheets blended PES membranes increased when compared to pristine PES membranes.

Sustainable application of nanoparticles in wastewater treatment: Fate, current trend & paradigm shift.

Existing water and wastewater treatment techniques are becoming increasingly difficult to employ due to the discovery of new toxins, the rapid development of population and industrial activities, and the limited quantity of water resources. Treatment of wastewater is a critical need in modern civilization due to a scarcity of water resources and rising industrial activity. Some of the techniques utilized include adsorption, flocculation, filtration, and others, although they are only used for primary wastewater treatment. However, the development and deployment of modern wastewater management with high efficiency and low capitalization are critical in terms of mitigating the environmental consequences of waste. The employment of different nanomaterials in the treatment of wastewater has opened up a world of possibilities for heavy metal and pesticide removal, as well as the treatment of microbes and organic contaminants in wastewater. Nanotechnology is a rapidly evolving technology because of certain nanoparticle's outstanding physiochemical and biological capabilities as contrasted to bulk counterparts. Secondly, it has been established that this is a cost-effective treatment strategy with significant potential in wastewater management, transcending the limitations imposed by currently existing technology. Advances in nanotechnology to reduce water contamination have been presented in this review, including the use of various nanomaterials such as nanocatalysts, nanoadsorbents, and nanomembranes in the treatment of wastewater containing organic contaminants, hazardous metals, and virulent pathogens.

Optimization of the anaerobic fermentation process for phosphate release using food waste.

Phosphorus (P) problem worries the whole world due to the increasing demand for finite and non-renewable natural phosphate resources and the inadequacy of sustainable phosphate production technologies. In this study, bio-acidification processes using waste sludge and food waste for simultaneous sustainable phosphate release and biogas production were investigated. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used for bio-acidification optimization. High performance was achieved with the addition of 10% FW and a temperature of 45 °C, which provided 5.30 pH and 371 mg/L P release for 10 days. A total of 196 mL of cumulative biogas was produced. Using food waste potentially reduces operating costs, eliminating the need for external chemical additions for pH control. Also, this approach offers benefits such as waste management, recovery of valuable resources, cost reduction, and environmental friendly.

Preconcentrations of Pb(II), Ni(II) and Zn(II) by solid phase bio-extractor using thermophilic Bacillus subtilis loaded multiwalled carbon nanotube biosorbent.

An alternative biotechnological solid phase bio-extraction (SPE) method was developed. Bacillus subtilis loaded multiwalled carbon nanotube was designed and used as biosorbent for the preconcentrations of Pb(II), Ni(II), and Zn(II). The experimental parameters such as sample flow rate, pH of sample solution, amounts of Bacillus subtilis and multiwalled carbon nanotube, volume of sample solution and reusability of column which affects the analytical characteristics of the SPE method were investigated in details. Surface structures were examined by using FTIR, SEM. The best pH was determined as 5.0 and the percentages recoveries of Zn(II), Ni(II), and Pb(II) were determined as 99.1%, 98.7%, and 96.2%, respectively, at a flow rate of 3 mL/min. In this study, in which the profitable sample volume was determined as 400 mL and the amount of multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) as 50 mg. It was also observed that the column had a significant potential to preconcentrate Zn(II), Ni(II), and Pb(II) even after 25 reuses. The biosorption capacities for Zn(II), Ni(II) and Pb(II) were calculated as 39.67 mg/g, 45.98 mg/g and 51.34 mg/g respectively. The LOD values were calculated as 0.024 ng/mL for Pb(II), 0.029 ng/mL for Ni(II), and 0.019 ng/mL for Zn(II). The linear range was detected as 0.25-25 ng/mL. The concentrations of Pb(II), Ni(II), and Zn(II) in a variety of real food samples were determined by using developed method after application of certified reference sample.

Green synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles derived from water and methanol extract of Centaurea solstitialis leaves and tested for antimicrobial activity and dye decolorization capability.

In this research, nanoparticles derived from water extract of Centaurea solstitialis leaves were used as green adsorbent in Fenton reaction for Reactive Red 180 (RR180) and Basic Red 18 (BR18) dyes removal. At optimum operating conditions, nanoparticles proved high performance in the tested dyes removal with more than 98% of removal elimination. The free-radical scavenging, DNA nuclease, biofilm inhibition capability, antimicrobial activity, microbial cell viability, and antimicrobial photodynamic therapy activities of the iron oxide nanoparticles (FeO-NPs) derived from water and methanol extract of plant were investigated. Each of the following analysis: SEM-EDX, XRD, and Zeta potential was implemented for the prepared NPs characterization and to describe their morphology, composition and its behavior in an aqueous solution, respectively. It was found that, the DPPH scavenging activities increased when the amount of nanoparticles increased. The highest radical scavenging activity achieved with FeO-NPs derived from water extract of plant as 97.41% at 200 mg/L. The new green synthesized FeO-NPs demonstrated good DNA cleavage activity. FeO-NPs showed good in vitro antimicrobial activities against human pathogens. The results showed that both synthesized FeO-NPs displayed 100% antimicrobial photodynamic therapy activity after LED irradiation. The water extract of FeO-NPs and methanol extract of FeO-NPs also showed a significant biofilm inhibition.

Comparative studies of RSM Box-Behnken and ANN-Anfis fuzzy statistical analysis for seawater biodegradability using TiO2 photocatalyst.

In this approach, a batch reactor was employed to study the degradation of pollutants under natural sunlight using TiO2 as a photocatalyst. The effects of photocatalyst dosage, reaction time and pH were investigated by evaluating the percentage removal efficiencies of total organic carbon (TOC), chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD) and biodegradability (BOD/COD). Design Expert-Response Surface Methodology Box Behnken Design (BBD) and MATLAB Artificial Neural Network - Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference system (ANN-ANFIS) methods were employed to perform the statistical modelling. The experimental values of maximum percentage removal efficiencies were found to be TOC = 82.4, COD = 85.9, BOD = 30.9% and biodegradability was 0.070. According to RSM-BBD and ANFIS analysis, the maximum percentage removal efficiencies were found to be TOC = 90.3, 82.4; COD = 85.4, 85.9; BOD = 28.9, 30.9% and the biodegradability = 0.074, 0.080 respectively at the pH 7.5, reaction time 300 min and photocatalyst dosage of 4 g L-1. The study reveals both models found to be well predicted as compared with experimental values. The values of R2 for RSM-BBD (0.920) and for ANFIS (0.990) models were almost close to 1. The ANFIS model was found to be marginally better than that of RSM-BBD.

Microalgae on distillery wastewater treatment for improved biodiesel production and cellulose nanofiber synthesis: A sustainable biorefinery approach.

Sugarcane spent wash generates waste at a large scale that impacts the environment, hence the classic waste reuse technology needs to be implemented. An integrated approach of spent wash and microalgae cultivation to produce biodiesel has gained momentum in recent times. However, the microalgae technology lacks the functional utilization of de-oiled microalgae biomass (DOB). This study proposed the development of a microalgae-based advanced process for distillery spent wash treatment, biomass recovery for biodiesel and utilizing algal residue as a step towards waste management. A novel microalga Coelastrella sp KJ-04 grown in distillery spent wash represented with high biomass (4.61g/L) and lipid production (3.6 g/L). The significant reduction in Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD, 49.3%), Total Nitrogen (TN, 49.7%), Total Phosphorous (TP, 21.8%), Total Organic Carbon (TOC, 40.2%), Total Sulphur (S, 37.2%) and Potassium (K, 42.5%) were achieved in spent wash. The extracted lipids of Coelastrella sp KJ-04 were converted to Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) and examined by Gas chromatography -mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to observe the suitability for biodiesel prospect. The de-oiled biomass (DOB) was utilized for the synthesis of Cellulose nanofibers (CNF), purified and estimated with a diameter ranging between 20 and 27 nm. The crystalline structure and functional group of CNF were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The unprecedented work demonstrated the microalgae biorefinery approach for spent wash remediation, biodiesel synthesis and simultaneous production of biodegradable CNF from algal residue to support waste-free technology. In future, CNF can be reinforced into material for concrete as it could be the smart alternative to replace synthetic cement plastics.

Magnetic activated carbon synthesized using rubber fig tree leaves for adsorptive removal of tetracycline from aqueous solutions.

The current study emphasizes the activated carbon fabrication from rubber fig leaves, the establishment of its composite with iron oxide nanoparticles (RFAC@Fe2O3), and its relevance in the adsorptive elimination of tetracycline. The physical and functional properties of RFAC@Fe2O3 nanocomposite were uncovered by multiple approaches. Elemental analysis portrayed the existence of carbon, oxygen, and iron, while FESEM analysis revealed that Fe2O3 nanoparticle agglomerates were entrenched in the activated carbon matrix rendering it a rough abrasive texture. FT-IR analysis reported the presence of functional groups attributing to CC, -OH, crystalline iron oxide, and Fe-O stretching vibrations, and XRD corroborated graphitic crystalline structure, oxygenated functional groups attached to carbon accompanied by crystalline plane corresponding to Fe2O3 nanoparticles. XPS spectra depicted signature peaks for C, O, and Fe, while VSM studies designated its superparamagnetic nature. The high surface area (662.73 m2/g), pore size (3.12 nm), and mesoporous nature of RFAC@Fe2O3 make it apt for the adsorption of pollutants from contaminated samples. The adsorption of tetracycline (50 ppm) by RFAC@Fe2O3 was maximum at pH 4.0. As the nanocomposite dosage and stirring speed increased to 2.0 g/L and 150 rpm, maximum adsorption was observed due to more active binding sites and improved mixing. Freundlich isotherm along with pseudo-second-order model well described adsorption process divulging that tetracycline was adsorbed onto RFAC@Fe2O3 composite in multi-layers by chemisorption. Thermodynamic analysis signified negative values for ΔG°, while positive values for ΔH° and ΔS were obtained, indicating spontaneous feasible endothermic adsorption.

Microalgae identification: Future of image processing and digital algorithm.

The identification of microalgae species is an important tool in scientific research and commercial application to prevent harmful algae blooms (HABs) and recognizing potential microalgae strains for the bioaccumulation of valuable bioactive ingredients. The aim of this study is to incorporate rapid, high-accuracy, reliable, low-cost, simple, and state-of-the-art identification methods. Thus, increasing the possibility for the development of potential recognition applications, that could identify toxic-producing and valuable microalgae strains. Recently, deep learning (DL) has brought the study of microalgae species identification to a much higher depth of efficiency and accuracy. In doing so, this review paper emphasizes the significance of microalgae identification, and various forms of machine learning algorithms for image classification, followed by image pre-processing techniques, feature extraction, and selection for further classification accuracy. Future prospects over the challenges and improvements of potential DL classification model development, application in microalgae recognition, and image capturing technologies are discussed accordingly.

Comparison of constructed wetland performance coupled with aeration and tubesettler for pharmaceutical compound removal from hospital wastewater.

Pharmaceutical compounds being able to alter, retard, and enhance metabolism has gained attention in recent time as emerging pollutant. However, hospitals which are part of every urban landscape have yet to gain attention in terms of its hospital wastewater treatment to inhibit pharmaceutical compounds from reaching environment. Hence this study evaluated performance of constructed wetland in combination with tubesettler and aeration based on removal efficiency and ecological risk assessment (HQ). The removal efficiency of constructed wetland with plantation was higher by 31% (paracetamol), 102% (ibuprofen), 46%, (carbamazepine), 57% (lorazepam), 54% (erythromycin), 31% (ciprofloxacin) and 20% (simvastatin) against constructed wetland without plantation. Constructed wetland with aeration efficiency increased for paracetamol, ibuprofen, carbamazepine, lorazepam, erythromycin, ciprofloxacin, and simvastatin removal efficiency were higher by 58%, 130%, 52%, 79%, 107%, 57%, and 29% respectively. In constructed wetland with plantation, removal efficiency was higher by 20% (paracetamol), 13% (ibuprofen), 4% (carbamazepine), 14% (lorazepam), 34% (erythromycin), 19% (ciprofloxacin) and 7% (simvastatin). High ecological risk was observed for algae, invertebrate and fish with hazard quotient values in range of 2.5-484, 10-631 and 1-78 respectively. This study concludes that if space is the limitation at hospitals aeration with constructed wetland can be adopted. If space is available, constructed wetland with tubesettler is suitable, economic and environmentally friendly option. Future research works can focus on evaluating other processes combination with constructed wetland.

Preparation of hydrochar bio-based catalyst for fenton process in dye-containing wastewater treatment.

The use of synthetic dyes in the textile industry pollutes a huge amount of water. Thus, wastewater discharged from many textile companies to the receiving environment without being treated causes serious environmental and human health problems. The development of new techniques has become imperative. In this study, it was aimed to remove anionic dye (RR180) and cationic dye (BR18) by Fenton-like and adsorption process with hydrochars obtained from laurel leaves and watermelon peels. In the comparison of the adsorption and Fenton-like processes used in the dye removal of the produced bio-based materials, the Fenton-like process was selected in order to enhance the highest removal efficiency. The effects of various operating factors such as solution pH, amount of catalysts, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) concentration, and initial dye concentration were evaluated on both dyes removal. The experimental results demonstrated that 99.8% RR180 dye and 98.8% BR18 dye removal efficiency were observed for an initial dye concentration of 100 mg/L with an adsorbent concentration of 1 g/L, H2O2 concentration of 15 µL/L, and optimum pH at the end of 60 min of reaction time. It was observed that an increase in initial dye concentration caused to decrease the dye removal efficiency. The optimum pH for the highest RR180 and BR18 dye removal was 4 and 6, respectively. It was observed that the increase in H2O2 concentration in the solution also decreased the dye removal efficiency. It turned out that catalysts obtained from hydrochars are an effective process for the high removal performance of cationic and anionic dyes.

Computational analysis on solar air heater with combination of alternate dimple protrusions and intrusions on absorber plate with one rounded corner triangular duct.

This study focuses on improving heat transfer by converting one of the corners of the duct to a rounded structure. To study the effect of dimpled shaped protrusions and intrusions on the rounded corner triangular duct with a constant radius of curvature by varying relative streamwise distance (z/e) with a constant transverse distance x'/e = 10,14 and 18. Steady-state, turbulent flow heat transfer under thermal boundary conditions is to be analyzed by varying different Reynolds numbers (5600 to 21000). The duct with dimple-shaped protrusions and intrusions is compared with a simple triangular duct. Optimization of relative horizontal distance (z'/e) by keeping constant protrusion to protrusion distance as z/e = 28 and relative transverse distance as x/e = 10, 14, and 18. It was noted that there was a significant loss in friction and a rise in heat transfer. The relationship between friction factor and Nusselt number was formulated using operating and roughness parameters, using the data collected from the numerical investigation. The friction factor increases significantly with roughness elements, and it is maximum for x'/e = 20 at a low Reynolds number. Nusselt number increases with roughness elements, and it is maximum for x'/e = 14 for all Reynolds numbers and all the models. Enhancement of Nusselt number is due to increase of local heat transfer because of local vortex neat heat transfer zone. The maximum outlet temperature is obtained at a low Reynolds number. The maximum temperature of the heated surface is obtained for Rc = 0.67 h and the minimum for Rc = 0.33 h.

An integrated process for wet scrubber wastewater treatment using electrooxidation and pressure-driven membrane filtration.

In this study, the electrooxidation (EO) and membrane processes were used for chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total phenol (TPh) removal from wet scrubber wastewater (WSW). EO experiments were carried out using Al, Fe, SS, Ti, graphite, active carbon cloth electrodes and Box-Behnken design were used for optimization of maximum COD and TPh removal efficiency. Moreover, membrane filtration experiments were conducted to EO process using nanofiltration (NF270) and reverse osmosis membranes (SW30 and BW30). The maximum COD (55%) and TPh (50%) removal efficiency was achieved at pH of 8, 150 A/m2 current density, and 180 min reaction time in EO process. Membrane filtration results showed that COD removal efficiency was the highest for SW30 membrane (95.18%) compared to BW30 (91.15%) and NF270 (80.11%) membranes. TPh removal efficiency in the NF270, BW30, and SW30 membranes was 27.08%, 96.06%, and 98.02%, respectively. The effect of microbial cell viability of the raw and treated wet scrubber wastewater after electrooxidation and membrane filtration was also investigated using E. coli. In addition to these, biofilm inhibition of the raw wet scrubber wastewater and the treated WSW after EO and membrane filtration were tested and the highest biofilm inhibition was found as 76.43% and 72.58% against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa, respectively, in 1/20 diluted samples of the raw WSW. This study suggests that the integrated process using EO and pressure-driven membrane methods are an efficient strategy for COD and TPh removal from WSW.

Advances in delivery methods of Arthrospira platensis (spirulina) for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.

Arthrospira platensis (A. platensis) aqueous extract has massive amounts of natural products that can be used as future drugs, such as C-phycocyanin, allophycocyanin, etc. This extract was chosen because of its high adaptability, which reflects its resolute genetic composition. The proactive roles of cyanobacteria, particularly in the medical field, have been discussed in this review, including the history, previous food and drug administration (FDA) reports, health benefits and the various dose-dependent therapeutic functions that A. platensis possesses, including its role in fighting against lethal diseases such as cancer, SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19, etc. However, the remedy will not present its maximal effect without the proper delivery to the targeted place for deposition. The goal of this research is to maximize the bioavailability and delivery efficiency of A. platensis constituents through selected sites for effective therapeutic outcomes. The solutions reviewed are mainly on parenteral and tablet formulations. Moreover, suggested enteric polymers were discussed with minor composition variations applied for better storage in high humid countries alongside minor variations in the polymer design were suggested to enhance the premature release hindrance of basic drugs in low pH environments. In addition, it will open doors for research in delivering active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) in femtoscale with the use of various existing and new formulations.Abbrevations: SDGs; Sustainable Development Goals, IL-4; Interleukin-4, HDL; High-Density Lipoprotein, LDL; Low-Density Lipoprotein, VLDL; Very Low-Density Lipoprotein, C-PC; C-Phycocyanin, APC; Allophycocyanin, PE; Phycoerythrin, COX-2; Cyclooxygenase-2, RCTs; Randomized Control Trials, TNF-α; Tumour Necrosis Factor-alpha, γ-LFA; Gamma-Linolenic Fatty Acid, PGs; Polyglycans, PUFAs: Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids, NK-cell; Natural Killer Cell, FDA; Food and Drug Administration, GRAS; Generally Recognized as Safe, SD; Standard Deviation, API; Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient, DW; Dry Weight, IM; Intramuscular, IV; Intravenous, ID; Intradermal, SC; Subcutaneous, AERs; Adverse Event Reports, DSI-EC; Dietary Supplement Information Executive Committee, cGMP; Current Good Manufacturing Process, A. platensis; Arthrospira platensis, A. maxima; Arthrospira maxima, Spirulina sp.; Spirulina species, Arthrospira; Spirulina, Tecuitlatl; Spirulina, CRC; Colorectal Cancer, HDI; Human Development Index, Tf; Transferrin, TfR; Transferrin Receptor, FR; Flow Rate, CPP; Cell Penetrating Peptide, SUV; Small Unilamenar Vesicle, LUV; Large Unilamenar Vesicle, GUV; Giant Unilamenar Vesicle, MLV; Multilamenar Vesicle, COVID-19; Coronavirus-19, PEGylated; Stealth, PEG; Polyethylene Glycol, OSCEs; Objective Structured Clinical Examinations, GI; Gastrointestinal Tract, CAP; Cellulose Acetate Phthalate, HPMCP, Hydroxypropyl Methyl-Cellulose Phthalate, SR; Sustained Release, DR; Delay Release, Poly(MA-EA); Polymethyl Acrylic Co-Ethyl Acrylate, f-DR L-30 D-55; Femto-Delay Release Methyl Acrylic Acid Co-Ethyl Acrylate Polymer, MW; Molecular Weight, Tg; Glass Transition Temperature, SN2; Nucleophilic Substitution 2, EPR; Enhance Permeability and Retention, VEGF; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor, RGD; Arginine-Glycine-Aspartic Acid, VCAM-1; Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1, P; Coefficient of Permeability, PES; Polyether Sulfone, pHe; Extracellular pH, ζ-potential; Zeta potential, NTA; Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis, PB; Phosphate Buffer, DLS; Dynamic Light Scattering, AFM; Atomic Force Microscope, Log P; Partition Coefficient, MR; Molar Refractivity, tPSA; Topological Polar Surface Area, C log P; Calculated Partition Coefficient, CMR; Calculated Molar Refractivity, Log S; Solubility Coefficient, pka; Acid Dissociation Constant, DDAB; Dimethyl Dioctadecyl Ammonium Bromide, DOPE; Dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine, GDP; Good Distribution Practice, RES; Reticuloendothelial System, PKU; Phenylketonuria, MS; Multiple Sclerosis, SLE; Systemic Lupus Erythematous, NASA; National Aeronautics and Space Administration, DOX; Doxorubicin, ADRs; Adverse Drug Reactions, SVM; Support Vector Machine, MDA; Malondialdehyde, TBARS; Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances, CRP; C-Reactive Protein, CK; Creatine Kinase, LDH; Lactated Dehydrogenase, T2D; Type 2 Diabetes, PCB; Phycocyanobilin, PBP; Phycobiliproteins, PEB; Phycoerythrobilin, DPP-4; Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4, MTT; 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide, IL-2; Interleukin-2, IL-6; Interleukin-6, PRISMA; Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses, STATA; Statistics, HepG2; Hepatoblastoma, HCT116; Colon Cancer Carcinoma, Kasumi-1; Acute Leukaemia, K562; Chronic Leukaemia, Se-PC; Selenium-Phycocyanin, MCF-7; Breast Cancer Adenocarcinoma, A375; Human Melanoma, RAS; Renin-Angiotensin System, IQP; Ile-Gln-Pro, VEP; Val-Glu-Pro, Mpro; Main Protease, PLpro; Papin-Like Protease, BMI; Body Mass Index, IC50; Inhibitory Concentration by 50%, LD50; Lethal Dose by 50%, PC12 Adh; Rat Pheochromocytoma Cells, RNS; Reactive Nitrogen Species, Hb1Ac; hemoglobin A1c.

Increase awareness of the impact and multi-disciplinary up-to-date roles of A. platensis on human lives and the importance of having further research on microalgae.Soliciting a critical analysis study on A. platensis biocomposition for drug delivery research.Insights on the correlation between ionization and drug bioavailability in specific sites in the human body.Offering solutions for improvising an optimized 'Advanced Spirulina Dosage Forms' products to maximize A. platensis therapeutic/pharmacological outcomes.Insights on existing biomaterials for optimization.

Locust Bean gum-based hydrogels embedded magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles nanocomposite: Advanced materials for environmental and energy applications.

This paper reports a simple method of designing and synthesizing magnetic iron oxide (IO) integrated locust bean gum-cl-polyacrylonitrile hydrogel nanocomposites (LBG-cl-PAN/IONP) by in situ mineralization of iron ions in a hydrogel matrix. A two-step gel crosslink method followed by co-precipitation method was used to prepare these novel hydrogels embedded with magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. The LBG-cl-PAN/IONP hydrogel nanocomposite (HNC) were tested in batch adsorption experiments for their ability to remove a cationic dyes, methylene blue (MB) & Methyl violet (MV), from aqueous solution. In order to analyze the LBG-cl-PAN/IONP HNC, FTIR, XRD, XPS, VSM, TEM, and EDX techniques were applied. Numerous operating parameters were studied, including the amount of adsorbent, the contact time, pH, temperature, the dye concentration, and the coexisting ion concentration. According to the Langmuir isotherm model, MB and MV had maximum monolayer adsorptive capacities of 1250 and 1111 mg/g, respectively. LBG-cl-PAN/IONP HNC controlled IONP oxidation as well as sustained adsorptive removal over a wide pH range (7-10). The key mechanism of adsorption consisted of electrostatic interaction and ion exchange. For successful use in successive cycles after regeneration using HNO3 as eluent, the LBG-cl-PAN/IONP HNC can easily be reused. As a material, the LBG-cl-PAN/IONP HNC is a promising sorbent or composite material for removing toxic dyes from water, and therefore can be applied to enhance water and wastewater treatment technology. Additionally, we have briefly evaluated LBG-cl-PAN/IONP HNC for antibacterial and supercapacitor applications. According to our knowledge, this is the first report describing the use of LBG-cl-PAN/IONP HNC multifunctional efficacy as an excellent sorbent, antibacterial and electrochemical supercapacitor applications.

Development of aeration devices and feeding frequencies for oxygen concentration improvement in 60-tones freshwater recirculating aquaculture and biofloc ponds of Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer) rearing.

This research aimed to improve the technique to maintain the oxygen content of two freshwater Asian sea bass (Lates calcarifer) culture systems (recirculating aquaculture system; RAS; and biofloc system; Floc). The dissolved oxygen content was increased by using a blower with flexible rubber hose aerators. For the first study, the effectiveness of oxygenation was investigated. As a result, the aerator and flexible rubber hose are appropriate for increasing oxygen levels in the fish pond. An air pump with a flexible aeration tube (400 W), one set of ejector aerators (250 W), and two sets of ejector aerators (250 × 2 W) were used to test the efficiency of oxygenation. In addition, the performance of the RAS and Floc systems, off-flavor (geosmin and MIB) in taints, and economic returns were assessed. This study found that after monitoring two 60-tonne concrete ponds with one set of blowers (RAS1) and two sets of blowers (RAS2) connected by a flexible rubber tube; feeding frequency (2 and 6 times/day). However, daily dissolved oxygen fluctuated in the RAS, and this value went to its lowest after post-feeding. Dissolved oxygen was higher than the two-meal pack per day when the feeding was expanded to six meals. This aeration device could provide dissolved oxygen enough for 900 kg fish/400 W. Seabass raised in the freshwater RAS system had higher yields and growth rates than those raised in the biofloc pond systems. In addition, low off-flavors trained was observed. Therefore, this research could improve aeration management by aeration devices and increase feeding frequency while developing freshwater-adapted Asian seabass production.

Biosorption of heavy metals by microorganisms: Evaluation of different underlying mechanisms.

Globally, ecotoxicologists, environmental biologists, biochemists, pathologists, and other experts are concerned about environmental contamination. Numerous pollutants, such as harmful heavy metals and emerging hazardous chemicals, are pervasive sources of water pollution. Water pollution and sustainable development have several eradication strategies proposed and used. Biosorption is a low-cost, easy-to-use, profitable, and efficient method of removing pollutants from water resources. Microorganisms are effective biosorbents, and their biosorption efficacy varies based on several aspects, such as ambient factors, sorbing materials, and metals to be removed. Microbial culture survival is also important. Biofilm agglomerates play an important function in metal uptake by extracellular polymeric molecules from water resources. This study investigates the occurrence of heavy metals, their removal by biosorption techniques, and the influence of variables such as those indicated above on biosorption performance. Ion exchange, complexation, precipitation, and physical adsorption are all components of biosorption. Between 20 and 35 °C is the optimal temperature range for biosorption efficiency from water resources. Utilizing living microorganisms that interact with the active functional groups found in the water contaminants might increase biosorption efficiency. This article discusses the negative impacts of microorganisms on living things and provides an outline of how they affect the elimination of heavy metals.